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????:	F. orientalis
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	Fagus orientalis ; ??????

??? ???? [?] ( ??? ????????? : Fagus orientalis ) ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? (Fagus)? ????? ?????? (Fagaceae) ? ?? ?????? ????????? (Fagales).
??? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ? ????? ? ???? ???? ????? ???.

???????? ??? ??????? 17.6 ???? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ??? (??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ) ?? ??? (??? ????? ?????) ???? ?? ???.

??? ???? ??? 700 ?? 1500 ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???. ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???.??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???. ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???? 300 ?? 2000 ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????: ??? ?? 1 ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ? 50 ??? ??????. ^[?]

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↑ "Forests of Iran A Treasure from the Past, a Hope for the Future" (?? ???????). Plant and Vegetation 10 ??? (10). Khosro Sagheb Talebi Toktam Sajedi Mehdi Pourhashemi. 2014: 39. doi : DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7371-4 . {{ cite journal }}: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help ) ; Check |doi= value ( help ) ; line feed character in |??????= at position 21 ( help ) ; line feed character in |?????= at position 12 ( help ) ??????? CS1: ???? ????? ( link ) ??????? ??????:????? ? ??? ( link )

Wikipedia contributors, "Oriental Beech," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oriental_Beech&oldid=37663835 (accessed July 10, 2006).

??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ???. ????????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ????.

[1] "Forests of Iran A Treasure from the Past, a Hope for the Future" (?? ???????). Plant and Vegetation 10 ??? (10). Khosro Sagheb Talebi Toktam Sajedi Mehdi Pourhashemi. 2014: 39. doi : DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7371-4 . {{ cite journal }}: Cite journal requires |journal= ( help ) ; Check |doi= value ( help ) ; line feed character in |??????= at position 21 ( help ) ; line feed character in |?????= at position 12 ( help ) ??????? CS1: ???? ????? ( link ) ??????? ??????:????? ? ??? ( link )

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