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An tSuimeir - Vicipeid Jump to content

An tSuimeir

On Vicipeid, an chiclipeid shaor.
Dealbh de reithe ag ithe duilleog. Fuarthas dha dhealbh, a theann siar go dti thart ar 2500 RCh, sna tuamai rioga d' Ur agus ta ceann amhain diobh le feiscint i Musaem na Breataine .

Ba i an t Suimeir [1] an chead sibhialtacht uirbeach sa reigiun stairiuil ar a dtugtar deisceart na Measpataime , sin e deisceart Iaraic an lae inniu. Ba le linn na h Umhaoise agus na Cre-umhaoise a bhi an tSuimeir faoi bhlath agus, da bharr, d'fheadfai a ra gurbh i an tSuimeir an chead sibhialtacht riamh ar domhan. [2]

Teann luathscribhneoireacht sa reigiun siar go dti thart ar 3500 RCh. Is o na cathracha Uruc agus Jemdet Nasr a thagann na teacsanna is arsa ata fagtha againn agus teid siad siar go dti 3300 RCh. Thainig scribhneoireacht i script dhingchruthach chun cinn thart ar 3000 RCh. [3]

Ta se molta ag staraithe an lae inniu gurb idir 5500 agus 4000 RCh a tosaiodh an tSuimeir a lonnu. Is cosuil gurbh iad daoine de chuid na h Aise Thiar , daoine a labhraiodh an t Suimeiris - teanga aonraioch ghleanta -, an chead dream a chuir futhu go buan sa reigiun. Is ar ainmneacha cathracha, aibhneacha agus ceirdeanna bunusacha ata an moladh seo bunaithe. [4] [5] [6] [7]

Sa la ata inniu ann, tugtar " luath-Eofraitigh " no " Ubaidigh " [8] ar na daoine a lonnaigh an reigiun agus ceaptar gurb as an g cultur Shamarra de thuaisceart na Measpataime, sin e an Aisiria stairiuil, a thangadar chun cinn. [9] [10] [11] [12] Ce nach bhfuil tracht ar na Ubaidigh le fail sna teacsanna Suimearacha ata againn anois, creideann scolairi comhaimseartha gurb iad na hUbaidigh a chuir tus le proiseas sibhialtachta sa tSuimeir (.i. draenail na riasc le haghaidh talmhaiochta, forbairt na tradala agus bunu tionscal eagsuil ? an leatharoireacht , an mhiotaloireacht , an photaireacht , an tsaoirseacht agus an sniomhachan ina measc). [8]

Nil gach aon duine doibh siud a bhionn ag ple le stair an reigiuin ar aon fhocal, afach. Cuireann scolairi airithe in aghaidh na teoirice gurbh ann do theanga luath-Eoifraiteach no do theanga fhoshraith amhain. Ta se molta ag an ndream seo agus ag roinnt daoine eile gurbh i an tSuimeiris teanga na n-iascairi agus na bh fiagaithe cnuasaitheoiri a raibh ina gconai sna riasca agus sa reigiun cladach d' Araib Thiar . [13] Is as treimhse nios deanai a thagann na taifid stairiula ata againn faoi lathair ? ni thagann aon cheann de na taifid de stair na Suimeire gur feidir muinin a bheith againn astu as an treimhse roimh an Ri Enmebaragesi (.i. an 26u cead RCh). Creideann an tOllamh Juris Zarins go raibh Suimearaigh ina gconai ar chosta na hAraibe Thiar, reigiun Mhurascaill na Peirse sa la ata inniu ann, sular badh e ag deireadh na h Oighearaoise . [14]

Is le linn treimhse Uruc (.i. an 4u milaois RCh) a thainig sibhialtacht na Suimeire chun cinn agus leann si ar aghaidh go dti an treimhse Jhemdat Nasr agus an treimhse rioraioch luath. I gcaitheamh na 3u milaoise RCh, d'fhas siombois chulturtha dhomhain idir na Suimearaigh, a raibh teanga aonraioch acu, agus daoine a labhraiodh Acaidis. Do bhi an datheangachas go forleathan i measc an da mhuintir de bharr na siomboise culturtha seo. [15] Nil aon fhianaise againn ar luath-stair chultur na Suimeire, da mba ann di.

