???????? - ??????

?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ? ???????? . ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????.

???? ???????: ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

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????? ?????? (Abiotic component): ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ????????????? ?? ?????? ????????? .
???????? (autotroph): ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??-??? ???????.
????????? (population): ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????-??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ? ?????? . ???? ??-?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????, ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????. ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????????, ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??-??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????????.
- ????????? ?? (Metapopulation): ???? ??-?????????.
???????????, ???????????? (autecology, autoecology): ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ???????: ???????? ??????????, ???????? ????????? ????????? ?? ?????????.
????????? ???? ???? (Atmosphere of Earth): ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????.
???????? ????????? (Behavioral ecology): ???? ???? ??? ????? ? ???? ????? , ????? ?? ?????? ? ???????? ?? ? ???????? , ?????? ? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? .
????? (Climate): ???? ?? ???????? ???????????? , ?????? ????????? ? ?????? , ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????.
????? ??????? (Biological organisation): ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? . ???????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ? ???????? .
???????? : ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????, ???????? ??????.

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??????????? (Biogeography): ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????.
????? (Biome): ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???, ????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? , ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? .
?????? (Biomass): ? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????.

???????? (Biosphere): ?? ?? ? ?????? ????????? ????? ????.

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????? ????????

? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? (heterotroph): ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??-??? ???????.
- ???????? ?????? (primary heterotroph): ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? , ????? ??????.
- ???????? ?????? (secondary heterotroph): ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????, ????? ????.
?????? (Camouflage): ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? (????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????).
??????? ?????? (Climate change): ?????? ? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????. ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? , ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????.
?????? (Biodegradation): ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ????? ? ???????? , ????? ??????, ??? ????? , ? ????? ?????? .

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???? (Community): ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????-??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????, ?????, ??????, ?????? ???'. ???? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????????? (????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????) ????? ???????? (????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????????).
??????? (Bacteria): ?????? ??-????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ? ??-?????? ? ?????????? ? ???????? .

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????? (Taiga): ????? ????????? ? ????? ?????? ???, ? ???? ?? ???? ?????? .

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???? ????? (Carrying capacity): ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. (??-??-???, ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????).
??????????? (chemoheterotroph): ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????.

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???-????? ???????? (Charismatic megafauna): ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????, ??????? ???????, ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ????.
????? ??????? (Biodiversity): ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ? ???? ???? , ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? " ????? ?????? " ?? ??????.
????? ?????????? (Biogeochemical cycle): ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??????? (???????) ? ???????? ( ????????? , ?????????, ??????????) ?? ???? ????.
????? ????? (Carbon cycle): ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ? ?????? ???? , ???? ? ???? ??????? ??????? ? ??? .
??? ???? (Invasive species): ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ??????.
????? ???????? (Ecosystem): ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??-??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????.

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????? ???? ???? : ????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ??? ??????.

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??????????? (synecology): ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?????, ??????? ???? ??????.

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???? (Stand): ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???, ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? (????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ???). ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????. ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??????.

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???????????? (photoheterotroph): ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? . ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ?? ? ?????? ????????? .

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???? ??? : ????? ??- ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??? ?? ???? ????.

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????????? (Commensalism): ??? ?? ???????? (?????????) ??? ??? ?????? ???? (??????????) ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??.
??????? (Climax): ??? ?? ??? ? ?????????? ? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????, ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ????.
????????? (Cryosphere): ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ? ??? ???? ???? . ?? ???? ??????? ????? , ????? ??????, ????? ??????, ??????? ??????? , ????? ??? (??? ? ?????????? ), ????? ???, ???? ????? ?????? ??? .

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???????? ???????? ?? ?????? (ecotone): ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????.

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????? ????? (Cooperation): ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ??.
???? (abundance): ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??????.

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????? (Range): ???? ????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????.