?'?? ???????

?? ?'?? ???????
John Douglas Cockroft
????	27 ???? 1897 ; ????????, ??? ??????? ??? ????????, ?????? ???????
?????	18 ??????? 1967 (???? 70) ; ????' ?'??'??, ?????? ???????
??? ????	??????
???? ??????	?????? ???????
???? ?????	Ascension Parish Burial Ground
???? ???????	?????????? ???????? ?? ???'??? ; ????' ??? ?'?? ; ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???'??? ; Richard Huish College, Taunton ;
???? ????????	????? ???????
??????	????? ???? ?????? ?????? ; ?????? ?'?? ???? ; ????? ????????? ; Ministry of Supply ; ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ;
????? ??????	???? ?????? ????? ( 1952 ) ; ?????? ??????? ( 1955 ) ; ?????? ?????? ????? ( 1961 ) ; ???? ????????? ( 1957 ) ; Knight Bachelor ( 1947 ) ; ?????? ??????? ( 1944 ) ; ??? ???? ??????? ( 1951 ) ; ?????? ??? ( 1938 ) ; Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society Te Ap?rangi ; ?????? ???????? ( 1954 ) ; ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ( 1944 ) ; ???? ???? ????? ????? ( 1953 ) ; ?????? ???? ????-?????? ?"? ???? ???? ( 1958 ) ; ??? ????? ??? ??? ; ????? ?????? ; IET Kelvin Lecture ; ???? ????? ???????? ; ?????? ?'???? ????? ?????? ;
?? ?? ?? ???	Elizabeth Crabtree
?????? ???????
	????? ??????

?? ?'?? ????? ??????? (? ?????? : John Douglas Cockroft ;‏ 27 ???? 1897 ? 18 ??????? 1967 ) ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? 1951 ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? , ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? .

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???'???. ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?'??? ????' ??????????', ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ? ???? 1924 ????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? 1928 ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? "???? ???????-??????" ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????, ???? ????? ??????? "????? ?????".

????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ? ??"? . ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????-?????, ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? MAUD ??? ?????? ?????? ??. ?- 1940 , ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ??????, ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???"? ? ????? ???? , ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ? -V-1 . ?- 1944 , ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ZEEP ?-NRX, ?????? ?????? ?'?? ????.

????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? (AERE) ????????, ?? ???? ????? ????????.

????? 1959 ? 1967 ??? ??? ???? ?'??'?? ????' ??????????'. ???? 1961 ??? 1965 ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ????? .

????? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?'?? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ( Todmorden ) ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?-27 ???? 1897. ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ????. ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ???? 1914 ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????'???. ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? 1915 , ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ?- 24 ??????? 1915 ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ????????. ??? ???? ????? ???????. ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? . ? ?????? 1918 ???? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??. ???????? 1918 ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????.

? ????? 1919 , ???? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ????'???, ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???'???. ????? ???? ??? ??? ???????, ??? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????. ????? 1920 ???? ???? ????? ?????? ( BSc ). ????? ????, ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????, ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? 1922 ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? "????? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ". ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ? ??? ?'??? ????' ? ?????????? ?????????' , ?? ??? ?? ???. ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? 30 ???"? ??? ????? ??????? ?? 20 ???"? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????. ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? 50 ???"? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? 316 ???"? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????'. ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????. ????? 1924 ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????, ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????.

?- 26 ??????? 1925 ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ????, ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????.

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ????, ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? 1924, ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????: "?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????". ^[1] ?- 6 ??????? 1925 ??????? ???? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? , ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? .

???? 1919 ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? . ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???????. ??????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????? "???? ???????-??????. ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?'???' ????? ?? ????? ?????? . ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ?? 300,000 ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? . ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???"? ??????????? ?????????' ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????.

?- 5 ??????? 1928 ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?'??? ????'. ? ??? 1932 ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? , ???? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????. ? ?????? 1932 ????? ?'???? ?'????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? . ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????. ?- 14 ?????? 1932 ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????. ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? Nature ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????.

????? ??, ?????? ????? ?????? , ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? 1938 ? ??? ???? ??????? ???? 1951. ??? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? , ???? ? ???? ????? ????????, ????????? ??????? ????. ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????????, ???? ????-11 ?????-13.

