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???? ?? ???? (?? ??????? : train) ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????. ^[?]

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???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? (" ??? ??? ") ? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???. ???? ?? ??????? ? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????. ^[?]

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??????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

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???? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????????? ? (???????) ????? ???? ????? ???????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? (? ????? ????????? ?????) ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ?????? " ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? (MU)" ???? ??????. ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ? ???? (?? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ) ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????. ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???. ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????. ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? " ??????? ??????? ?? ??? " ?????? ???????.

????? ???? [ ?????? ]

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???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ???. ?? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????. ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ?? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? (???? ???????? ????? ) ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ? ????? ???????. ???????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ????? (Span Bolster) ???? ????? ??? ? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????.

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InterCity : ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ????
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?????? [ ?????? ]

?? ???????? ????? ??? ≪??????≫ ? ≪???????≫ ?????? ???? ? ?? ????? ????? ???????. ?? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???? (trolleys) ?? ???? ???? (streetcars) ???? ??????. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??-???-??????? ???????? ???? ? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ???? (interurban) ???-???????? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? (trolley system) ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????. ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ( tram ) ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????.

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???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? (??? ???? ?? ????)? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? maglev ???? ????? ???? ?????????. ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????. ????? ???? ????? Maglev ?? ???? ???????? ??? ( ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????) ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??.

???? ???? ??????? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? (??? ???? ?? ????) ??? ??????. ?????? ?? Maglev ???? ??????? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????????.

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??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????.

??????? ????? [ ?????? ]

??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ? ?? ????? ? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????.

??????? ???? [ ?????? ]

?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? (???) ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ???. ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????.

?? ????? ?????? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???. ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????.

???????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???????????? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????????.

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? [ ?????? ]

↑ "Tohoku Shinkansen Speed Increase: Phased speed increase after the extension to Shin-Aomori Station" . East Japan Railway Company. 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 2 May 2011 .
↑ Morris, Jessica (2015-05-15). "One chart showing the safest ways to travel" (?? ???????) . Retrieved 2018-02-13 .
↑ "Magnetic Levitation Trains" . lanl.gov . Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . The electrodynamic suspension (EDS) levitates the train by repulsive forces from the induced currents in the conductive guideways.
↑ "Solaris Urbino" . Busworld (?? ???????). 4 September 2016. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017 . Retrieved 5 February 2021 .
↑ "Wheel?Rail Interface Handbook | ScienceDirect" . www.sciencedirect.com . Retrieved 2020-10-29 .
↑ Hydro Kevin Kantola (14 August 2006). "I Hear the Hydrogen Train a Comin', It's Rolling Round the Bend ? Hydrogen Cars Now" . Hydrogen Cars Now . Archived from the original on 2 March 2010.
↑ Johnston, Bob (1 May 2006). "Head-end power: Power for the people" . trn.trains.com . Archived from the original on 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 20 July 2015 .
↑ "Typical HEP Configurations" . nwrail.com . Northwest Rail Electric Inc. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 20 July 2015 .
↑ "Tokaido-Sanyo Shinkansen Timetable" (PDF) . JR Central . Retrieved 2 April 2020 . ^{^{[
????? ????
]}}
↑ Central Japan Railway (2006). Central Japan Railway Data Book 2006 . p. 16.
↑ "Overview Of the existing Mumbai Suburban Railway" . mrvc.indianrail.gov.in . Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation . Archived from the original on 20 June 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 .
↑ Sangeeta (24 June 2013). "Difference between Metro and Local Train" . www.differencebetween.info . Retrieved 9 February 2018 .
↑ "Linear Motor Driven System" . Hitachi-Rail.com . Hitachi, Ltd. 2013. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2019 .
↑ "Monorail" . RailSystem.net . 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2019 .
↑ https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/02/116_197061.html

?????????? [ ?????? ]

Glancey, Jonathan (2005). The Train . Carlton Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-84442-345-3 .
Herring, Peter (2000). Ultimate Train . Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7894-4610-3 . OCLC 42810706 . OL 8155464M .

????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

[1] "Tohoku Shinkansen Speed Increase: Phased speed increase after the extension to Shin-Aomori Station" . East Japan Railway Company. 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 2 May 2011 .

[2] Morris, Jessica (2015-05-15). "One chart showing the safest ways to travel" (?? ???????) . Retrieved 2018-02-13 .

[3] "Magnetic Levitation Trains" . lanl.gov . Los Alamos National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . The electrodynamic suspension (EDS) levitates the train by repulsive forces from the induced currents in the conductive guideways.

[4] "Solaris Urbino" . Busworld (?? ???????). 4 September 2016. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017 . Retrieved 5 February 2021 .

[5] "Wheel?Rail Interface Handbook | ScienceDirect" . www.sciencedirect.com . Retrieved 2020-10-29 .

[6] Hydro Kevin Kantola (14 August 2006). "I Hear the Hydrogen Train a Comin', It's Rolling Round the Bend ? Hydrogen Cars Now" . Hydrogen Cars Now . Archived from the original on 2 March 2010.

[7] Johnston, Bob (1 May 2006). "Head-end power: Power for the people" . trn.trains.com . Archived from the original on 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 20 July 2015 .

[8] "Typical HEP Configurations" . nwrail.com . Northwest Rail Electric Inc. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 20 July 2015 .

[9] "Tokaido-Sanyo Shinkansen Timetable" (PDF) . JR Central . Retrieved 2 April 2020 . ^{^{[
????? ????
]}}

[10] Central Japan Railway (2006). Central Japan Railway Data Book 2006 . p. 16.

[11] "Overview Of the existing Mumbai Suburban Railway" . mrvc.indianrail.gov.in . Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation . Archived from the original on 20 June 2008 . Retrieved 11 December 2008 .

[12] Sangeeta (24 June 2013). "Difference between Metro and Local Train" . www.differencebetween.info . Retrieved 9 February 2018 .

[13] "Linear Motor Driven System" . Hitachi-Rail.com . Hitachi, Ltd. 2013. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2019 .

[14] "Monorail" . RailSystem.net . 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2019 .

[koreatimes.co.kr-15] ttps://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/02/116_197061.html

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