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???? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???. ^[?] ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????. ^[?] ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? VX ? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ^[?] ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??. ^[?] ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??. ^[?] ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????????????. ^[?]

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??? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ??. ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????. ^[??] ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ??. ^[??] ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ^[??] ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ? ??? ??? ? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ^[??]

????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ? ????? ? ????? ? ? ??? ???? ? ??????? ???. ^[??] ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????????. ^[??] ???? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ? ???? ??? ? ???? ? ???? ? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????????. ^[??]^[??] ??????????? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????. ^[??]

?? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ??????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????????. ^[??]

???????? [ ?????? ]

??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ^[?] ?? ??? ? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????. ^[?]^[??]^[??]^[??]^[??] ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???. ^[??]

?? ???? ???? [ ?????? ]

?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ^[??] ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????. ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????. ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ^[??]
???? ???? (Jiyan)? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??. ???? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ???? ???. ^[??]
???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??.

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

????? [ ?????? ]

↑ ≪???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????≫ . ????? ??????.
↑ ≪?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??≫ . ?????? ??????.
↑ ≪????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????≫ . ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ^{^{[
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]}}
↑ ^??? ^??? ??????? ????? ( ???? )? ≪?????≫? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ?. ??? ? ???? ???-???-???-?
↑ ≪??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ? ?????? ???? .
↑ Hiltermann, Joost R. (2007). A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja . Cambridge University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 978-0-521-87686-5 .
↑ "1988 Kurdish massacre labeled genocide" . United Press International . 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017.
↑ " 'Chemical Ali' executed in Iraq after Halabja ruling" . BBC News . 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .
↑ ^??? ^??? "Kurds look back with fear" . BBC News. 22 July 2002. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .
↑ ^???? ^???? ≪?????: ???? ?? ???? ?????≫ . BBC News ????? . ????-??-?? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
↑ Hiltermann, Joost R. (2007). A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja . Cambridge University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 978-0-521-87686-5 .
↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/16/newsid_4304000/4304853.stm
↑ "BBC ON THIS DAY | 16 | 1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .
↑ "Birmingham ? Your Community ? The Smell of Apples" . BBC. 22 June 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .
↑ "Whatever Happened To The Iraqi Kurds? (Human Rights Watch Report, March 11, 1991)" . Hrw.org. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .
↑ "We blame Saddam for everything" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .
↑ Eric Croddy with Clarisa Perez-Armendariz & John Hart, Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen (Spring Science+Business Media, 2002), p. 164.
↑ ≪?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????/ ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????≫ . ???????? ?????.
↑ "BBC ON THIS DAY | 16 | 1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack" . BBC News. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .
↑ "Halabja, the massacre the West tried to ignore" . The Times . Archived from the original on 28 January 2010 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .
↑ 1988 Kurdish massacre labeled genocide ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine , United Press International (UPI), 8 March 2010
↑ "Chemical Weapons Programs ? Iraq Special Weapons Facilities" . Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .
↑ "Saddam's secret weapon (Channel 4, 1988)" . Publications.steveplatt.net. 16 March 1988. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .
↑ "Silent City: Music" . Amazon . Archived from the original on 5 March 2013 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .
↑ Kayhan Kalhor and Brooklyn Rider on Silent City (?? ???????), Grooveshark, archived from the original on 11 April 2014 , retrieved 20 December 2014
↑ "Jiyan" . IMDb.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 .

????? ?? ????? [ ?????? ]

[1] ≪???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????≫ . ????? ??????.

[2] ≪?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??≫ . ?????? ??????.

[3] ≪????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????≫ . ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????. ^{^{[
????? ????
]}}

[ReferenceA-4] ??? ^??? ??????? ????? ( ???? )? ≪?????≫? ???? ???? ? ???? ???? ?. ??? ? ???? ???-???-???-?

[5] ≪??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ? ?????? ???? .

[Hiltermann_1952-6] Hiltermann, Joost R. (2007). A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja . Cambridge University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 978-0-521-87686-5 .

[7] "1988 Kurdish massacre labeled genocide" . United Press International . 8 March 2010. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017.

[BBC_Al-Majid-8] " 'Chemical Ali' executed in Iraq after Halabja ruling" . BBC News . 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .

[BBC-9] ??? ^??? "Kurds look back with fear" . BBC News. 22 July 2002. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .

[bbc.co.uk-10] ???? ^???? ≪?????: ???? ?? ???? ?????≫ . BBC News ????? . ????-??-?? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .

[Hiltermann_195-11] Hiltermann, Joost R. (2007). A Poisonous Affair: America, Iraq, and the Gassing of Halabja . Cambridge University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 978-0-521-87686-5 .

[12] ttp://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/16/newsid_4304000/4304853.stm

[die2-13] "BBC ON THIS DAY | 16 | 1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .

[14] "Birmingham ? Your Community ? The Smell of Apples" . BBC. 22 June 2006. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .

[kurds-15] "Whatever Happened To The Iraqi Kurds? (Human Rights Watch Report, March 11, 1991)" . Hrw.org. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .

[guardian-16] "We blame Saddam for everything" . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .

[Croddy-17] Eric Croddy with Clarisa Perez-Armendariz & John Hart, Chemical and Biological Warfare: A Comprehensive Survey for the Concerned Citizen (Spring Science+Business Media, 2002), p. 164.

[18] ≪?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?????/ ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ????≫ . ???????? ?????.

[die-19] "BBC ON THIS DAY | 16 | 1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack" . BBC News. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .

[20] "Halabja, the massacre the West tried to ignore" . The Times . Archived from the original on 28 January 2010 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .

[21] 1988 Kurdish massacre labeled genocide ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine , United Press International (UPI), 8 March 2010

[22] "Chemical Weapons Programs ? Iraq Special Weapons Facilities" . Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .

[ch4-23] "Saddam's secret weapon (Channel 4, 1988)" . Publications.steveplatt.net. 16 March 1988. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .

[24] "Silent City: Music" . Amazon . Archived from the original on 5 March 2013 . Retrieved 28 August 2013 .

[Interview-25] Kayhan Kalhor and Brooklyn Rider on Silent City (?? ???????), Grooveshark, archived from the original on 11 April 2014 , retrieved 20 December 2014

[26] "Jiyan" . IMDb.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 .

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