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این یک مقالهٔ خوب است. برای اطلاعات بیشتر اینجا را کلیک کنید.
صفحه نیمه‌حفاظت‌شده
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??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ????. ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ? ??????? ? ????? ? ??????? ????? [?] ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ????????. [?] [?] [?] ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??. ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????. [?] ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ? ???? ?????? ???? ???. [?] [?]

?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ( ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ) ?? ????? ≪????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???≫ ???? ???. [?] ?????? ?? ???? ≪????? ????≫ ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?????. [?]

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?? ????????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????: ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? . [??] [??] ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? (??? ? ??? ?????) + ??? (???? ?? ?????) ???. [??] ??????????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ???. ≪???≫ ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ? ??? ???????????? ????? ≪???/???≫ ??? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????. [??] ?? ?? ??????? ?? ? ??? ?? ????? ???? (???? ??? ????) ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ? ???? ?? ????? ????? (???? ??? ????) ???. [??]

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  1. ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??????-???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???. ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????-??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????.
  2. ???? ??????-??????? ?? ?? ???? ≪???? ???≫ ? ≪???? ???≫ ??????????. ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????.
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  4. ??????-?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?????? (≪ ???? ≫ ???? ???? ?? ????????).
  5. ??????-?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???.
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  7. ≪?-?-?≫? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??????.
  8. ?????? ? ???? ????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ????.

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????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????. [??] [??] ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?l?h? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?Alaha ?? ?l?ho ??????????. [??] ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ? ?? ?????? ? ???? ? ? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????????. ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ????? ????? ????? (??? ????). ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ≪??≫ ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ≪??≫ ?? ??? ???????? ? ?????? ???????? ≪?? ????≫. [??]

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????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????. ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??????????. [??] [??] ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? (????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ? ??? ??) ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ? ???? ????? ? ???????? ???. ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????. [??]

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≪???≫ ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????. ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????????. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????. ???? ??????? ?) ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?) ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?) ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ← ??????? . [??]

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???? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???. [??] ????? ?????? ??????? [?] ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ? ????? ???? ?????. [??] ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???????. [?]

??????? ??????? ????? ???????: ≪???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? (????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ??). ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ??? ???.≫ ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ? ??????? (??????? ???? ? ?????) ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????. [??]

???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????????. ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ≪?…≫ ?????????? ????? ≪ ?????… ≫ ?? ??? ≪????????≫. [??] [??]

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?? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ???????. ????????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ? ???? ? ???? (theos, θε??) ?? ?? ???? ????? ????????. [?]

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????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? (?????? ????? ????? ?? ???) ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ??????

???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????????. ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? (????) ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???. ??? ?? ??? ??????? ???? (????)? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ≪????? ???≫ ?? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ???. [??] ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????. [??] ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ≪????≫ ??????????? ??? ? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????. [?]

?? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ? ????? ojala ?? ???? ????????? ? oxala ?? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ≪ ?? ??? ???? ≫ ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ????????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ≪??? ??? ??????≫ ?? ≪????????≫ ?????. [??]


??????????

????? ???? ?? ???? ????

??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????: U+FDF2. [??] ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???-???-???-? (????? U+0627 U+0644 U+0644 U+0647). [??] ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ???? [?]??? ????? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????????. [??]

????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? U+262B (?). [??] ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ????????. ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????????. [??]

???? ? ????

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  1. ↑ Rene Dussaud
  2. ↑ Gerhard Bowering

??????

