??????

??????
Gamalama
	?????? ???? 1996
???? ????
??? ??	?? ??? ?????
????	1,715 ?????
?????	?????????
?????	?????? , ??? ?????? ?????????
???? ?? ???	268060
??????? ??????	2016
???????????	0°48′36″N 127°19′48″E / 0.810°N 127.33°E
	(???? ????????? ?????) ?'???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?'??????? ? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ? ??????

???? ?????? ???? ?-18 ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ??????

?? ?????????? (? ????????? : Gunung Gamalama ???? ?? "???? ??????") ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? , ????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? .

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? , ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ???? 129 ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? (????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???), ????? ?????? , ?????? 1,715 ?????. ^[1]^[2] ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? . ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? (????? 23 ????????? ?????? ???????), ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ??????? ???? . ??? ??????: ??? ????? (Laguna) ?????? ???? ???, ???? ????? ????? ?? 200 ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? (Tolire). ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???, ?-10 ????????? ????? ???, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? 5 ?-6 ??????? 1775. ???? ????? ??? (Tolire Jaha) ????? 700 ?????, ???? 50 ????, ????? ?? 50 ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? (Tolire Kecil) ???? ??? ????. ^[1] ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???, ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????. ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????. ^[3]^[4]^[5] ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???. ????, ????? ????? ???????? (Batu Angus ? "???? ?????"), ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? 1737. ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???. ^[1]

?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???, ^[6]^[7] ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??. ^[8]

???????? ?? ????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ? ?????? ?????????? ????? ? ??? ????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ? ??? ?????-?????? . ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????-????-????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? , ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????? . ^[1]

??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? (???? ?-16) ???????? (??? ????? ?-17), ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?-16.

?????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???, ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???, ???? ????? 1763, 1775 ?-1963-1962.

??? ????? ????? ????, ^[1] ???????????? ??????? ????? ??:

???? 1737 ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???, ??? ?????? ????? ????????. ^[1]
???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?-1763. ^[9]
??????? ????? ??????? ??? 20 ??????? ?-5 ??????? 1775. ????? ???? 5 ?-6 ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ??? ??????, ?????? ?? 141 ???. ^[1]
??? ?????? ??????? 1840 ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ???. ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????.
??? ?????? ?-23 ??????? 1980 ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? 40,000 ??? ???. ???????? ????? ????? ?????? (????? ?????? ????-??? ) ? ???????? ??, ?????? 6 ?????, ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????. ^[1]
?-2003 ??????? ??????? ?????. ^[1]
????? 2015 ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????. ^[10]
????? ??? ?-3 ?-4 ??????? 2016 ???? ???? ??????? ????? 2.7 ????????? ??? ??? ??????.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ??????????

Gamalama, Halmahera, Indonesia - ???? Volcano World ???? ?????????? ??????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ¹⁰ ??? Global Volcanism Program
^ ????? Lonely Planet ???? 1,721
^ Tolire Lake : Maluku: A Walk to Remember
^ Tolire lake blend of beauty, uniqueness, and mystical aroma
^ The Legend of Tolire Lake
^ Indonesia Tourism - Mount Gamalama
^ Climbing the Mountains of Indonesia
^ Patrick Witton, Mark Elliott, Paul Greenway, Virginia Jealous, Indonesia , Lonely Planet, 2003, Pages 821-824
^ Ternate Island
^ Indonesia volcanic ash shuts more airports on Eid eve

[GVP-1] ¹ ² ³ ⁴ ⁵ ⁶ ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ¹⁰ ??? Global Volcanism Program

[2] ????? Lonely Planet ???? 1,721

[3] Tolire Lake : Maluku: A Walk to Remember

[4] Tolire lake blend of beauty, uniqueness, and mystical aroma

[5] The Legend of Tolire Lake

[6] Indonesia Tourism - Mount Gamalama

[7] Climbing the Mountains of Indonesia

[Lonely_Planet-8] Patrick Witton, Mark Elliott, Paul Greenway, Virginia Jealous, Indonesia , Lonely Planet, 2003, Pages 821-824

[אנציקלופדיה_בריטניקה-9] Ternate Island

[10] Indonesia volcanic ash shuts more airports on Eid eve

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]