??????

**Napster**
????	??? ????? , ??? ????? ? ?'?? ?????
????? ????	1999????? (??25 ????)
????? ?????	???? ?????????
??? ??????	????? ???????
???????	????? ?????
	www .napster .com

?????? ( Napster ) ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? MP3 , ???? ? ??????? . ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????.

???????? ?????

???? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????'?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? MP3 ??????? ?? ??????? ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ? ??? ???????? . ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????, ??? ????? ???? 1999 ????????????, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ^[1]. ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????????, ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???. ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? Limp Bizkit ^[2]

??????? 2008 ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? 121 ?????? ???? ?????? ^[3].

???? ????? ?????

??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???. ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ???, ??????? ??? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????: 1) ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????, ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??????. 2) ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? "??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????". ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ??, ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ^[4]. ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????, ????? ???????? ???? ????????? - OpenNap - ???? ??? ???? ?? ? ???????? ??? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? (Reverse Engineering). ????? ??? ?????? ???????, ????? ???? ????? ?????.

????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????

????? 1999 - ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ??????.
??? 2000 - ???? ?????? , ?????? ?? ???? ??????? , ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?-300,000 ??????? ???, ????? ???????, ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???, ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? (?-3 ?????). ????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?"????? ???? ????" (?-8 ?????) ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?-300,000 ??????? ^[5].
?????? 2001 - ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?-250,000 ????? ??????? ????? ????????.
???? 2001 - ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ^[6].

?????? ?? ?????? ?????

????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? , ??????? ?- Emule . ?????? ?????? ????? ???????, ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ^[7].

???? ?????

???? ??????, ???? 2003 ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? (????? ?- iTunes ). ???? 2011 ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? Rhapsody ^[8].

??? ?? ?????

??????? ???????? ?????

???? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ??????????

??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? (???????)
??????? - ??? ????? Rhapsody, ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????
?? ??? , ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? , ???? " ????? ???????? " (????? ?? ? ??????? ????? ??? ???)
???? ??? , 20 ??? ???????, ??: ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? , ???? ??????? , 31 ???? 2019
?????? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

????? ?????? ?????

^ Napster History
^ vanHorn, Teri, Napster To Sponsor Free Tour By Limp Bizkit , MTV, ?April 24, 2000
^ ???? ??????, ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?-121 ?' ???? , ???? ???? , 15 ??????? 2008
^ Brain, Marshall, How Gnutella Works , HowStuffWorks
^ Childres, Chad, Metallica vs. Napster ? Infamous Rock Lawsuits , Loudwire
^ ????? 2, ? ?????? ????: ??? ???? ?????? , ???? ? ???? ?, 27 ????? 2012
^ Electronic Frontier Foundation, RIAA v. The People: Five Years Later , ?September 30, 2008
^ Pepitone, Julianne, Today is Napster's last day of existence , CNNMoney, ?November 30, 2011

[1] Napster History

[2] vanHorn, Teri, Napster To Sponsor Free Tour By Limp Bizkit , MTV, ?April 24, 2000

[3] ???? ??????, ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?-121 ?' ???? , ???? ???? , 15 ??????? 2008

[4] Brain, Marshall, How Gnutella Works , HowStuffWorks

[5] Childres, Chad, Metallica vs. Napster ? Infamous Rock Lawsuits , Loudwire

[6] ????? 2, ? ?????? ????: ??? ???? ?????? , ???? ? ???? ?, 27 ????? 2012

[7] Electronic Frontier Foundation, RIAA v. The People: Five Years Later , ?September 30, 2008

[8] Pepitone, Julianne, Today is Napster's last day of existence , CNNMoney, ?November 30, 2011

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]



????	??? ????? , ??? ????? ? ?'?? ?????
????? ????	1999????? (??25 ????)
????? ?????	???? ?????????
??? ??????	????? ???????
???????	????? ?????
www .napster .com