???? ??? ?????

???? ??? ?????
Bertha von Suttner
????	9 ????? 1843 ; ???? , ???????? ????????
?????	21 ????? 1914 (???? 71) ; ???? , ???????? ???????-???????
?? ????	Berta Grafin Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau
?????	???????? ???????? , ?????????? (????? ???????)
???? ?????	main cemetery Gotha
?? ?? ?? ???	Arthur Gundaccar von Suttner ( 12 ????? 1876 ? ??? ????????? )
????? ??????	??? ???? ????? ( 1905 )
?????

? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ( ?????? : Bertha von Suttner ;‏ 9 ????? 1843 - 21 ????? 1914 ) ????? ????? ?'??? - ??????? , ? ????? ???? ????????? . ???? 1905 ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ^[1] ???? ???? ???????? ???????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??? ????? ????? ???? 1843 ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? (????? ????-??????). ?????, ??? ???? ???????, (????????-???????) ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? (Franz de Paula Josef Graf Kinsky von Wchinitz und Tettau), ????? ?????????? ??? ???? (Sophie Wilhelmine von Korner), ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???. ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????. ????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????.

??????? ??????? ????? ? ???? . ?????, ??????? ????? ?????? , ??????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ???????.

???? 1856 , ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? , ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????. ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ? ????? . ????? ? ??? , ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????-??????????-??????? (Philipp zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg), ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ?????? ???? ????????? ???? 1859 , ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ? ????????????? ( ??' ) . ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???, ????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??????. ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???.

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 1873 ???? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? (Karl von Suttner), ???? ?????? 15?20. ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????????? (Schloss Harmannsdorf) ????? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????, ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? Boulotte, ??? ?????????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? "B. Oulot". ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? (Arthur Gundaccar), ???? ???? ???? ???? ????. ?? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????. ???? 1876 , ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ?????? ??????, ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????. ??????? ??????? ??? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ???????, ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????.

???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? (? ??????? ????????). ???? ????? ? ??????? , ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?? ?? ??? ???? ??, ????? ?????? ???????? ????, ???? ???? ?? ???. ???? 1877 , ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? , ????? ????, ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? " ?????? ??????? ???????? ". ?????? ??, ?? ????? ????, ?????? ??????, ???? ???????? ????????, ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? , ?? ???.

????? ?????, ?????, ??? ??????? ?????? ????????; ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ( ??????? ? ?????? ). ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????. ????, ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??, ????? ????, ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ? ????? .

?- 1882 ?????? ????? ????? ????? ? ??????? , ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????: ????? ????? , ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ????? . ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? (Michael Georg Conrad), ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????. "??? ??????", ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????. ?????? ?? ? ???????? ?? ???? ???? . ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????, "????? ????? ?? ?????", ????? ? ??????? ???? 1883 . ?????? ??, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????, ????? ? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????.

?? ???? ????? ??????? ( ??' ) ???? 1885 , ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????????, ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??. ????? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????????, ????? ????? ????? ????????; ?? ??? ???? 1885.

???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? 1897 ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????.

??????? ?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ????'??? ???? ( ??' ) ???? 1880 .

???? 1889 , ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ???, " ????? ?? ????! " (Die Waffen nieder!). ???? ????? ?-37 ??????? ?????, ?????? ?-12 ????. ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? (Gesellschaft der Friedensfreunde). ???? ????? ???, ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? (Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft) ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ^[2]. ??? ????? 1892 ? 1899 . ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? "????? ?? ????!", ????? ?? ?? ????. ???? 1897 ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????????. ??? ??, ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ^[3] ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? 1899 , ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????.

????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ??? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ??????? ???? ????? ???? "????-????".

?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? 1902 , ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????. ???? 1904 ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ( ??' ) ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? , ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? .

???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? 1896 ^[4]. ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ^[4]. ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?- 10 ?????? 1905 . ????? ???? ?????? ?- 18 ?????? 1906 ?????????? (???? ????? ).

???? 1907 ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????, ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? , ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????????. ?- 1911 ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ( ??' ) .

????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? , ???? ????? ???? , ????? ????? ??? , ?'???? ?????? ? ?? ??????? (????? ?? ???? ?? ????? "????? ?? ????!"). ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? , ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????. ???, ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ?????????? (???????????). ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????, ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????.

