?????? ????????

?????? ???????? (?? ???????? ????????? ) ??? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?-20 . ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? " ????? ???????? " ?- 1957 (Syntactic Structures ). ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????.

????? ???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? :

??? ????? ????? ???-??? ?????? (??????: ??? ???? ????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????, ????: "??? ??? ????" >> "???? ???? ???? ??? ????" >> "???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????").
???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? (????, ?????: "??? ????? ????" ???? ???? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????).
?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? (?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?"??? ????? ????" ???? ???? ??????, ????? "??? ??? ????" ??? ???? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????).
???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????, ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ???????? (generate) ??????. ?????? ?? ?????????? , ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ????.
???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? (????? ?????? ??? 4 ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???????) ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? . ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????.
????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? (??? ???? ???? ???), ?????? ????? ???? ?????? (????? ?????), ???? ????? " ????? ????????? " (Universal Grammar) ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???.

????? ?? ?????, ???? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ????? (Reverse engineering). ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???-???????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????????.

??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????, ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?-50 ??-60.

????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????-????????????? (??????? - ????; ???????????? - ????? ?? ??????). ?? ?? ????? ???, ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????: ????? ??????? "???? ?????", ??? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?? "???? ????", ???? ?? ??????? "????????????", ??? ????? ??????? ?? "???? ????", ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?? ????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ("??? ??? ?? ?????" ?????: "????? ???? ?? ??? ???") ?? ???? ???? ???, ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????.

?????? ???? ?-80 ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? " ????? ?????? " (Government and Binding ?? ?????? GB). ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??:

??????? X-bar : ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????.
????? ???? ???????????? ????????, ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????, ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????. ??????: ?????? ?????? "??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????" ???? ????? ?? ????? "?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???" ??????? ????? ?? ?????? "?? ????? ?? ????" ???? ????? ????? ????? (topicalization). ????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? "?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????" ????? ??? ???-?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? "?? ????" ???? ?????. ????? ??, ?????? ??????? "?? ????" ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? "?? ????? ?? ????", ?????? ?? ??????.

?????? ???? ?-90 ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?-50, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????????? (?? ?????????), ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ????????.

???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????. ??? ??????? ????, HPSG‏ (Head-driven Functional Grammar) ?- LFG ‏ (Lexical Functional Grammar). ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????.

?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??. ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ?????????? ????????????, ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????.

??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????????-????????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ??, ? ???????????? , ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????:

????? ????????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ?? ?????? ??, ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??????. ??????? ?????????-????????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???, ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???, ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ( ?????????? ).

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?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ?????? ??????? ???. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ?????? ?? ????, ???? ???????? ??????? ???. ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ( ???????????? ), ? ???? ???????. ????? ?? ?????, ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ?????, ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ??????, ??? ????? "??? ?????", ??? ?? ? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????, ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????.

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?????? ????????-???????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????-????????????.

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???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????. ????, ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ?? ????? ????. ?? ?? ????, ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????.

????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ????? ???????????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????.

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??2 ?? ?? -> ??2 ?? ?? ??? ??

????? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ????, ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?????????????. ?????? ???????, ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????; ?? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ????.

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?????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????: ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????. ???? ??????: "???", ?????? "?' ??? ?'" ???? ??? ???????. ?' ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?-?????, ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???. ?' ???? ????? ?? ???? ????.

?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????. ????, ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????, ???? ????? ???????? ????? ???? (????, "????"), ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? (????, "??").

??????? "????? ??????" (Government and Binding) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ?-80 ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? Lectures on Government and Binding. ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ????: ?????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? (?????, ????? ??????? ?? ?????), ?????? ????? ????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????.

???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?????: ??????? X-bar , ?????? ????? ????? ?-GB, ????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ?????, ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? (??, ???? ??????).

??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????-???: ??? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ??????? GB ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????, ?"??????" ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????. ??? ???????? ????????: ????? ? ???? , ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ????? , ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????, ? ??????? ?????? , ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????, ??? ?????? ???, ??????? ??????, ????. ????? ???, ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????.

???????? ???????????? (the Minimalist Program) [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???? ?-90 ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? GB, ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???. ????, ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??. ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?-90, ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????, ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????, ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????.

???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???, ??? "????? ??????" ??????? ?? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????. ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????????????:

?????? ????????: ?????? ??????? (??????) ?????? ????? "?????? ????????", ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????; ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????.
??????: ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ????. ????, ????? ????? ????????, ????? ??????, ??????.
????????: ?????? ?????? ????????, ????? ????? ????????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????. ????, ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??-??? ????? ????? ????.
????? ???????: ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????????. ????, ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????, ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? "??????", ?????, ????? ???? ???? ????.

?? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ?? ???, ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ????? ??????? , ?????: ???? ???, ????? ????? ?"? ?"? ????? , 2009

Adger, David , Core Syntax - A Minimalist Approach , Oxford University Press, 2003

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

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