???? (? ?????? : Beton ; ????? ?????: ????? ) ??? ???? ????? ? ????? . ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? , ??? , ??? ? ??? . ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ? ????? ???? , ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ? ????? ???? . ???? ??? ?? 10 ????, ?????? ????? ?????? (????? ?? ??????? ???????? ). ???? ???, ??????? ????? ???????.

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????? ???? ????? ????, ?? ???? ????? ???? (???? ????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????). ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??, ????-??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ? ???? , ????? ????, ?? ?????. ?????? ????? " ???? ????? ". ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?'??? ????? (Joseph Monier‏; 1823?1906), ?????? ??????? ???? 1868 ????? ???? ? ????? ???? ?????.

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