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  1. ↑ ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????. ????? ??? ???????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ????. [?]

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  1. ↑ Sinopoli, Carla M. (1994). "Monumentality and Mobility in Mughal Capitals" . Asian Perspectives . 33 (2): 294. ISSN   0066-8435 . JSTOR   42928323 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2022 . Retrieved 11 June 2021 .
  2. ↑ Conan 2007 , p. 235.
  3. ↑ "Islam: Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)" . BBC . 7 September 2009. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2019 .
  4. ↑ Pagaza & Argyriades 2009 , p. 129.
  5. ↑ Morier 1812 , p. 601.
  6. ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (2006). "East?West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States" . Journal of World-Systems Research . 12 (2): 219?229. doi : 10.5195/JWSR.2006.369 . ISSN   1076-156X .
  7. ↑ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" . International Studies Quarterly . 41 (3): 475?504. doi : 10.1111/0020-8833.00053 . JSTOR   2600793 . Archived from the original on 19 November 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2019 .
  8. ↑ Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day . Oxford University Press. pp. 70?71. ISBN   978-0-19-256430-6 . We have seen that there is considerable uncertainty about the size of India's population c.1595. Serious assessments vary from 116 to 145 million (with an average of 125 million). However, the true figure could even be outside of this range. Accordingly, while it seems likely that the population grew over the course of the seventeenth century, it is unlikely that we will ever have a good idea of its size in 1707.
  9. ↑ Jozsef Borocz (2009). The European Union and Global Social Change . Routledge . p. 21. ISBN   978-1-135-25580-0 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 .
  10. ↑ Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire . Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-56603-2 .
  11. ↑ "Mughal dynasty | History, Map, Rulers, & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica (?? ???????) . Retrieved 2020-05-29 .
  12. ↑ ???? ???? B.F. Manz, "T?m?r Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006
  13. ↑ ???? ???? Maria Subtelny, Timurids in Transition, 40: "Nevertheless, in the complex process of transition, members of the Timurid dynasty and their Persian Mongol supporters became acculturate by the surrounding Persianate millieu adopting Persian cultural models and tastes and acting as patrons of Persian culture, painting, architecture and music." pg 41: "The last members of the dynasty, notably Sultan-Abu Sa'id and Sultan-Husain, in fact came to be regarded as ideal Perso-Islamic rulers who develoted as much attention to agricultural development as they did to fostering Persianate court culture." Jump up ^
  14. ↑ "Timur | Biography, Conquests, Empire, & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica (?? ???????) . Retrieved 2020-05-29 .
  15. ↑ ???? ???? Richards, John F. (1995), The Mughal Empire , Cambridge University Press, p. 2, ISBN   978-0-521-56603-2 Quote: "Although the first two Timurid emperors and many of their noblemen were recent migrants to the subcontinent, the dynasty and the empire itself became indisputably Indian. The interests and futures of all concerned were in India, not in ancestral homelands in the Middle East or Central Asia. Furthermore, the Mughal Empire emerged from the Indian historical experience. It was the end product of a millennium of Muslim conquest, colonization, and state-building in the Indian subcontinent."
  16. ↑ Josef W. Meri (2005). Medieval Islamic Civilization . Routledge. p. 812. ISBN   978-0-415-96690-0 .
  17. ↑ "Indo-Persian Literature Conference: SOAS: North Indian Literary Culture (1450-1650)" . www.soas.ac.uk (?? ???????). Archived from the original on 13 May 2020 . Retrieved 2021-01-26 .
  18. ↑ Soucek, Svat (2000). "Timur and the Timurids" . A History of Inner Asia (?? ???????). p. Timur was born around 1336 in Transoxania near Kesh ? later known as Shahrisabz ? in the Kashka Darya region of what is today the Republic of Uzbekistan. He was a Turk of the Barlas tribe; this tribe, like many others, boasted a Mongol name and ancestry, but for all practical purposes it was Turkic . Retrieved 2021-02-05 .
  19. ↑ Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017), South Asia in World History , Oxford University Press, pp. 75?, ISBN   978-0-19-066137-3 Quote: "Babur then adroitly gave the Ottomans his promise not to attack them in return for their military aid, which he received in the form of the newest of battlefield inventions, the matchlock gun and cast cannons, as well as instructors to train his men to use them."
  20. ↑ Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India , John Wiley & Sons, pp. 159?, ISBN   978-1-4443-2351-1 Quote: "Another possible date for the beginning of the Mughal regime is 1600, when the institutions that defined the regime were set firmly in place and when the heartland of the empire was defined; both of these were the accomplishment of Babur’s grandson Akbar."