???? 1929 ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?'??? ????'. ???? 1931 ???? ????? ????? ???????. ???? 1933 ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????' ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????' ???? ???? ?? ?????. ??????? ??? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????'. ???? 1935 ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????. ???? 1936 ???? ???? ? ???? ???????? ????? 1939 ???? ???????? ?"? ?'???? ?????????? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????'.

?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???? ??? ????, ? ????????? , ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? . ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????, ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???"? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ????????? ????? 36 ????' ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????. ???????? 1938 ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? 1940 . ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ????, ????? 60 ????', ? ?????????? ?????????? . ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????.

????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??"?. ???????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??"? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???. ???? 1940 ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????. ? ????? 1940 ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????-?????, ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? MAUD ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????.

? ?????? 1940 ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????. ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??. ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??"?, ????? ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ?"???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??-??? ???????", ^[2] ????? ???? ?????, ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????-????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????. ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ????. ? ????? 1940 ?? ??????? ????????.

??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??"? ?????? ??? ???. ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??"? ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????. ?????? ???? ????????, ??????? 1943 , ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??. ? ??? 1944 ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????.

???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

? ????? 1945 ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????, ????? ??????? . ?- 9 ??????? 1945 ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????. ???? 1947 ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?????? . ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? 1946 ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?????? 1948 , ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???????. ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? 1958 , ???? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????.

?- 24 ?????? 1959 ???? ?'??'?? ????' ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????'. ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????' ??????. ?? ??????' ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ????? ?? 70 ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????. ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????'. ?????' ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? 1964 . ??? ????? 1954 ?? 1959 ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????. ???? 1961 ??? 1965 ??? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????, ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?- CERN .

????? ???? ???? ???????, ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????.

??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??'??'?? ????' ?-18 ??????? 1967. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???. ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???, ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????'. ???????? ?????? ??????? ?'??'?? ???????????? ?????????'.

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

Avery, Donald (1998). The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military Technology . Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-5996-3 . OCLC 38885226 .
Close, Frank (2015). Half-Life: The Divided Life of Bruno Pontecorvo, Physicist or Spy . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-06998-9 . OCLC 897001600 .
Gowing, Margaret (1964). Britain and Atomic Energy 1939?1945 . London: Macmillan. OCLC 3195209 .
Gowing, Margaret; Arnold, Lorna (1974). Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945?1952, Volume 1, Policy Making . London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-15781-8 . OCLC 611555258 .
Gowing, Margaret; Arnold, Lorna (1974a). Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945?1952, Volume 2, Policy Execution . London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-16695-7 . OCLC 59047125 .
Hartcup, Guy; Allibone, T. E. (1984). Cockcroft and the Atom . Bristol: Avon : A. Hilger. ISBN 978-0-85274-759-9 . OCLC 12666364 .
Hewlett, Richard G.; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). The New World, 1939?1946 (PDF) . University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-520-07186-7 . OCLC 637004643 . ???? ?- 23 ?????? 2016 . {{ cite book }}: ( ???? )
Jones, Vincent (1985). Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb . Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. OCLC 10913875 . ???? ?- 23 ?????? 2016 . {{ cite book }}: ( ???? )
Manhattan District (1947). Manhattan District History, Book I, Volume 4, Chapter 9 ? Assistance to the Canadian Pile Project (PDF) . Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Energy. OCLC 889323140 .

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?'?? ??????? ? ??????????

?'?? ??????? , ???? ??? ???? (???????)
?'?? ??????? , ???? " Find a Grave " (???????)
?'?? ??????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ John Cockroft, The condensation of molecular streams . Newton Library Catalogues, University of Cambridge
^ Radar . Newsweek

[1] John Cockroft, The condensation of molecular streams . Newton Library Catalogues, University of Cambridge

[2] Radar . Newsweek

[1]

[2]

