?'???' ????

?'???' ????
????	20 ??????? 1945 (?? 79) ; ?????, ????? ?????
?? ????	George Fitzgerald Smoot III
??? ????	???????????
???? ???????	????? ????????? ?? ???'???? ; ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ;
???? ????????	David H. Frisch
??????	?????????? ????????? ??????
????? ??????	??? ???? ??????? ( 2006 ) ; ?????? ????? ????????? ( 2003 ) ; ?????? ????? ( 2009 ) ; ??? ????? ????? ( 1994 ) ; ?????? ???"? ????? ???? ???? ???? ( 1992 ) ; ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ;

?'???' ???? (? ?????? : George Smoot ‏; ???? ?- 20 ??????? 1945 ) ??? ???????????? , ???????? ??????? . ???? 2006 ??? ? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?'?? ???'? .

???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????, ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ??????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ????? ????? .

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ???? 1945 ?????? ?? ??????? . ???? ?'???' ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? . ^[1] ??? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ? ???? ????????? ?? ???'???? ????? 1970 ???? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? . ^[2]

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 1975 ???? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???'???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? (??? ??? ???? ???? 1968 ) ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???"? ????? ?? " HAPPE ". ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? . ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ? ????-???? , ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???????, ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????. ^[2]

?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????. ???? 1974 ???? ???? ????"? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???"? ???? 1989 ??? COBE . ^[2]

??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? .

????? ?? ?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? U-2 , ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ? ??????? ?????, ???? ????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. ^[2]

???? 1989 ???"? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?'???'? (?-28 ?????? 1986 ????????? ??????? ??????). ???? 1989 ???? ??????? COBE ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????. ^[2]

????? ?????? ???? 1992, ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????????, "?? ????? ?? ????? ???, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???, ?? ????? ????, ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????", ???? ???? ?????? ????????. ^[3]

???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???. ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? (???? ??? ???? ???? ????? "????? ????"), ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ^[4] ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????. "?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????, ?? ??? ???" ???? ??? ^[5]

????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ???, ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? 2006 ??? ?? ?'?? ????'?.

????? ????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

NASA Medal for Exceptional Scientific Achievement -May 1991
Aerospace Laureate, Aviation Week & Space Technology -Apr 1993
1993 Distinguished Scientist, ARCS Foundation, Inc. -Apr 1993
Kilby Award -May 1993
Gravity Research Foundation Essay First Award -May 1993
Productivity Group Award, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA -May 1993
?????? ????? ????????? - 2003

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?'???' ???? ? ??????????

?'???' ???? , ???? ??? ???? (???????)
?'???' ???? , ???? ?????? ????????? ????????
?'???' ???? , ???? ???? ?????
??? ????? ????? ?? ????.
???? ???? " ????? ???? " ?? ????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ???? ?-1993, ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? , ?????? ?????, 1995.
???????? ????
????? ?? ?'???' ???? ?-TED ????? "The design of the universe"
?'???' ???? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ george f. smoot , nndb: tracking the entire world
^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ????????? ?? ???? , ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ????
^ Donald Goldsmith, The Fingerprint of creation, Discover Magazine
^ Thomas H. Maugh, Relics of Big Bang, Seen for First Time, Los Angeles Times
^ ???? ??? ???? ??????? , ???? ??? ????

[1] rge f. smoot , nndb: tracking the entire world

[:0-2] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ????????? ?? ???? , ???? ????? ??????????? ?? ????

[3] Donald Goldsmith, The Fingerprint of creation, Discover Magazine

[4] Thomas H. Maugh, Relics of Big Bang, Seen for First Time, Los Angeles Times

[5] ???? ??? ???? ??????? , ???? ??? ????

