????? ???????
(?
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:
Gustav Mahler
;
7 ?????
1860
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18 ????
1911
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BBC Music Magazine
(
??'
)
??2016 ???? 151 ??????, ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????
[1]
.
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1897
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, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ?????
1898
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1901
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1887
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1891
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[2]
. ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????, ???? ?
???
. ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? 1907 ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ????, ????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???: ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?
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?????
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[3]
.
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1910
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, ??? ???? ????? ??, ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ????, ??? ???, ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??. ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????
[3]
.
????? ???, 1910, ??? ??
??????? ?????
??????, ????? ????? ?? ???? (???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ?????), ??? ????? ????? ????? ????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ???? 1935 ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????: "????? ??? ????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???. ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???, ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????".
????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?
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[4]
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[5]
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.
????
1911
??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ???. ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ??????? ????????, ??? ?????? ??????, ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????.
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??? ?????? ?? ?????, ???? ?-1938 ????? ???????, ???? ????? ?????, ?? ????? ???????, ??? ????? ??? ???, ???? 1988.
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???? ???????
?-1915, ??????, ?-1929 ?????
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???????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??
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?????????
???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? (???
????? ????
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???? ??????
).
????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????, ????? ???????? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ?? ????? ?????? ??
???? ?-20
??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?? ??? ?????
??????? ????????
????? ????. ???????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????.
???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????, ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ???? ???? ?????-??? ???????? ?? ?????
???? ???? ??????
(Fin de Siecle). ?????, ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????, ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????????. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ??????? ??? ??
?????????
?
?????
(Lieder).
?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? - ?? ????? ????? (??? ?????? "???? ????? ????"), ?? ?
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(??? ?
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) ?????? ???. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? (?????? ???????-???????, ?????? ????????, ?????? ???????), ???? ?"
??? ???? ?? ????
" - ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? "Ich bin der Welt abhanden gekommen" ???? "???? ?????" ????? "Der Abschied" ???? "
???? ?? ????
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??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????
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[6]
, ?? ????????? ?? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ????, ??????? ?????????. ???? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????,
??????
??????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ????-?????????.
?
???????? ???????
??? (
??????
1889)
[7]
, ??????
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?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???. ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ?-20. ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??, ?"????? ?????? ????; ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??????, ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????"
[3]
.
?
???????? ??????
, (
?????
1895), ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????.
????????? ???????
?
?? ?????
(????? ???
1895
?-
1896
?????? ??????? ?-
9 ?????
1902
), ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???. ??? ?????? ?? ??? 90 ?-100
????
, ??? ????.
???? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??, ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????.
????????? ???????
(
?????
, 1901) ????? ????? ????????, ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????, ??
?????? ???????
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?????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????, ?????? ?? ??? ????????. ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????
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?? ?????. ???? ????, ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????, ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?"??? ??????".
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(
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, 1904) ??????, ???? ????? ????????, ?????? ??
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. ???? ??????, ?"????'??", ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ?
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???? ????, ?????, ??? ????, ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? "???? ??? ?????" "Ich bin der Welt abhanden gekommen". ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ???????
????? ?? ??? ?????
(????, 1905).
?? ????????? ??????, (
???
, 1906) "???????", ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???. ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????, ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ??????? ?
????
[8]
.
????????? ??????? (
????
, 1910) ???????, ??????? ?
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, "????????? ????", ???? ????? ????? ????? ?
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, ("
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Veni Creator Spiritus
) ??? ???? ????? ?? "?????" ???
???
, ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???. ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ????, ?? ???????? ?????? ?
????????
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?????
"????????" ?
?????
?"???? ??????".
???? ?? ????
(?????, 1911) ????? ?? ?????
??????
?? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ????? ??
????? ????
?? ????, ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????.
????????? ??????? (
????
1912) ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????. ?? ?? ????? ??????,
?????
?????, ???? ??????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????'? ?????, ????? ??? ????? ?"?????? ??? ?? ????? ???".
??????? ????????
???? ?? ????, ?? "???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????".
???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?????, ??? ???? 50 ?????? ??? ??? ???.
????????? ???????
, ???? ?? ????? ??????, ????? ?? ?-1960 ???? ?????? ?
?????
???? ???
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????????
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, ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?
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?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????'? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????????, ?????? ???????, ????? ????? ??????? ?????.
?????????, ??? ???? ????? ?
???????
, "???? ?????: ??? ????? ????? ????". ?????? ?????, ?????? ???, ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??, ?????? ?????, ???? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?
?????
?? ????? ??????? ???, ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????. ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????
??????? ????????
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???? ??????
????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????.
- ????? ?????
,
??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????
, ?????:
?????? ???
, ????? ?????, 1996.
(???? ?????? ULI)
- ?????? ???? ???????? ???,
??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????
, ?????: ?. ??-???, ????? ?????, 1991.
(???? ?????? ULI)
- ????? ????,
????
, ?????: ??? ???,
??? ????? ????
, 1986.
(???? ?????? ULI)
- ?????? ???,
????? ?????: ???? ?????
, ?????: ???? ???. ?????
??????
, 2009.
(???? ?????? ULI)
- Jens Malte Fischer,
Gustav Mahler
,
Yale University Press
, 2011
(???? ?????? ULI)
- Zoltan Roman,
Gustav Mahler's American Years, 1907-1911: a Documentary History
, Pendragon Press, 1989
(???? ?????? ULI)
- Stephen E. Hefling,
Mahler Studies
,
Cambridge University Press
, 1997
(???? ?????? ULI)
- Jeremy Barham (ed.),
The Cambridge Companion to Mahler
, Cambridge University Press, 2007
(???? ?????? ULI)
- Donald Mitchell,
The Mahler Companion
,
Oxford University Press
, 1999
(???? ?????? ULI)
- Henry-Louis de La Grange,
Gustav Mahler
, Oxford University Press, 1999
(???? ?????? ULI)
- Norman Lebrecht,
Mahler Remembered
, Faber Press, 1987
(???? ?????? ULI)
- Norman Lebrecht,
Why Mahler? How One Man and Ten Symphonies Changed Our World
, Pantheon Books, 2010
(???? ?????? ULI)
- Charles Youmans (ed.),
Mahler in Context
, Cambridge University Press, 2021
(???? ?????? ULI)
- Peter Franklin,
The Life of Mahler
, Cambridge University Press, 1997
(???? ?????? ULI)
- Alfred Rosenzweig,
Gustav Mahler: New Insights Into his Life, Times and Work
,
Routledge
, 2016
(???? ?????? ULI)
- Donald Mitchell,
Gustav Mahler: the Early Years
, Boydell Press, 2003
(???? ?????? ULI)
- Donald Mitchell,
Gustav Mahler: the Wunderhorn Years
, Boydell Press, 2005
(???? ?????? ULI)
- ????? ?????
, ???? ???????
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Karen Monsone,
Muse to Genius
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