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Herbe de ble

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Triticum aestivum (herbe de ble).

L' herbe de ble ou ble en herbe se refere a la jeune pousse du ble commun, Triticum aestivum qui est fraichement pressee ou sechee pour la consommation humaine ou animale. Sous ces deux formes galeniques , l'herbe de ble contient (comme la plupart des plantes) de la chlorophylle , des vitamines , des mineraux , des acides amines et des enzymes . Les etudes et allegations [Lesquelles ?] la concernant parlent de proprietes curatives tout autant que de complementation nutritionnelle. Cette herbe populaire dans les pays anglo-saxons peut etre facilement cultivee et pressee a domicile. Elle est souvent disponible dans des bars a jus, en portion de 3   cl ou melangee a des jus de fruits et legumes (cf Cojean [ 1 ] ) ; on la trouve aussi dans des magasins specialises sous forme de comprimes ou de poudre. Elle est egalement vendue sur internet en vaporisateur, en creme, en lotion de massage et en complement alimentaire liquide. Comme il s'agit de la pousse et donc de la plante avant la formation des graines, l'herbe de ble ne contient pas de gluten .

Histoire [ modifier | modifier le code ]

Le ble en herbe est une plante utilisee depuis des millenaires dans les pharmacopees indiennes et chinoises [ref. necessaire] . La consommation de ble en herbe dans le monde occidental commenca dans les annees 1930 en consequence des resultats des experiences de Charles F. Schnabel. Cet ingenieur agronome commenca des 1930 ses etudes sur le ble en herbe. Il utilisa de cette herbe pour restaurer la sante de poules en etat critique. Non seulement les poules retrouverent leur force mais elles pondirent, apres un certain temps, plus d'œufs que les poules saines. Cette observation poussa Schnabel a secher et mettre en poudre du ble en herbe afin de complementer l'alimentation de sa famille et ses voisins. L'annee suivante, Schnabel reproduisit l'experience sur les volailles et obtint les memes resultats. Les poules pondaient deux fois plus [ 2 ] . Par la suite, l'experimentateur fit la promotion de sa decouverte a tous les acteurs interesses de l'industrie agro-alimentaire. Deux multi-nationales, Quaker Oats et American Dairies Inc., developperent des produits pour consommation humaine et animale. En 1940, des boites de conserves de poudre d'herbe sechee etaient en vente dans tous les principaux supermarches des Etats-Unis et du Canada .

Culture [ modifier | modifier le code ]

Le ble en herbe est la jeune pousse des germes de ble. Cultive de facon biologique, l’herbe atteint une taille de 15 a 25 centimetres en 10 jours. Le ble en herbe est une herbe de cereales ( ble , orge , riz , mais , avoine , millet ) qui est traditionnellement cultivee dans les prairies des climats temperes [ 3 ] . Toutes les herbes de cereales ont des profils nutritifs semblables et l’etude montre que les herbes de ble et d’orge cultivees dans un meme champ auront des compositions nutritives plus proches que deux herbes de ble cultivees dans des champs eloignes [ 4 ] . Schnabel utilisait du ble en herbe cultive dans les plaines du Kansas. La plante etait recoltee au moment de sa maturation, 200 jours apres sa plantation a la fin de l'automne [ 5 ] . C'est a ce stade que la plante presente son potentiel nutritionnel le plus concentre [ 6 ] . Apres ce stade d'evolution, la concentration de la plante en chlorophylle, proteines et vitamines diminue. L'herbe recoltee etait par la suite deshydratee (poudre ou comprimes) et utilisee pour la consommation humaine et animale. Cultive en interieur pendant une periode de 10 jours, le ble en herbe presente egalement une composition nutritionnelle interessante. Il existe de nombreux produits disponibles sur le marche qui proposent de l'herbe obtenue par diverses methodes agronomiques et traitees par divers procedes.

Effets benefiques sur la sante [ modifier | modifier le code ]

Le profil nutritif des herbes de cereales ressemble grandement a celui des legumes verts [ 7 ] (comme les epinards). De plus, le ble en herbe est plus facile a cultiver que ces legumes verts et presente une concentration superieure en nutriments [ 8 ] . Pour cette raison, le ble en herbe est un moyen efficace pour favoriser la consommation de legumes verts et ainsi subvenir aux besoins nutritionnels de facon optimale.

Etudes in vitro [ modifier | modifier le code ]

Beaucoup d’etudes ont ete effectuees pour demontrer les effets therapeutiques du ble en herbe. Le ble en herbe et son jus possedent une forte activite anti-oxydante [ 9 ] , [ 10 ] . De plus, le jus ou des extraits de ble en herbe (et en particulier la chlorophylle et ses derives) inhiberaient la proliferation des cellules cancereuses [ 11 ] et auraient des proprietes antimutagenes et anticytotoxiques [ 12 ] , [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] . Par ailleurs, les composes presents dans les herbes de cereales presenteraient des proprietes anti-inflammatoires [ 16 ] , une activite regulatrice sur les cellules immunitaires [ 17 ] et induiraient la degradation des pesticides organochlores [ 18 ] dans l’eau.