  21. ↑ Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India , John Wiley & Sons, pp. 159?, ISBN   978-1-4443-2351-1 Quote: "The imperial career of the Mughal house is conventionally reckoned to have ended in 1707 when the emperor Aurangzeb, a fifth-generation descendant of Babur, died. His fifty-year reign began in 1658 with the Mughal state seeming as strong as ever or even stronger. But in Aurangzeb’s later years the state was brought to the brink of destruction, over which it toppled within a decade and a half after his death; by 1720 imperial Mughal rule was largely finished and an epoch of two imperial centuries had closed."
  22. ↑ Richards, John F. (1995), The Mughal Empire , Cambridge University Press, p. xv, ISBN   978-0-521-56603-2 Quote: "By the latter date (1720) the essential structure of the centralized state was disintegrated beyond repair."
  23. ↑ Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India , John Wiley & Sons, pp. 159?, ISBN   978-1-4443-2351-1 Quote: "The vaunting of such progenitors pointed up the central character of the Mughal regime as a warrior state: it was born in war and it was sustained by war until the eighteenth century, when warfare destroyed it."
  24. ↑ Robb, Peter (2011), A History of India , Macmillan, pp. 108?, ISBN   978-0-230-34549-2 [ ????? ???? ] Quote: "The Mughal state was geared for war, and succeeded while it won its battles. It controlled territory partly through its network of strongholds, from its fortified capitals in Agra, Delhi or Lahore, which defined its heartlands, to the converted and expanded forts of Rajasthan and the Deccan. The emperors' will was frequently enforced in battle. Hundreds of army scouts were an important source of information. But the empire's administrative structure too was defined by and directed at war. Local military checkpoints or thanas kept order. Directly appointed imperial military and civil commanders (faujdars) controlled the cavalry and infantry, or the administration, in each region. The peasantry in turn were often armed, able to provide supporters for regional powers, and liable to rebellion on their own account: continual pacification was required of the rulers."
  25. ↑ Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017), South Asia in World History , Oxford University Press, pp. 75?, ISBN   978-0-19-066137-3 Quote: "With Safavid and Ottoman aid, the Mughals would soon join these two powers in a triumvirate of warrior-driven, expansionist, and both militarily and bureaucratically efficient early modern states, now often called "gunpowder empires" due to their common proficiency is using such weapons to conquer lands they sought to control."
  26. ↑ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe , Cambridge University Press, pp. 115?, ISBN   978-0-521-80904-7
  27. ↑ Robb, Peter (2011), A History of India , Macmillan, pp. 99?100, ISBN   978-0-230-34549-2 [ ????? ???? ]
  28. ↑ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe , Cambridge University Press, pp. 152?, ISBN   978-0-521-80904-7
  29. ↑ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe , Cambridge University Press, pp. 152?, ISBN   978-0-521-80904-7 Quote: "Above all, the long period of relative peace ushered in by Akbar's power, and maintained by his successors, contributed to India's economic expansion."
  30. ↑ Stein, Burton (2010), A History of India , John Wiley & Sons, pp. 164?, ISBN   978-1-4443-2351-1 Quote: "The resource base of Akbar’s new order was land revenue"
  31. ↑ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe , Cambridge University Press, pp. 158?, ISBN   978-0-521-80904-7 Quote: "The Mughal empire was based in the interior of a large land-mass and derived the vast majority of its revenues from agriculture."
  32. ↑ Jeffrey G. Williamson & David Clingingsmith, India's Deindustrialization in the 18th and 19th Centuries , Global Economic History Network, London School of Economics
  33. ↑ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe , Cambridge University Press, pp. 186?, ISBN   978-0-521-80904-7 Quote: "As the European presence in India grew, their demands for Indian goods and trading rights increased, thus bringing even greater wealth to the already flush Indian courts."
  34. ↑ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe , Cambridge University Press, pp. 186?, ISBN   978-0-521-80904-7 Quote: "The elite spent more and more money on luxury goods, and sumptuous lifestyles, and the rulers built entire new capital cities at times."
  35. ↑ Asher, Catherine B.; Talbot, Cynthia (2006), India Before Europe , Cambridge University Press, pp. 186?, ISBN   978-0-521-80904-7 Quote: "All these factors resulted in greater patronage of the arts, including textiles, paintings, architecture, jewelry, and weapons to meet the ceremonial requirements of kings and princes."
  36. ↑ Taj Mahal: UNESCO World Heritage Center
  37. ↑ ????? ????. ≪?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????????≫ . IranNamag . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
  38. ↑ ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ( ???? ). ????? ???? . ?. ???. ?????: ???? ???????? ???? ??????. ?.  ? . ????   ?????????? .
  39. ↑ ???? ???? ( ? ??? ???? ). ≪????? ????? ? ?????? ????? ? ???≫ . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? .

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