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

???? ??? ???? ???????
1901 ‏- 1925	????? (1901) ? ????? , ???? (1902) ? ???? , ?' ???? , ?' ???? (1903) ? ????? (1904) ? ????? (1905) ? ?????? (1906) ? ???????? (1907) ? ????? (1908) ? ?????? , ????? (1909) ? ???? (1910) ? ??? (1911) ? ???? (1912) ? ???? (1913) ? ????? (1914) ? ?' ???? , ?' ???? (1915) ? ?? ???? (1916) ? ????? (1917) ? ????? (1918) ? ????? (1919) ? ???? (1920) ? ????????? (1921) ? ???? (1922) ? ?????? (1923) ? ?????? (1924) ? ???? , ??? (1925)
1926 ‏- 1950	??? (1926) ? ??????? , ?????? (1927) ? ???'????? (1928) ? ????? (1929) ? ???? (1930) ? ?? ???? (1931) ? ???????? (1932) ? ??????? , ????? (1933) ? ?? ???? (1934) ? ?'????? (1935) ? ?? , ??????? (1936) ? ????????? , ?????? (1937) ? ???? (1938) ? ????? (1939) ? ?? ???? (1940-1942) ? ???? (1943) ? ??? (1944) ? ????? (1945) ? ?????'?? (1946) ? ?????? (1947) ? ???? (1948) ? ??????? (1949) ? ????? (1950)
1951 ‏- 1975	??????? , ?????? (1951) ? ???? , ???? (1952) ? ?????? (1953) ? ???? , ???? (1954) ? ?? , ??? (1955) ? ????? , ????? , ??????? (1956) ? ???? , ?? (1957) ? ?'????? , ???? , ?? (1958) ? ???? , ?'?????? (1959) ? ?????? (1960) ? ???????? , ??????? (1961) ? ????? (1962) ? ????? , ?????-????? , ???? (1963) ? ????? , ????? , ???????? (1964) ? ???????? , ??????? , ?????? (1965) ? ????? (1966) ? ??? (1967) ? ?????? (1968) ? ??-??? (1969) ? ?????? , ?? (1970) ? ????? (1971) ? ????? , ???? , ????? (1972) ? ????? , ????? , ?'?????? (1973) ? ???? , ??????? (1974) ? ???? , ??????? , ???????? (1975)
1976 ‏- 2000	????? , ???? (1976) ? ??????? , ??? , ??? (1977) ? ????? , ?????? , ?????? (1978) ? ????? , ???? , ??????? (1979) ? ?????? , ???' (1980) ? ???????? , ????? , ?????? (1981) ? ?????? (1982) ? ?'???????? , ???? (1983) ? ????? , ??? (1984) ? ??????? (1985) ? ????? , ????? , ???? (1986) ? ?????? , ???? (1987) ? ????? , ????? , ???????? (1988) ? ???? , ???? , ???? (1989) ? ?????? , ????? , ?????? (1990) ? ??-??'? (1991) ? ???? (1992) ? ??? , ?????? (1993) ? ???????? , ??? (1994) ? ??? , ????? (1995) ? ?? , ?????? , ???'????? (1996) ? ?'? , ????'? , ?????? (1997) ? ????? , ?????? , ??? (1998) ? '? ???? , ????? (1999) ? ?????? , ???? , ????? (2000)
2001 -????	????? , ????? , ???? (2001) ? ??????? , ?????? , ?'????? (2002) ? ????????? , ???????? , ??? (2003) ? ???? , ?????? , ????'? (2004) ? ?????? , ??? , ??? (2005) ? ???'? , ???? (2006) ? ?? , ??????? (2007) ? ????? , ???????? , ??????? (2008) ? ??? , ???? , ????' (2009) ? ???? , ??????? (2010) ? ??????? , ????? , ??? (2011) ? ???? , ?????? (2012) ? ????? , ???? (2013) ? ????? , ?????? , ?????? (2014) ? ??'??? , ??????? (2015) ? ?'???? , ??????? , ???????? (2016) ? ???? , ???? , ?'??? (2017) ? ????? , ???? , ???????? (2018) ? ??? , ????? , ????? (2019) ? ????? , ?? , ???? (2020) ? ???? , ?????? , ?????? (2021) ? ???? , ?????? , ???????? (2022) ? ???????? , ????? , ?'??????? (2023)