Etudes sur les animaux [ modifier | modifier le code ]

Le jus ou des extraits de ble en herbe ont ete etudies des les annees 1930, d’une part pour leurs proprietes d’amelioration de la croissance [ 19 ] et de la cicatrisation [ 20 ] . D’autre part, ces extraits furent etudies pour leurs proprietes antibacteriennes [ 21 ] et pour leurs proprietes de regeneration du sang [ 22 ] . C’est aussi dans la premiere moitie du siecle qu’a ete enregistree une augmentation de la fertilite [ 23 ] chez les rats et les lapins . Le jus ou les extraits de ble en herbe ont egalement inhibe les effets d’un agent carcinogene chez les truites [ 24 ] et chez les rats [ 25 ] . La chlorophylline (un derive de la chlorophylle) a montre des proprietes benefiques sur la sante de souris traitee par un compose anticancereux nomme cyclophosphamide [ 26 ] .

Etudes avec des humains [ modifier | modifier le code ]

Dans plusieurs etudes cliniques, la consommation de jus ou d’extrait de ble en herbe a permis d’augmenter de facon significative l’activite anti-oxydante totale du plasma [ 27 ] , a reduit les symptomes de la rectocolite ulcero-hemorragique dans sa forme distale (lesions colorectales) [ 28 ] , a favorise la regeneration sanguine chez des patientes souffrant de cancer du sein et traitees par chimiotherapie [ 29 ] , a ameliore le nombre de globules rouges plasmatiques et l’etat de sante general de patients cancereux en phase terminale [ 30 ] et a diminue le besoin de transfusion chez des enfants thalassemiques (forme d’anemie hereditaire) [ 31 ] . De plus, une etude montre les effets protecteurs de la chlorophylline sur des individus susceptibles de developper des tumeurs hepatiques (du foie) [ 32 ] .

Notes et references [ modifier | modifier le code ]