  1. ↑ ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa, Allah
  2. ↑ ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ≪Allah.≫ Encyclopædia Britannica . 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica
  3. ↑ ??? ??? " Allah ." The Columbia Encyclopedia , 6th ed.. 30 Nov. 2018
  4. ↑ ??? ??? ??? Lewis, Bernard; Holt, P. M. ; Holt, Peter R. ; Lambton, Ann Katherine Swynford (1977), The Cambridge history of Islam (?? ???????), Cambridge, Eng: University Press, p. 32 {{ citation }} : ??????? ??????:??????? ?????:????? ????????? ( link )
  5. ↑ ??? ??? ??? Murata, ‎Sachiko (1992), The Tao of Islam: a sourcebook on gender relationships in Islamic thought (?? ???????), Albany NY USA: SUNY, p. 206 {{ citation }} : ??????? ??????:??????? ?????:????? ????????? ( link )
  6. ↑ ??? ??? ??? Francis E. Peters (1994). Muhammad and the Origins of Islam . SUNY Press. p. 107. ISBN   978-0-7914-1875-8 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2018 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 .
  7. ↑ ??? ??? Irving M. Zeitlin (19 March 2007). The Historical Muhammad . Polity. p. 33. ISBN   978-0-7456-3999-4 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2018 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 .
  8. ↑ ??? ??? "Allah." In The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Ed. John L. Esposito. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. 01-Jan-2019. < http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e128 ??????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine >.
  9. ↑ ??? ??? ??? ??????? ???? . ≪????≫ . ????? ??????? ???? ?????? . ?. ??. ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????. ?.  ????? . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? .
  10. ↑ ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? MacDonald, D.B. , “Il?h”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 11 June 2017 < http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3526 >
  11. ↑ ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? . ≪???≫ . ????? ??????? ???? ?????? . ?. ??. ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????. ?.  ????? . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? .
  12. ↑ L. Gardet, Allah , Encyclopaedia of Islam
  13. ↑ ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? Bowering, Gerhard, God and His Attributes , Encyclopaedia of the Qur??n, Brill, 2007.
  14. ↑ The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon ??????????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine - Entry for ?lh
  15. ↑ Studies on Islam . Merlin L. Swartz. University Press, 1981. ISBN 0-19-502716-7 pp.12
  16. ↑ L. Gardet, Encyclopaedia of Islam , eds. B. Lewis, C. Pellat and J. Schacht, Vol. 1, pp. 406
  17. ↑ ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? Christian Julien Robin (2012). Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity . OUP USA. pp. 304?305. Archived from the original on 16 December 2018 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 .
  18. ↑ Hitti, Philip Khouri (1970). History of the Arabs . Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 100?101.
  19. ↑ "All?h." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill, 2012.
  20. ↑ Macdonald, M.C.A. ; Nehme, Laila. "al-?Uzz?." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. , 2012.
  21. ↑ ???? ???? L. Gardet, Allah , Encyclopaedia of Islam, ed. by Sir H.A.R. Gibb
  22. ↑ Zeki Saritopak, Allah , The Qu'ran: An Encyclopedia, ed. by Oliver Leaman, p. 34
  23. ↑ ???? ???? Jonathan Porter Berkey (2003). The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800 . Cambridge University Press. p. 42. ISBN   978-0-521-58813-3 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2018 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 .
  24. ↑ Daniel C. Peterson (26 February 2007). Muhammad, Prophet of God . Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 21. ISBN   978-0-8028-0754-0 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2018 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 .
  25. ↑ Howse, Christopher (2010-01-30). "The Christians who call God 'Allah' " . Telegraph.co.uk (?? ???????). Archived from the original on 6 January 2019 . Retrieved 2019-01-01 . {{ cite web }} : ??????? ??????:????? ? ??? ( link )
  26. ↑ Marshall G. S. Hodgson, The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization , University of Chicago Press , p. 156
  27. ↑ James Bellamy, "Two Pre-Islamic Arabic Inscriptions Revised: Jabal Ramm and Umm al-Jimal", Journal of the American Oriental Society , 108/3 (1988)
  28. ↑ Enno Littmann, Arabic Inscriptions (Leiden, 1949)
  29. ↑ Rick Brown, Who is "Allah" ? - International Journal of Frontier Missions, (23:2 Summer 2006), page 80.
  30. ↑ ???? ???? Rick Brown, Who was 'Allah' before Islam? Evidence that the term 'Allah' originated with Jewish and Christian Arabs (2007), page 8.
  31. ↑ Ignatius Ya`qub III, The Arab Himyarite Martyrs in the Syriac Documents (1966), Pages: 9-65-66-89
  32. ↑ Adolf Grohmann, Arabische Palaographie II: Das Schriftwesen und die Lapidarschrift (1971), Wien: Hermann Bohlaus Nochfolger, Page: 6-8
  33. ↑ Beatrice Gruendler, The Development of the Arabic Scripts: From the Nabatean Era to the First Islamic Century according to Dated Texts (1993), Atlanta: Scholars Press, Page:
  34. ↑ Rick Brown, Who was 'Allah' before Islam? Evidence that the term 'Allah' originated with Jewish and Christian Arabs (2007), page 10.
