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≪????? ?? ??? ???????? (???? ??) ???? ???? ?????? (
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(????北烏伊 ??
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?? ???? ??? ?????? '??????' ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ? ?? ???? ??????? ? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????. ?? ?? ???? ??????????? ???? ??? ? ??????/???? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????.
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??? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????????. ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ?????????
?????
??????.
[?]
"?????康居 = ?????
????
? ??? (??????) ? ???. ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ????. ?? (居) ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ????… ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? "?????? ???" ?? "???????" ????… ?????? ????? ??? (康) ?? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???… ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?????????????."
[??]
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???????
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???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ≪???? ????≫ ????????. ??
???? ??????
???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? (?? ???? ?????????? ?????) ?? ?? ????? ≪??≫ ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????.
[??]
[??]
[??]
??? ??? (??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????) ??? ?? ????? ??
????? ????
? ????????? ? ?????
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?????? ???????? ? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????.
[??]
[??]
?? ????????? ??????
[
??????
]
??
?????
?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ≪?????≫ (kangha) ??? ???????.
[??]
??
???????
??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ? ????
????????
??? ???? ???????. ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????. ??????? ?? ????? ??
??????
? ?????????? ?????? ????.
[??]
- ↑
???
???
"The Nomads of northern Central Asia," p. 463. Y. A. Zadneprovsky in:
History of civilizations of Central Asia Volume II: The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250
. Editor: Janos Harmatta. UNESCO publishing. Paris.
ISBN
92-3-102846-4
.
- ↑
Shiratori Kurakichi.
Shiratori Kurakichi Zenshu
(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1970), 48. Originally published in
T?y? Gakuh?
14, no. 2 (1925).
- ↑
Sogdians and Buddhism
, p. 5. Mariko Namba Walter. (2006) Sino-Platonic Papers No. 174. Nov 2006. Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania.
- ↑
"Records of the Great Historian, Han Dynasty II", Sima Qian, translated by Burton Watson, Revised edition (1993) Columbia University Press, p. 234.
ISBN
0-231-08167-7
- ↑
Hulsewe, A.F.P. (1979)
China in Central Asia: The Early Stage (123 B.C. ?A.D. 23)
. Leiden, E.J. Brill.
ISBN
90-04-05884-2
, pp. 126, 130-132.
- ↑
Hulsewe, A.F.P. (1979)
China in Central Asia: The Early Stage (123 B.C. ?A.D. 23)
. Leiden, E.J. Brill.
ISBN
90-04-05884-2
, p. 129, n. 316.
- ↑
"Trois generaux chinois de la dynastie des Han orientaux," by Edouard Chavannes, p. 230. In:
T'ouang pao
7 (1906)
- ↑
Hill (2009), pp. 377-383.
- ↑
Hill (2004),
- ↑
Hill (2009), p. 383.
- ↑
Hill (2009), p. 171.
- ↑
Tangshu
chapter 221b, p. 1, translated (into French) by Edouard Chavannes in
Documents sur les tou-kiue [turcs] occidentaux
, pp. 132-147. Paris. (1900).
- ↑
???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? 13
- ↑
???? ???????
????????? ????? ???
- ↑
???????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????????
- ↑
??????????
- ↑
http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=3463
-
?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? 98% ??? ????? ?????? ???.
???? ?????????
????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? :
?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? (????) ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????: ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? / ?????? ?????? / ??????? / ??? ??? / ??? ????? ????? / ???? ?? ???? / ????/ ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? / ????? ??????? ???? /?????? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? / ????? / ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???/ ???? ???????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?
??????
? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ? ????????? ?????.
- ↑
????????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????
???????? ???????
- ↑
???????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????:???? ???????????? ???? ?????? (???? ????????? ?????? ? ??????)? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????.
?????????????? ?????????. ≪
Kangju
≫. ??
????????? ?????????? ???????
? ??????????? ?? ?? ??????? ????.
- Hill, John E. (2009)
Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE
. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina.
ISBN
978-1-4392-2134-1
.
- Hill, John E. 2004.
The Peoples of the West from the Weilue
魏略
by Yu Huan
魚?
: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.
Draft annotated English translation.
[?]
- Liu, Xinru
: Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan. Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies in:
Journal of World History
, 12 (No. 2) 2001, p. 261-292. See
[?]
- The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. J. P. Mallory and Victor H. Mair. Thames & Hudson. London. (2000),
ISBN
0-500-05101-1
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]