  1. Quitterie Pasquesoone, Cojean : Des jus branches , Grazia.fr , 23 novembre 2010
  2. Schnabel, C. 1935. The biologic value of high protein cereal grasses. Paper presented to the biologic section of the American Chemical Society in New York, April 22, 1935.
  3. Baker, H. 1978. Plants and Civilization. Wadsworth Publishing Co. Belmont, CA
  4. Graham, W., Kohler, G. and Schnabel, C. 1940. "Grass As A Food: Vitamin Content". Paper presented April 10, 1940, at the 99th meeting of The American Chemical Society/ Kahn, E.J. 1985. The Staffs of Life. Little, Brown & Co. Boston
  5. Schnabel, C. 1940. We're harvesting our crops too late! Magazine Digest. November, 1940
  6. Gallagher, J., Biscoe, P., and Wallace, J. 1979. Field studies of cereal leaf growth. Journal of Experimental Botany 30:657-668/Kohler, G. 1944. The effect of stages of growth on the chemistry of the grasses. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 152:215-223
  7. Nutrition Search, Inc. 1984. Nutrition Almanac. McGraw-Hill. New York
  8. Laboratory Analyses, September 6, 1989. Nutrition International, East Brunswick, NJ
  9. KULKARNI Sunil D. (1) ; TILAK Jai. C. (2) ; ACHARYA R. (3) ; RAJURKAR Nilima S. (1) ; DEVASAGAYAM T. P. A. (2) ; REDDY A. V. R. (3). ≪ Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum L.) as a function of growth under different conditions ≫. PTR. Phytotherapy research ISSN 0951-418X/ Vasudha Shukla, Manish Vashistha, Som Nath Singh. Evaluation of antioxidant profile and activity of amalaki (Emblica officinalis), spirulina and wheat grass. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. Feb 2009, Vol. 24, No. 1: 70-75/ Kitta, K.; Hagiwara, Y.; and Shibamoto, T. 1992. "Antioxidative Activity of an Isoflavonoid, 2"-O-Glycosylisovitexin Isolated From Green Barley Leaves." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 40, No. 10./ S. Nakajima, Y. Hagiwara, H. Hagiwara, and T. Shibamoto. Effect of the Antioxidant 2"-O-Glycosylisovitexin from young green barley leaves on acetaldehyde formation in beer stored at 50 °C for 90 days. 1998, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 46 (4), 1529-1531./ Shibamoto, T.; Hagiwara, Y.; Hagiwara, H.; and Osawa, 11994. "A Flavonoid With Strong Antioxidative Activity Isolated From Young Green Barley Leaves." Food Phytochemicals for Cancer Prevention IL Edited by Chi-Tang Ho, Toshihiko Osawa, Mou-Tuan Huany, and Robert T. Rosen. Washington, D.C: ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Association.
  10. Boloor KK, et al. 2000. Chlorophyllin as a protector of mitochondrial membranes against gamma-radiation and photosensitization. Toxicology 155:63-71./Kumar SS, et al. 2001. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by chloropyllin: an ESR study. Free Rad Res 35:563-74.
  11. CN Lai, B Dabney and C Shaw (1978) Inhibition of in vitro metabolic activation of carcinogens by wheat sprout extracts. Nutrition and Cancer, 1 (1):27-30/ CN Lai (1979) Chlorophyll: The active factor in wheat sprout extract inhibiting the metabolic activation of carcinogens in vitro. Nutrition and Cancer, 1 (3):19-21
  12. L.G.L. Rampazo, B.Q. Jordao, V.E.P. Vicentini and M.S. Mantovani, Chlorophyllin Antimutagenesis Mechanisms under Different Treatment Conditions in the Micronucleus Assay in V79 Cells, CYTOLOGIA 67: 323-327. (2002) / X. Tang and R. Edenharder. Inhibition of the mutagenicity of 2-nitrofluorene, 3-nitrofluoranthene and 1-nitropyrene by vitamins, porphyrins and related compounds, and vegetable and fruit juices and solvent extracts. Food and Chemical Toxicology , Volume 35, Issues 3-4, March-April 1997, Pages 373-378/ Debisri Sarkar(Datta), Archana Sharma and Geeta Talukder. Chlorophyll and chromosome breakage. Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects, Volume 360, Issue 3, 8 August 1996, Pages 187-191/ Chernomorsky, S., Poretz, R., and Segelman, A. Effect of Dietary Chlorophyll Derivatives on Mutagenesis and Tumor Cell Growth. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis., 79 : 313-322, 1999./ Smith WA, et al. 2001. Effect of chemopreventive agents on DNA adduction induced by the potent mammary carcinogen dibenzo[a,l]opyrene in the human breast cells MCF-7. Mutat Res 480:97-108./ Peryt B, Miloszewska J, Tudek B, et al. Antimutagenic effects of several subfractions of extract from wheat sprout toward benzo[a]pyrene-induced mutagenicity in strain TA98 of Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat Res. 1988; 206:221-225./ Peryt B, Szymczyk T, Lesca P. Mechanism of antimutagenicity of wheat sprout extracts. Mutat Res. 1992; 269:201-215./ Tudek B, Peryt B, Miloszewska J, et al. The effect of wheat sprout extract on benzo(a)pyrene and 7,2-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene activity. Neoplasma. 1998; 35:515-523.
  13. Zdzienicka et al. 1982. Antimutagenic action of some plant factors Extracts from wheat, maize and pea sprouts inhibited mutagenic activity as assayed using bacterial strains. Mut. Res. 97:236/ Lai et al. 1980. Antimutagenic activities of common vegetables and their chlorophyll content. Mut. Res. 77(3):245-250./ Ardelt B, et al. 2001. Chlorophyllin protects cells from the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of quinacrine mustard but not of nitrogen mustard. Int J Oncol 18:849-53.
