????? ??????

????? ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?-1948

???? ?????? - ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ???? , ???????? ???? ? ????? .

????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????, ??? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ????-?????? , ??????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ?-7 ???? ??????, ?????? ???? ? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????, ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ? ????? ? ?"? ??-??, ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? (?????) ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????. ^[1]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???? ?-6 ???? ??????, ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??????? ??? 500 ???? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???, ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?????. ^[2] ?-1955, ???'?? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?"??? ?????", ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????. ^[3]

?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????:

?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????; ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????.
????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???.
?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????.
?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? (????, ????).
?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????.

?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????: ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????.

??????? ?????? ??? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?-331 ????"? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? , ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? , ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????.

????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????, ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ????? ???, ?????? ????? ???? ????? . ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ????? . ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????: ???? ? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ??? ???? ????-????? ????? ????? ??? - ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? "???" ??????.

????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ????????? , ???????? ???????, ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ???, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ????, ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ??????? (????? ??????) ???????? (????? ?????) ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????, ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ?? ????? ????? ????????? '??????', ????? ????? ??????? (????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????) ? ????? ????? (????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????). ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?? ???, ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? , ?????? ?????? ? ???? ???????? ??? ??????. ^[4]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ???????-????? ??????? ???? 70 ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? 135, ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????, ????? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???. ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??. ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? . ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ????, ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ????, ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? , ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ??????. ?????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ? ??"? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????.

??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??. ??? ????? ????? ?-13, ???? ?????, ???? ???? ???????? ????? ?-16, ?? ???? , ???? ???? ???????, ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???.

???? ?-20 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? . ?????? ???? ?-20, ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? , ??? ? ?????' . ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????. ??????? ???????, ???? ????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??. ??????, ??? ?????', ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??. ??? ?????? ???????? ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????, ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??.

????? ???? ?-20, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????. ????, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? . ^[5]

????? ?? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?? ????? ?????? , ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??????:

?????? ??? ? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????
????? ???? ? ???? ????? ????????'? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ? ??????
??????? ????? ? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????
????? ???? ?????? ????-?????? ? ???? ????? ? ???????? ????????
??????? ?????? ? ?? ??????? ?'???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ? ?????
???????? ?????? ? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ? ?????

?????? ????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???????, ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????????? ??? ?????????. ^[6]

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ ??????????? ?????? ??? - ????? ; , ???? www.daat.ac.il
^ F. Rosenthal; J. C. Greenfield; S. Shaked ( 15 ?????? 1986 ), "Aramaic" , Encyclopaedia Iranica , Iranica Online {{ citation }}: ( ???? )
^ Frye, Richard N.; Driver, G. R. (1955). "Review of G. R. Driver's "Aramaic Documents of the Fifth Century B. C." ". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . 18 (3/4): 456?461. doi : 10.2307/2718444 . JSTOR 2718444 . p. 457.
^ ????????????? *"?? ? : . ? | ?????? | 30 ?????? 1918 | ???? ???????? | ??????? ??????? , ???? www.nli.org.il
^ Israel Science Foundation/???? ??????? ????, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ???????? , ???? isf.org.il
^ Matthew Morgenstern, Studies in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: Based upon Early Eastern Manuscripts , BRILL, 2018-08-14, ISBN 978-90-04-37012-8 . (???????)

[1] ??????????? ?????? ??? - ????? ; , ???? www.daat.ac.il

[iranica-2] F. Rosenthal; J. C. Greenfield; S. Shaked ( 15 ?????? 1986 ), "Aramaic" , Encyclopaedia Iranica , Iranica Online {{ citation }}: ( ???? )

[3] Frye, Richard N.; Driver, G. R. (1955). "Review of G. R. Driver's "Aramaic Documents of the Fifth Century B. C." ". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . 18 (3/4): 456?461. doi : 10.2307/2718444 . JSTOR 2718444 . p. 457.

[4] ????????????? *"?? ? : . ? | ?????? | 30 ?????? 1918 | ???? ???????? | ??????? ??????? , ???? www.nli.org.il

[5] Israel Science Foundation/???? ??????? ????, ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ??? ???? ???????? , ???? isf.org.il

[6] Matthew Morgenstern, Studies in Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: Based upon Early Eastern Manuscripts , BRILL, 2018-08-14, ISBN 978-90-04-37012-8 . (???????)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]