Ilimin halin dan Adam
academic discipline (en) , ilmi da health specialty (en)
Bayanai
?aramin ?angare na	human science (en) , health sciences (en) da behavioral sciences (en)
Tarihin maudu'i	history of psychology (en)
Gudanarwan	psychologist (en)
Model item (en)	branch of psychology (en) , psychology terminology (en) da psychological methodology (en)
Stack Exchange site URL (en)	https://psychology.stackexchange.com
Hannun riga da	pseudopsychology (en)

Psychology shine binciken kimiyya na hankali da hali. IIlimin halin dan Adam ya ha?a da nazarin hankali da abubuwan da ba a sani ba, gami da ji da tunani . Ilimi ne na ilimi mai girman gaske, yana ketare iyakoki tsakanin ilimin halitta da zamantakewa . Masanan ilimin halayyar dan adam suna neman fahimtar abubuwan da ke faruwa na kwakwalwa , suna danganta horo da ilimin nneuroscience. A matsayin masana kimiyyar zamantakewa, masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna nufin fahimtar halayen daidaikun mutane da kungiyoyi. syo ^[1] <b id="mwJQ">Ψ</b> (<i id="mwJg">psi</i>), harafin farko na kalmar Helenanci psyche wanda aka samo kalmar ilimin halin dan Adam (duba ?asa), yawanci yana hade da kimiyya.

Kwararren likita ko mai bincike da ke da hannu a cikin horo ana kiransa masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam. Wasu masana ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma ana iya rarraba su azaman masana kimiyyar halayya ko fahimi. Wasu masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna ?o?arin fahimtar matsayin ayyukan tunani a cikin ?ai?ai da ?abi'a na zamantakewa. Wasu suna bincika hanyoyin ilimin lissafin jiki da na neurobiological wa?anda ke ?ar?ashin ayyuka da halaye na fahimi.

Masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna shiga cikin bincike kan ra'ayi, fahimta, hankali, motsin rai , hankali, abubuwan da suka faru, kuzari, aikin kwakwalwa, da mutuntaka. Sha'awar masana ilimin halayyar dan adam sun kai ga ala?ar juna, juriya na tunani, juriyar iyali, da sauran fagage a cikin ilimin halayyar ?an adam. Suna kuma la'akari da hankali marar hankali. ^[2] Masana ilimin halayyar ?an adam na bincike suna amfani da hanyoyin ?wa??waran don haifar da ala?a da ala?a tsakanin masu canjin yanayin zamantakewa. Wasu, amma ba duka ba, likitocin ilimin nasiha na asibiti sun dogara da fassarar alama.

Yayin da ake amfani da ilimin tunani sau da yawa akan kimantawa da magance matsalolin lafiyar kwakwalwa, ana kuma karkata zuwa ga fahimta da warware matsaloli a fannoni da dama na ayyukan ?an adam. Ta lissafin da yawa, ilimin halin dan Adam yana nufin amfani da al'umma. ^[3] Yawancin masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna shiga cikin wani nau'in rawar warkewa, yin aikin motsa jiki a cikin asibiti, shawarwari, ko saitunan makaranta. Sauran masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suna gudanar da bincike na kimiyya akan batutuwa masu yawa da suka shafi hanyoyin tunani da halaye. Yawanci ?ungiyar ?wararrun ?abi'a suna aiki a cikin tsarin ilimi (misali, jami'o'i, makarantun likitanci, ko asibitoci). Wani rukuni na masana ilimin halayyar dan adam yana aiki a cikin masana'antu da saitunan kungiya. Duk da haka wasu suna da hannu a cikin ayyukan ci gaban ?an adam, tsufa, wasanni, lafiya, kimiyyar bincike, ilimi, da kuma kafofin watsa labarai.

Asalin kalmar da ma'anoninta [ gyara sashe | gyara masomin ]

Kalmar Psychology ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci <i id="mwXQ">psyche</i>, ruhu ko ruhu. Bangaren ?arshen kalmar "psychology" ya samo asali daga -λογ?α -logia , wanda ke nufin "karatu" ko "bincike". Kalmar Latin psychologia ta fara amfani da ?an adam ?an Croatian kuma ?an Latin Marko Maruli? a cikin littafinsa, Psichiologia de ratione animae humanae ( Psychology, on the Nature of the Human Soul ) a ?arshen karni na 15 ko farkon karni na 16. Maganar farko da aka sani game da kalmar ilimin halin dan adam a Turanci shine Steven Blankaart a cikin shekarar 1694 a cikin Kamus na zahiri. Kamus na nufin "Anatomy, wanda ke bi da Jiki, da Psychology, wanda ke bi da Rai."

