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?????????????? ?????????. ≪ 元 (王朝) ≫. ?? ????????? ?????????? ????? ? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ?.

?????? [ ?????? ]

↑ Ralph Kauz ( ???? ). Ralph Kauz? ????????. Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea (?????? illustrated). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ?. ?? . ???? ?-???-?????-? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
↑ ????? ???????? ????? ???? ? ??? .
↑ ????? ???????? ????? ???? ? ??? .

????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

[1] Ralph Kauz ( ???? ). Ralph Kauz? ????????. Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea (?????? illustrated). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ?. ?? . ???? ?-???-?????-? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .

[2] ????? ???????? ????? ???? ? ??? .

[3] ????? ???????? ????? ???? ? ??? .

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????? ???-??????	????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ????-?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???
??? ????	????? • ??? ( ????? • ??? • ????????? ) • ??? ( ?????? ???? • ?????? ???? ) • ????????? ?????? • ????? ( ???? • ???????? • ?????? • ?????? • ????? ) • ????????? ????? • ????? ( ?????? • ?????? ) • ????????? ?????? • ?????? ( ?????? • ?????????? ???? • ????? ) • ?????? ( ????????? ??? ?????? • ????????? ??? ?????? ) • ????????? ????? ( ?????-???????? ) • ????????? ????? • ????????? ????? • ????????? ???? • ????????? ????? ( ????? • ??? ) • ????? • ??? • ????????? ???? • ?????? ( ????? • ????? ) • ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????
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??????? ( ???? )
?????	??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? Sixteen Kingdoms ????????? ??????? ??????? ( ??????? ??? ???? ) ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? Kara Del Yarkent Khanate ????? ?????? Dzungar conquest of Altishahr Dzungar?Qing War Dzungar genocide Kumul Khanate ?????? ???? Qing rule General of Ili Reconquest of Xinjiang ?????? ??? Xinjiang Wars Ili Rebellion Government-in-exile ??? PRC incorporation
???????	Cities ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? Kumtag Desert ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? Torugart Pass Irkeshtam Pass ????? ??????? Lanzhou?Xinjiang Railway
????? ? ?????	Xinjiang University Xinjiang Agricultural University Xinjiang Medical University
?????	Doppa Festival Music Meshrep gathering ?????? ????? ???????
?????	Dapanji Sangza ?????? Youtazi Pamirdin ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? Chinese Islamic cuisine
????????? ???????	??????? ?????????? Flaming Mountains Jiaohe Ruins ????????? Grand Bazaar, Urumqi Id Kah Mosque Karakul Lake Kizil Caves Ruins of Niya
?????? ?????????	1989 Urumqi unrest Baren Township riot ????????????? ???? ??????? Ghulja incident ????????????? ???? ??????? 1997 Urumqi bus bombings Xinjiang raid 2008 Uyghur unrest 2008 Kashgar attack Shaoguan incident ??????????? ???? ??????? September 2009 Xinjiang unrest 2010 Aksu bombing 2011 Hotan attack 2011 Kashgar attacks Pishan hostage crisis 2012 Yecheng attack Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554 ???? ???? June 2013 Shanshan riots 2013 Tiananmen Square attack 2014 Kunming attack 2014 China?Vietnam border shootout April 2014 Urumqi attack May 2014 Urumqi attack Assassination of Juma Tayir
?????	Amursana Mingrui ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? Zuo Zongtang Yang Zengxin Jin Shuren Sheng Shicai Ehmetjan Qasim Wang Zhen Saifuddin Azizi ????? ???? Nur Bekri Li Zhi Wang Lequan Zhang Chunxian Ilham Tohti
?????	???????? Migration to Xinjiang ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? World Uyghur Congress China?Kazakhstan relations China?Kyrgyzstan relations China?Pakistan relations China?Turkey relations
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