?- 21 ????? 1914 , ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????, ??? ????? ????? ? ???? ^[5] ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????, ?????? ?????.

???? 1999 ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?- 2 ???? ????????.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ? ??????????

???? ??? ????? , ???? ??? ???? (???????)
???? ??? ????? , ???? " Find a Grave " (???????)
???? ??? ????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
???? ???? ??? ????? ? ?????? ??????? (???????)
???? ????? , ?? ??? ? ?????? ???????

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? (????) ?????? ???? , ???? ynet , 14 ???????? 2016
^ ReginaBraker, Bertha von suttner's spiritual daughters: The feminist pacifism of Anita Augspurg, Lida Gustava Heymann, and Helene Stocker at the International Congress of Women at The Hague, 1915 , Women's Studies International Forum 18, 1995-03-01, ??' 103?111 doi : 10.1016/0277-5395(95)80047-S
^ ?????? ???? , ????? , 23 ???? 1899
^ ¹ ² "Bertha, baroness von Suttner | German author" . Encyclopedia Britannica (???????) . ???? ?- 2018-01-18 .
^ Lauren Niland, Bertha von Suttner: First woman to win the Nobel peace prize , the Guardian, ‏2011-10-07

[1] ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? (????) ?????? ???? , ???? ynet , 14 ???????? 2016

[2] ReginaBraker, Bertha von suttner's spiritual daughters: The feminist pacifism of Anita Augspurg, Lida Gustava Heymann, and Helene Stocker at the International Congress of Women at The Hague, 1915 , Women's Studies International Forum 18, 1995-03-01, ??' 103?111 doi : 10.1016/0277-5395(95)80047-S

[3] ?????? ???? , ????? , 23 ???? 1899

[הערה_מספר_20180124063636:0-4] ¹ ² "Bertha, baroness von Suttner | German author" . Encyclopedia Britannica (???????) . ???? ?- 2018-01-18 .

[5] Lauren Niland, Bertha von Suttner: First woman to win the Nobel peace prize , the Guardian, ‏2011-10-07

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

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1901 ? 1925	???? , ???? (1901) ? ??????? , ????? (1902) ? ???? (1903) ? ????? ???? ???????? (1904) ? ??? ????? (1905) ? ??????? (1906) ? ????? , ??? (1907) ? ????????? , ????? (1908) ? ?????? , ?? ?????? (1909) ? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? (1910) ? ??? , ???? (1911) ? ??? (1912) ? ?? ????? (1913) ? ?? ????? (1914?1916) ? ???? ????? (1917) ? ?? ????? (1918) ? ?????? (1919) ? ????'??? (1920) ? ?????? , ????? (1921) ? ???? (1922) ? ?? ????? (1923-1924) ? ?'?????? , ??? (1925)
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1951 ? 1975	?'??? (1951) ? ??????? (1952) ? ???? (1953) ? ?????? ???"? ??????? (1954) ? ?? ????? (1955?1956) ? ?????? (1957) ? ??? (1958) ? ????-????? (1959) ? ?????? (1960) ? ?????? (1961) ? ??????? (1962) ? ???? ????? (1963) ? ???? ???? (1964) ? UNICEF ‏ (1965) ? ?? ????? (1966?1967) ? ???? (1968) ? ????? ?????? ????-????? (1969) ? ?????? (1970) ? ????? (1971) ? ?? ????? (1972) ? ??????'? , ?? ?? ??? (???? ????) (1973) ? ??????? , ???? (1974) ? ????? (1975)
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2001 ?????	?????? ???????? , ???? (2001) ? ???? (2002) ? ????? (2003) ? ?????? (2004) ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? , ??-?????? (2005) ? ????? , ????? (2006) ? ??? , ????? ????-?????? ?????? ?????? (2007) ? ???????? (2008) ? ????? (2009) ? ?????? (2010) ? ?'?????-?????? , ???? , ????? (2011) ? ?????? ??????? (2012) ? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? (2013) ? ??????? , ???????'? (2014) ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? (2015) ? ????? (2016) ? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? (2017) ? ????? , ?????? (2018) ? ??? ???? ? (2019) ? ?????? ????? ??????? ? (2020) ? ??????? , ??? ? (2021) ? ???????? , ??????? , ????? ???????? ??????? (2022) ? ????? ?????? , (2023)