A cikin shekarar 1890, William James ya bayyana ilimin halin dan Adam a matsayin "kimiyyar rayuwar tunani, duka abubuwan mamaki da yanayin su." ^[4] Wannan ma'anar ta ji da?in ya?u tsawon shekaru da yawa. Duk da haka, an yi hamayya da wannan ma'anar, musamman ta masu halin kirki irin su John B. Watson, wanda a cikin shekarar 1913 ya tabbatar da cewa horo shine "kimiyya ta halitta", makasudin ka'idar wanda "shine tsinkaya da sarrafa hali." ^[5] Tunda James ya ayyana “ilimin tunani”, kalmar tana da ?arfi sosai akan gwajin kimiyya. ^[5] Ilimin halayyar jama'a yana nufin 'talakawa na gama gari, kamar yadda aka bambanta da ?wararrun tunani', fahimtar yanayin tunani da halayen mutane.

Farkon ilimin halin dan adam na gwaji [ gyara sashe | gyara masomin ]

Masanin falsafa John Stuart Mill ya yi imanin cewa tunanin ?an adam a bu?e yake ga binciken kimiyya, ko da kuwa kimiyyar ta wasu hanyoyi ba ta dace ba. Mill ya ba da shawarar " Chemistry na hankali" wanda tunanin farko zai iya ha?uwa cikin ra'ayoyin mafi girma. Gustav Fechner ya fara gudanar da binciken ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a Leipzig a cikin 1830s. Ya fayyace ?a'idar cewa fahimtar ?an adam game da abin motsa rai yana bambanta logarithm gwargwadon ?arfinsa. ^[6] Ka'idar ta zama sananne da dokar Weber-Fechner. Abubuwan Fechner na 1860 na Psychophysics sun ?alubalanci ra'ayin Kant mara kyau game da gudanar da bincike mai ?ima akan hankali. ^{[7] [8]} Nasarar Fechner ita ce ta nuna cewa "hanyoyin tunani ba za a iya ba da girman adadi kawai ba, amma kuma ana iya auna wa?annan ta hanyoyin gwaji." A cikin Heidelberg, Hermann von Helmholtz ya gudanar da bincike guda ?aya a kan tsinkayen hankali, da kuma horar da masanin ilimin lissafi Wilhelm Wundt. Wundt, ya zo Jami'ar Leipzig, inda ya kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje na tunani wanda ya kawo ilimin halin gwaji a duniya. Wundt ya mai da hankali kan tarwatsa hanyoyin tunani zuwa mafi mahimmancin sassa na asali, wanda aka kwadaitar a wani bangare ta kwatankwacin ci gaban da aka samu a cikin ilmin sunadarai, da nasarar bincikensa na abubuwa da tsarin kayan. Paul Flechsig da Emil Kraepelin ba da da?ewa ba suka ?ir?iri wani dakin gwaje-gwaje mai tasiri a Leipzig, ?akin binciken da ke da ala?a da tunani, wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan gwajin tabin hankali.

Manazarta [ gyara sashe | gyara masomin ]

1. ↑ Hockenbury & Hockenbury. Psychology. Worth Publishers, 2010.
2. ↑ Psychoanalysis and other forms of depth psychology are most typically associated with theories about the unconscious mind. By contrast, behaviorists consider such phenomena as classical conditioning and operant conditioning . Cognitivists explore implicit memory , automaticity , and subliminal messages , all of which are understood either to bypass or to occur outside of conscious effort or attention. Indeed, cognitive-behavioral therapists counsel their clients to become aware of maladaptive thought patterns, the nature of which the clients previously had not been conscious.
3. ↑ Empty citation ( help )
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named James 1890
5. ↑ ^{5.0 5.1} Empty citation ( help )
6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Leahey 2001
7. ↑ Fechner, G. T. (1860). Elemente der Psychophysik. Breitkopf u. Hartel. (Elements of Psychophysics)
8. ↑ Horst U.K. Gundlach, "Germany", in Baker (ed.), Oxford Handbook of the History of Psychology (2012).