???? ??? ???? ???????
1901 ‏- 1925	????? (1901) ? ????? , ???? (1902) ? ???? , ?' ???? , ?' ???? (1903) ? ????? (1904) ? ????? (1905) ? ?????? (1906) ? ???????? (1907) ? ????? (1908) ? ?????? , ????? (1909) ? ???? (1910) ? ??? (1911) ? ???? (1912) ? ???? (1913) ? ????? (1914) ? ?' ???? , ?' ???? (1915) ? ?? ???? (1916) ? ????? (1917) ? ????? (1918) ? ????? (1919) ? ???? (1920) ? ????????? (1921) ? ???? (1922) ? ?????? (1923) ? ?????? (1924) ? ???? , ??? (1925)
1926 ‏- 1950	??? (1926) ? ??????? , ?????? (1927) ? ???'????? (1928) ? ????? (1929) ? ???? (1930) ? ?? ???? (1931) ? ???????? (1932) ? ??????? , ????? (1933) ? ?? ???? (1934) ? ?'????? (1935) ? ?? , ??????? (1936) ? ????????? , ?????? (1937) ? ???? (1938) ? ????? (1939) ? ?? ???? (1940-1942) ? ???? (1943) ? ??? (1944) ? ????? (1945) ? ?????'?? (1946) ? ?????? (1947) ? ???? (1948) ? ??????? (1949) ? ????? (1950)
1951 ‏- 1975	??????? , ?????? (1951) ? ???? , ???? (1952) ? ?????? (1953) ? ???? , ???? (1954) ? ?? , ??? (1955) ? ????? , ????? , ??????? (1956) ? ???? , ?? (1957) ? ?'????? , ???? , ?? (1958) ? ???? , ?'?????? (1959) ? ?????? (1960) ? ???????? , ??????? (1961) ? ????? (1962) ? ????? , ?????-????? , ???? (1963) ? ????? , ????? , ???????? (1964) ? ???????? , ??????? , ?????? (1965) ? ????? (1966) ? ??? (1967) ? ?????? (1968) ? ??-??? (1969) ? ?????? , ?? (1970) ? ????? (1971) ? ????? , ???? , ????? (1972) ? ????? , ????? , ?'?????? (1973) ? ???? , ??????? (1974) ? ???? , ??????? , ???????? (1975)
1976 ‏- 2000	????? , ???? (1976) ? ??????? , ??? , ??? (1977) ? ????? , ?????? , ?????? (1978) ? ????? , ???? , ??????? (1979) ? ?????? , ???' (1980) ? ???????? , ????? , ?????? (1981) ? ?????? (1982) ? ?'???????? , ???? (1983) ? ????? , ??? (1984) ? ??????? (1985) ? ????? , ????? , ???? (1986) ? ?????? , ???? (1987) ? ????? , ????? , ???????? (1988) ? ???? , ???? , ???? (1989) ? ?????? , ????? , ?????? (1990) ? ??-??'? (1991) ? ???? (1992) ? ??? , ?????? (1993) ? ???????? , ??? (1994) ? ??? , ????? (1995) ? ?? , ?????? , ???'????? (1996) ? ?'? , ????'? , ?????? (1997) ? ????? , ?????? , ??? (1998) ? '? ???? , ????? (1999) ? ?????? , ???? , ????? (2000)
2001 -????	????? , ????? , ???? (2001) ? ??????? , ?????? , ?'????? (2002) ? ????????? , ???????? , ??? (2003) ? ???? , ?????? , ????'? (2004) ? ?????? , ??? , ??? (2005) ? ???'? , ???? (2006) ? ?? , ??????? (2007) ? ????? , ???????? , ??????? (2008) ? ??? , ???? , ????' (2009) ? ???? , ??????? (2010) ? ??????? , ????? , ??? (2011) ? ???? , ?????? (2012) ? ????? , ???? (2013) ? ????? , ?????? , ?????? (2014) ? ??'??? , ??????? (2015) ? ?'???? , ??????? , ???????? (2016) ? ???? , ???? , ?'??? (2017) ? ????? , ???? , ???????? (2018) ? ??? , ????? , ????? (2019) ? ????? , ?? , ???? (2020) ? ???? , ?????? , ?????? (2021) ? ???? , ?????? , ???????? (2022) ? ???????? , ????? , ?'??????? (2023)