Ta an tionchar a bhi ag an Suimeiris ar an Acaidis , agus tionchar na hAcaidise ar an Suimeiris, le feiscint go soileir i ngach reimse, o iasacht leacsach a bhiodh ag tarlu go hollmhor go teacht le cheile o thaobh na comhreire, na deilbhiochta agus na foineolaiochta de. [15] Tugann se sin ar scolairi Sprachbund a thabhairt ar an Suimeiris agus ar an Acaidis le linn na 3u milaoise RCh. [15] Do chloigh rithe na h Impireachta Acadaigh an tSuimeir thart at 2270 RCh agus is teangacha Seimiteacha a bhi a labhairt acu siud. Leantai ar aghaidh le husaid na Suimeirise mar theanga dhiaga afach.

Ce gur leis na Suimearaigh dhuchasacha a bhi an chumhacht aris ar feadh ceid, sin e thart ar an dtreimhse idir 2100-2000 RCh - treimhse ar a dtugtar Nua-Impireacht na Suimeire no Triu Riocht an Ur ( Athbheochan na Suimeire ) -, bainti usaid as an Acaidis fos.

Deir roinnt daoine gurb i Eireadu , cathair de chuid na Suimeire a bhi suite ar chosta Mhurascaill na Peirse, an chead chathair ar domhan. D’fheadfai go dtainig tri cinn de chultuir le cheile sa chathair seo ? feirmeoiri Ubaideacha a mbiodh conai orthu i mbothain bhrici laibe agus a bhiodh ag cleachtadh uiscithe, treadaithe fain a mbiodh conai orthu i bpubaill dhubha agus a bhiodh ag leanuint treada bo agus caorach, agus na hiascairi a mbiodh conai orthu i mbothain giolcai sna riasca agus gur feidir gurbh iad sinsir na Suimearach. [16]

Tagairti [ cuir in eagar | athraigh foinse ]

  1. ↑ “ “an tSuimeir” | tearma.ie ”. Tearma.ie : An Bunachar Naisiunta Tearmaiochta don Ghaeilge . An Coiste Tearmaiochta . Data rochtana: 2024-05-10.
  2. ↑ King, Leonid W. (2015) "A History of Sumer and Akkad" ( ISBN 1522847308 ) [i mBearla]
  3. ↑ ' Cuneiform ', ancient.eu [i mBearla]
  4. ↑ " Ancient Mesopotamia. Teaching materials [ nasc briste go buan ] ". Oriental Institute in collaboration with Chicago Web Docent and eCUIP, The Digital Library [i mBearla]
  5. ↑ " The Ubaid Period (5500?4000 B.C.) " In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (October 2003) [i mBearla]
  6. ↑ " Ubaid Culture Curtha i gcartlann 2016-04-17 ar an Wayback Machine ", The British Museum [i mBearla]
  7. ↑ " Beyond the Ubaid Curtha i gcartlann 2014-03-21 ar an Wayback Machine ", (Carter, Rober A. and Graham, Philip, eds.), University of Durham, April 2006 [i mBearla]
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 " Sumer (ancient region, Iraq) ". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Britannica.com. [i mBearla]
  9. ↑ Kleniewski, Nancy; Thomas, Alexander R (2010-03-26). "Cities, Change, and Conflict: A Political Economy of Urban Life" . ISBN 978-0-495-81222-7 . [i mBearla]
  10. ↑ Maisels, Charles Keith (1993). "The Near East: Archaeology in the "Cradle of Civilization"" . ISBN 978-0-415-04742-5 . [i mBearla]
  11. ↑ Maisels, Charles Keith (2001). "Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China" . ISBN 978-0-415-10976-5 [i mBearla]
  12. ↑ Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (2002). "A dictionary of archaeology" . ISBN 978-0-631-23583-5 . [i mBearla]
  13. ↑ Margarethe Uepermann (2007), "Structuring the Late Stone Age of Southeastern Arabia" (Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy Volume 3, Issue 2, pages 65?109) [i mBearla]
  14. ↑ Hamblin, Dora Jane (May 1987). " Has the Garden of Eden been located at last? Curtha i gcartlann 2014-01-09 ar an Wayback Machine " (PDF). Smithsonian Magazine . 18 (2). [i mBearla]
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Deutscher, Guy (2007). Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation . Oxford University Press US . pp. 20?21. ISBN 978-0-19-953222-3 . [i mBearla]
  16. ↑ Leick, Gwendolyn (2003), "Mesopotamia, the Invention of the City" (Penguin) [i mBearla]
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