????????

??????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? (?????), ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? . ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?-19 ?? ? ????? ????? ??? ? ?????? , ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ???, ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??. ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ????????? ??- ??????? . ?????? ?????? ??? ?????, ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ??.

????? ????, ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????, ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? (?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????), ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? 1870 ? 1900 , ?????? ?'?????????? ??????' ?? '???????? ?????'; ?????? ?? ?? ????? , ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ????? (??????? ?????? ????? ??????) ?? ???. ^[1]

???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? (Wagonette).

?????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? (?? ?????? ??? ? bus) ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? omnibus. ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?- 1823 . "Omnes Omnibus" ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? Omnes (omnes ???? ?????) ?????? "???" ?-omnibus (???? ?????) ?????? "???? ????" ????? ? ?????? . ????, ????? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? "????????" ????. ^[2]

?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??. ?- 1892 , ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?- Bulletin de la Societe archeologique de Nantes ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ????. ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? Dames Blanches (????? ?????), ??, ???? ??????? ???? ??, ?? ??????. ???? ??? ????, ????? ???????: "?? ??, ??? ??????? ????????!" (??????? ?????). ??? ??? ???. ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???????.

????? '????????' ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????. ???? "Motor Bodybuilding in all its Branches" ???? 1914 , ??? ???????? ?????? ???, ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??. ^[3]

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? (???? ???? ?"?????" ????? ?????) ??? carrosses a cinq sols ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? 1662 ? ???? . ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ???????? ???? ???? 15 ????. ^[4]

????????, ?'?? ??????? ( ??' ) ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ???'??? ???? 1824 . ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???, ?????? ????? , ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????. ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? 1831 . ^[5] ???? 1833 ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????.

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???????? ???? ???? ???? 1828 ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????, ???? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ???? 1826, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? (?????), ?? ??? ?-16 ??????. ^[6] ?????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? Enterprise des Omnibus ????? Rue de Lancre, ?? ?????? ??????? ?? quai de Jemmapes. ???? 1827 ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ?'???' ???????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??????. ?????? ?? ??????? ???. ?- 28 ?????? 1828 ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????, ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ( ??' ) ???? ? ??????? (la Bastille). ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ?????????? ??????, ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ??????????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????. ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? (Grand Boulevards). ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????. ^[7]

????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????. ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????, ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????; ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???, ??????? ????? ????? ??????? 1830 . ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????. ^[7]

??????? 1828, ???? ?????, les Dames-Blanches, ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????. ?- 1829 ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???????. ????????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????, ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ????. ^[8]

?? 1845 , 13 ????? ????? ?????? 20 ?? 23 ???? ????????. ???? 1855 , ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???, Compagnie generale des omnibus, ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????. ??? ???? 1873 , ?? ?????? ?????? ????????, ???? ???? 1906 , ??????? ?????????, ?? ???????? ??????. ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?- 11 ?????? 1913 , ???? ?????? (Saint-Sulpice) ??? ???? ( La Villette). ^[7]

?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??? 1829. ?'???' ??????? ??? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????. ?"????????" ???????? ?????? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????, ???? ?????? ?- 4 ????? 1829 ????? ??? ???????? (????????? ??????) ???? ?"??????" ( ??? ?????? ) ??? "???? ?????". (???? ??? ??????? ), Somers Town ?-City Road. ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???. ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????, ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ???? Shillibeers ^[9] ????? ????????. ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? Newington for Girls ?? ? ????????? ??? ??????. ??? ??? ??? ??? 25 ?????? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? 1847 . ^[10]

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ?????? . ???? 1825 ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ? ??? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ^[11] ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? 1840 ??? ??????????? ???? "???? ????? ???????" (Berlin Potsdamer Bahnhof). ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????, ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? 1815. ^[12] ?- 1 ?????? 1847 , ???? Concessionierte Berliner Omnibus Compagnie (???? ?????????? ?? ?????) ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???. ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????, ?? 36 ????? ????????? ?????? ?? 1864 .

??? ???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ???? ?-20 ?? ???? ?-19 ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? , ^[13] ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? .

???? ?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???? ?????? ??????

?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? (??????? 1860 ), ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ( ???? ?????? ?????? ), ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? 3 ?? ?? 10 ???? ????? ?? ????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????, ??? ???? ???? ????, ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????, ????? ????? ?????.

