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↑ "The tamga of the royal clan of the first Turkish empire was a neatly drawn lineal picture of an ibex", Kljastornyj, 1980, p. 93
↑ Roux 2000 , p. 79.
↑ Smirnova 1952 .
↑ Vovin 2019 , p. 133.
↑ Sinor 1969 , p. 101.
↑ Peter Roudik (2007). The History of the Central Asian Republics . p. 24 .
↑ Peter B. Golden (2011). Central Asia in World History . p. 37 .
↑ Lirong, M. A. "Sino-Turkish Cultural Ties under the Framework of Silk Road Strategy". In Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia) . Volume 8, No. 2, June 2014
↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East?West Orientation of Historical Empires" . Journal of World-Systems Research . 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X . Retrieved 16 September 2016 .
↑ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History . 3 (3/4): 129. doi : 10.2307/1170959 . JSTOR 1170959 .
↑ ????? ???????? ? ???
↑ ????? ???????? ? ???

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[1] "The tamga of the royal clan of the first Turkish empire was a neatly drawn lineal picture of an ibex", Kljastornyj, 1980, p. 93

[FOOTNOTERoux200079-2] Roux 2000 , p. 79.

[FOOTNOTESmirnova1952-3] Smirnova 1952 .

[FOOTNOTEVovin2019133-4] Vovin 2019 , p. 133.

[FOOTNOTESinor1969101-5] Sinor 1969 , p. 101.

[6] Peter Roudik (2007). The History of the Central Asian Republics . p. 24 .

[golden-7] Peter B. Golden (2011). Central Asia in World History . p. 37 .

[8] Lirong, M. A. "Sino-Turkish Cultural Ties under the Framework of Silk Road Strategy". In Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia) . Volume 8, No. 2, June 2014

[9] Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East?West Orientation of Historical Empires" . Journal of World-Systems Research . 12 (2): 222. ISSN 1076-156X . Retrieved 16 September 2016 .

[10] Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". Social Science History . 3 (3/4): 129. doi : 10.2307/1170959 . JSTOR 1170959 .

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