  14. Cho YS, et al. 1996. Chemopreventive effect of chlorophyllin on mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of 6-sulfooxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene. Cancer Lett 107:223-8./ Dashwood R, et al. 1996. Study of the forces of stabilizing complexes between chlorophylls and heterocyclic amine mutagens. Environ Mol Mutagen 27:211-18.
  15. Kumar SS, et al. 2001. Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by chloropyllin: an ESR study. Free Rad Res 35:563-74./Smith WA, et al. 2001. Effect of chemopreventive agents on DNA adduction induced by the potent mammary carcinogen dibenzo[a,l]opyrene in the human breast cells MCF-7. Mutat Res 480:97-108.
  16. Kubota, K.; Matsuoka, Y.; and Seki, H. 1983. "Isolation of Potent Anti-Inflammatory Protein From Barley Leaves." The Japanese journal of Inflammation, Vol. 3, No. 4.
  17. Badamchian, M.; Naylor, P.H.; Spangelo, B.; Strickler, M.P.; Stone, M.J.; Hagiwara, Y.; Hagiwara, H.; and Goldstein, A.L. 1991. ≪  Immune-endocrine Activities of Green Barley Leaf Extract (BLE): Regulation of Prolactin and Interleukin-2 Release in Vitro  ≫, The FASEB Journal , Vol. 5, No. 4.
  18. Durham, J., Ogata, J., Nakajima, S., Hagiwara, Y., and Shibamoto, T. Degradation of organophosphorus pesticides in aqueous extracts of young green barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L). 1999, J. of the Science of Food and Agriculture.
  19. Kohler, Elvahjem and Hart. “Growth Stimulating Properties of Grass Juice” Science. 83, 445 (1936)/ Colio, L. and Babb, V. 1948. Study of a new stimulatory growth factor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 174:405-409./ Erschoff, B. 1957. Beneficial effects of alfalfa and other succulent plants on the growth of immature guinea pigs fed a mineralized dried milk ration. J. Nutr. 62:295-312/ Hansen, R., Scott, H. Larson, B. Nelson, T. and Krichevsky, P. 1953. Growth stimulation and growth inhibition of chicks fed forage and forage juice concentrate. J. Nutr. 49:453-464./ Lakhanpal, R., Davis, J., Typpo, J., and Briggs, G. 1966. Evidence for an unidentified growth factor from alfalfa and other plant sources for young guinea pigs. J. Nutr. 89:341-346.
  20. Brush, B., Lamb, C The effect of the topical application of several substances on the healing of experimental cutaneous wounds. Surgery. 12:355-363. 1942/ Smith & Livingston. 1943. Chlorophyll. An experimental study of its water soluble derivatives in wound healing. American Journal of Surgery./ Bowers, W. F.: Chlorophyll in Wound Healing and Suppurative Disease, Am. J. Surg. 73: 37?50, 1947.
  21. Osborn. 1943. On the occurrence of antibacterial substances in green plants. British Journal of Experimental Pathology, 24, 227
  22. Hughes and Letner. “Chlorophyll and Hemoglobin Regeneration,” American Journal of Medical Science, 188, 206 (1936)/ Patek. “Chlorophyll and Regeneration of Blood,” Archives of Internal Medicine. 57, 76 (1936).
  23. Borasky, R. and Bradbury, J. 1942. Frozen plant juice as the source of a rabbit ovulating factor. American Journal of Physiology 137:637-639./ Bradbury, J. 1944. The rabbit ovulating factor of plant juice. American Journal of Physiology 142:487-493./ Spitzer, R. and Phillips, P. 1946. Reproduction and lactation studies with rats fed natural rations. J. Nutr. 32:631-639./ Friedman, M. and Mitchell, J. 1941. Variations in the yield of gonadotropic material from green plants in relation to the season of growth and the pH of the fresh juice. Endocrinology 29:172-178.
  24. BREINHOLT V. (1) ; HENDRICKS J. (1) ; PEREIRA C. ; ARBOGAST D. (1) ; BAILEY G. (1) Dietary chlorophyllin is a potent inhibitor of aflatoxin B1 hepatocarcinogenesis in rainbow trout. Cancer research 1995, vol. 55, no1, pp. 57-62 (45 ref.)
  25. Kumar SS, et al. 1999. Inhibition of radiation-induced DNA damage in plasmid pBR322 by chlorophyllin and possible mechanism(s) of action. Mutat Res 425:71-9.
  26. Te C, et al. 1997. In vivo effects of chlorophyllin on the antitumour agent cyclophosphamide. Int J Cancer 70:84-9.
  27. Shyam R, Singh SM, Vats P, et al. Wheat grass supplementation decreases oxidative stress in healthy subjects: a comparative study with spirulina . J Altern Complement Med. 2007;13(8):789-791.
  28. Ben-Arye E, Goldin E, Wengrower D, Stamper A, Kohn R, Berry E. Wheat Grass Juice in the Treatment of Active Distal Ulcerative Colitis: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002 April;37(4):444-9.
  29. Bar-Sela Gil, Tsalic Medy, Fried Getta, Goldberg Hadassah. Wheat Grass Juice May Improve Hematological Toxicity Related to Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients: A Pilot Study. Nutrition and Cancer 2007, Vol. 58, No. 1, Pages 43-48
  30. Dey S., Sarkar R., Ghosh P., Khatun R., Ghorai K., Choudhury R., Ahmed R., Gupta, P., Mukhopadhyay S., Mukhopadhyay A. Effect of Wheat Grass Juice in Supportive Care of Terminally Ill Cancer Patients -- A Tertiary Cancer Centre Experience from India. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2006 ASCO Meeting Proceedings Part I. Vol 24, No. 18s (June 20 Supplement), 2006: 8634.
  31. Marawaha RK, Bansal D, Kaur S, Trehan A. Wheatgrass Juice Reduces Transfusion Requirement in Patients with Thalassemia Major: A Pilot Study. Indian Pediatric 2004 Jul;41(7):716-20.
  32. Egner PA, et al. 2001. Chlorophyllin intervention reduces aflatoxin-DNA adducts in individuals at high risk for liver cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:14601-6