?????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? 1890 , ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????????????. (?? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????). ??? ????? ????????, ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? (?? ??????), ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????, ?? ????????? . ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?-Honor Oak Tavern ?- 4 ??????? 1914 . ^[14] ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?- 25 ??????? 1923 . ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????.

??? ?? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ?? ??? (??????? ????? ???), ???? ?????? ?????? ????
?????
???? ?????
?????'?? ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????

??????????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

Fierro, Alfred (1996). Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris . Robert Laffont. ISBN 2-221-07862-4 .
Heron de Villefosse, Rene (1959). Histoire de Paris . Bernard Grasset.

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ???????? ? ??????????

???? ????: ????????? ?????? ??????? > ??????? ?????? 1662?1932

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Smith, D.J. (1974). Discovering Horse-Drawn Carriages . Aylesbury, Bucks.: Shire Books Lts.
^ "Histoire generale des transports" (???????). French transportations Museum Website. {{ cite web }}: ( ???? ) ?????? - ?????: url-status ( link )
^ Motor Body-building in all its Branches, Christopher William Terry, 1914, p. 6 . E.&F.N. Spon Limited, London.
^ "Le temps de revolutions" (???????). Herodote.net . ???? ?- 16 ??????? 2010 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? ) Retrieved 13 June 2008.
^ The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge (Vol IV ed.). London: Charles Knight. 1848. p. 676.
^ Vance, James E. (1986). Capturing the Horizon: Historical Geography of Transportation Since the Transportation Revolution of the Sixteenth Century . Harper & Row.
^ ¹ ² ³ Fierro 1996 , pp. 1031?1032.
^ Heron de Villefosse 1959 , p. 317.
^ "The London Omnibus" .
^ Thackeray, William (1987). Vanity Fair . OUP. p. 918.
^ Textagentur-Grimm.de: Simon Kremser
^ http://www.ceciliengaerten-berlin.de/web/zeitrahmen/1800_1899.html ( ????? 09.11.2014 ??????? Wayback Machine ) Cecilengarten Berlin: Zeitrahmen
^ "New York Transit Museum ? Teacher Resource Center ? History of Public Transportation in New York City" . 2016-03-09. ????? ?- ????? ?- 9 ???? 2016 . ???? ?- 2022-03-18 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )
^ "Riding on a knifeboard" . London Museum . ????? ?- ????? ?- 2 ?????? 2012 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[Smith74-1] Smith, D.J. (1974). Discovering Horse-Drawn Carriages . Aylesbury, Bucks.: Shire Books Lts.

[amtuir-2] "Histoire generale des transports" (???????). French transportations Museum Website. {{ cite web }}: ( ???? ) ?????? - ?????: url-status ( link )

[motorbody-3] Motor Body-building in all its Branches, Christopher William Terry, 1914, p. 6 . E.&F.N. Spon Limited, London.

[4] "Le temps de revolutions" (???????). Herodote.net . ???? ?- 16 ??????? 2010 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? ) Retrieved 13 June 2008.

[5] The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge (Vol IV ed.). London: Charles Knight. 1848. p. 676.

[Vance-6] Vance, James E. (1986). Capturing the Horizon: Historical Geography of Transportation Since the Transportation Revolution of the Sixteenth Century . Harper & Row.

[FOOTNOTEFierro19961031–1032-7] ¹ ² ³ Fierro 1996 , pp. 1031?1032.

[FOOTNOTEHéron_de_Villefosse1959317-8] Heron de Villefosse 1959 , p. 317.

[9] "The London Omnibus" .

[10] Thackeray, William (1987). Vanity Fair . OUP. p. 918.

[11] Textagentur-Grimm.de: Simon Kremser

[12] ttp://www.ceciliengaerten-berlin.de/web/zeitrahmen/1800_1899.html ( ????? 09.11.2014 ??????? Wayback Machine ) Cecilengarten Berlin: Zeitrahmen

[13] "New York Transit Museum ? Teacher Resource Center ? History of Public Transportation in New York City" . 2016-03-09. ????? ?- ????? ?- 9 ???? 2016 . ???? ?- 2022-03-18 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

[14] "Riding on a knifeboard" . London Museum . ????? ?- ????? ?- 2 ?????? 2012 . {{ cite web }}: ( ???? )

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