  35. ↑ Frederick Winnett V, Allah before Islam-The Moslem World (1938), Pages: 239?248
  36. ↑ Michael Macdonald, Personal Names in the Nabataean Realm-Journal Of Semitic Studies (1999), Page: 271
  37. ↑ Irfan Shahid, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century, Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University-Washington DC, page 418.
  38. ↑ Irfan Shahid, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century, Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University-Washington DC, Page: 452
  39. ↑ A. Amin and A. Harun, Sharh Diwan Al-Hamasa (Cairo, 1951), Vol. 1, Pages: 478-480
  40. ↑ Al-Marzubani, Mu'jam Ash-Shu'araa, Page: 302
  41. ↑ ???? ???? Bentley, David (September 1999). The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book . William Carey Library. ISBN   978-0-87808-299-5 .
  42. ↑ Gary S. Gregg, The Middle East: A Cultural Psychology , Oxford University Press, p.30
  43. ↑ Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, Islamic Society in Practice , University Press of Florida, p. 24
  44. ↑ M. Mukarram Ahmed, Muzaffar Husain Syed, Encyclopaedia of Islam , Anmol Publications PVT. LTD, p. 144
  45. ↑ Carl W. Ernst, Bruce B. Lawrence, Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond , Macmillan, p. 29
  46. ↑ F.E. Peters, Islam , p.4, Princeton University Press, 2003
  47. ↑ ≪???? ? ????? ??????? - ????? ??????? ????≫ . ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
  48. ↑ ≪????????? - ?? ????? ? ???? ?????≫ . ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? . ????-??-?? . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
  49. ↑ William Montgomery Watt, Islam and Christianity today: A Contribution to Dialogue , Routledge , 1983, p.45
  50. ↑ F. E. Peters, The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition , Princeton University Press , p.12
  51. ↑ Islam in Luce Lopez Baralt, Spanish Literature: From the Middle Ages to the Present , Brill, 1992, p.25
  52. ↑ http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf Unicode Standard 5.0, p.479,492
  53. ↑ Unicode Character 'Arabic ligature Allah isolated form' (U+FDF2) http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/fdf2/index.htm
  54. ↑ Arabic fonts and Mac OS X ??????????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? Wayback Machine , Programs for Arabic in Mac OS X ??????????? ?? ? ????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine
  55. ↑ Unicode Standard 5.0, p.209,210, http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2600.pdf
  56. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, flag of Iran
  57. ↑ "Middle East :: Iran - The World Factbook" . Central Intelligence Agency (?? ???????). 2018-12-18. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019 . Retrieved 2018-12-28 . {{ cite web }} : ??????? ??????:????? ? ??? ( link )
  58. ↑ ≪????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????≫ . ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????. ?????? ??? ????????? ?????. ????-??-?? . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
  59. ↑ "Middle East :: Iraq - The World Factbook" . Central Intelligence Agency (?? ???????). 2018-12-18. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019 . Retrieved 2018-12-28 . {{ cite web }} : ??????? ??????:????? ? ??? ( link )
  60. ↑ "Middle East :: Saudi Arabia - The World Factbook" . Central Intelligence Agency (?? ???????). 2018-12-03. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019 . Retrieved 2018-12-28 . {{ cite web }} : ??????? ??????:????? ? ??? ( link )
  61. ↑ "South Asia :: Afghanistan - The World Factbook" . Central Intelligence Agency (?? ???????). 2018-12-11. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019 . Retrieved 2018-12-28 . {{ cite web }} : ??????? ??????:????? ? ??? ( link )
  62. ↑ ????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ???? Wayback Machine ? ???? ??
  63. ↑ Kadioglu, M.; Azizali, B. (2018). Baku Travel Guide: Baku Travel Guide (?? ???????). p. 41. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022 . Retrieved 2018-12-29 .
  64. ↑ ≪??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????≫ . ????? ≪?????? ??????≫ . ?????? ??????. ????? ???? . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????.
  65. ↑ "Iraq National Symbols, Song, Flags and More" . Worldatlas.com (?? ???????). 2017-04-07 . Retrieved 2018-12-29 . {{ cite web }} : ??????? ??????:????? ? ??? ( link )
  66. ↑ B.O.C., Business Optimization Consultants. "The Coat of Arms of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan" . A Living Tribute to the Legacy of King Hussein I (?? ???????). Archived from the original on 6 January 2019 . Retrieved 2018-12-29 .
  67. ↑ ≪???? ??????? ???????? ????????≫ . ??????? ?????? ??????? (?? ????). ????-??-?? . ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
  68. ↑ ≪???? ??????? ???????? ????????≫ . ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? (?? ????). ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ? ?????? ???? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
  69. ↑ "Armoiries" . Bienvenue a la Mission permanente du Royaume du Maroc aupres des Nations-Unies a Geneve (?? ???????). Archived from the original on 6 January 2019 . Retrieved 2019-01-01 .
  70. ↑ "Marokko" . Flaggenlexikon (?? ???????). Archived from the original on 6 January 2019 . Retrieved 2019-01-01 .
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