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??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ? ?? ?????? ? ????? ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ? ?????? ????? ????. ^[?]^[?] ???? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ? ????? ? ???? ? ????? ? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ^[?] ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ? ???? ??? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ????. ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ?? ??????? ???.

?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ? ???? ????. ????????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????????. ^[?] ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????. ^[?] ?? ?????? ????? ??????? (?????????) ?? ?? ?????? ? ????? ???? ? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???. ^[?]

???? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???. ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ??. ^[??]

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????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ????????? ???. ^[??] ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????. ^[??]

??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????????: ≪???? ? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????.≫ ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ??????? ???? ?? ? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ???????????? ? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???. ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ? ???? ????? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?????????? ? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????. ^[??]

?? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????. ^[??] ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ^[??] ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ???.

???????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? (???? ??????)? ?????? ?? ???? ??. ^[??]

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??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???. ??? ??????? ???? ? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? (?? ???????? ?????) ???? ? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???. ??????? ????? ???? ????????. ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????????? ? ??? ????? (???????? ????) ???. ????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????. ^[??]

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??????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???. ??? ??????? ?? ????? ? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ???. ^[??]

?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ????. ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???. ???????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???. ^[??] ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ???. ??????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???. ^[??] ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???. ^[??]

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?? ??????? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????. ^[??]

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??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???. ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????????. ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ??. ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ???. ??? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ??????? ?? ???? ???. ^[??]

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???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? (?????????)? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???. ^[??] ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????????????? ????? ???? ??.

????? [ ?????? ]

????? ??????? ? ??? ??? ? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ??.
????? ??????? ???? ? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ????????? ??.
???????? ???????????? ( Ulughbegsaurus ) ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ??.

??? ??? [ ?????? ]

??????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ???. ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???. ^[??]^[??] ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???. ^[??]^[??]

???????? [ ?????? ]

???? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? .
???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???.
???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? .

???????? ?????? [ ?????? ]

?????? [ ?????? ]

↑ ≪university of st andrews -Ulugh Beg - Biography≫ . ?. Ulugh Beg was primarily a scientist, in particular a mathematician and an astronomer? However, he certainly did not neglect the arts, writing poetry and history and studying the Qur'an? In ????, to push forward the study of astronomy, Ulugh Beg began building a madrasah which is a centre for higher education? The madrasah, fronting the Rigestan Square in Samarkand, was completed in ???? and Ulugh Beg then began to appoint the best scientists he could find to positions there as lecturers? .
↑ ≪Ulugh Beg≫ . Perth Observatory (?? ???????). ????-??-?? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .
↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=0wh5HABxVksC&pg=PA171&lpg=PA171&dq=Ulugh+Beigh+(crater)&source=bl&ots=F2uEIy6UFo&sig=roaNWoVp7STask1ccKhfnLDER0Q&hl=fa&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwilyqe28I7dAhVDhqQKHY0_AksQ6AEwDnoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=Ulugh%20Beigh%20(crater)&f=false
↑ Science in Islamic civilisation: proceedings of the international symposia: "Science institutions in Islamic civilisation", & "Science and technology in the Turkish and Islamic world"
↑ "Ulugh Beg". OU Libraries . Britannica Academic. {{ cite web }}: Missing or empty |url= ( help )
↑ "Samarkand: Ulugh Beg's Observatory" . Depts.washington.edu .
↑ Science in Islamic civilisation: proceedings of the international symposia: "Science institutions in Islamic civilisation", & "Science and technology in the Turkish and Islamic world"
↑ "The Legacy of Ulugh Beg | Central Asian Monuments | Edited by H. B. Paksoy | CARRIE Books" . Vlib.iue.it . Retrieved 2018-12-02 .
↑ The global built environment as a representation of realities: By author:A.J.J. Mekking
↑ "Ulugh Beg" . The University of Oklahoma Libraries . Britannica Academic. Archived from the original on 19 September 2019 . Retrieved 20 June 2022 .
↑ Manz, Beatrice Forbes (2002). "Gowhar-??d ???". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 16 September 2014
↑ B. F. Manz, "T?m?r Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam , Online Edition, 2006
↑ ??????? ???????? ? ???????
↑ ???????? ? ???
↑ ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????
↑ ????????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? ???????
↑ ??????? ? ???
↑ ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????
↑ "cup" . British Museum . Retrieved January 5, 2019 .
↑ "Samarkand: Ulugh Beg's Observatory" . Depts.washington.edu .
↑ "The Legacy of Ulugh Beg | Central Asian Monuments | Edited by H. B. Paksoy | CARRIE Books" . Vlib.iue.it . Retrieved 2018-12-02 .
↑ "Samarkand: Ulugh Beg's Observatory" . Depts.washington.edu .
↑ "The Star Catalogues of Ptolemaios and Ulugh Beg" (PDF) . Astronomy & Astrophysics.
↑ "Ulugh Beg". OU Libraries . Britannica Academic. {{ cite web }}: Missing or empty |url= ( help )
↑ "Ulugh Beg (1393 - 1449)" . mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk . Retrieved 2020-05-25 .
↑ Krisciunas, Kevin (1992). "The Legacy of Ulugh Beg" . In Paksoy, Hasan Bulent (ed.). Central Asian Monuments . Istanbul: Isis Press – via Carrie Books.
↑ Krisciunas, Kevin (1992). "The Legacy of Ulugh Beg" . In Paksoy, Hasan Bulent (ed.). Central Asian Monuments . Istanbul: Isis Press – via Carrie Books.
↑ "?ABD-AL-LA??F M?RZ? ? Encyclopaedia Iranica" . Iranicaonline.org (?? ???????).
↑ The history of Persia. Containing, the lives and memorable actions of its kings from the first erecting of that monarchy to this time; an exact Description of all its Dominions; a curious Account of India, China, Tartary, Kermon, Arabia, Nixabur, and the Islands of Ceylon and Timor; as also of all Cities occasionally mention'd, as Schiras, Samarkand, Bokara, &c. Manners and Customs of those People, Persian Worshippers of Fire; Plants, Beasts, Product, and Trade. With many instructive and pleasant digressions, being remarkable Stories or Passages, occasionally occurring, as Strange Burials; Burning of the Dead; Liquors of several Countries; Hunting; Fishing; Practice of Physick; famous Physicians in the East; Actions of Tamerlan, &c. To which is added, an abridgment of the lives of the kings of Harmuz, or Ormuz. The Persian history written in Arabick, by Mirkond, a famous Eastern Author that of Ormuz, by Torunxa, King of that Island, both of them translated into Spanish, by Antony Teixeira, who liv'd several Years in Persia and India; and now render'd into English.
↑ Jonathan L. Lee, The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731 (1996), p. 21
↑ Ahmad Hasan Dani, Akhmadali Askarovich Askarov, Serge? Pavlovich Gubin, Rediscovery of the civilization of Central Asia: integral study of silk roads, roads of dialogue, steppe route expedition in USSR (1991), p. 82
↑ image, James Stuby based on NASA (2015), English: Ulugh Beigh, on the moon , retrieved 2018-12-02
↑ Gerasimov, Mikhail Mikha?lovich (January 5, 1971). "Ich suchte Gesichter" . J. B. Lippincott . Retrieved January 5, 2019 – via Google Books.
↑ Frye, Richard Nelson (January 5, 2019). Greater Iran: A 20th-century Odyssey . Mazda. ISBN 978-1-56859-177-3 . Retrieved January 5, 2019 – via Google Books.
↑ Frye, Richard Nelson (March 22, 2005). Greater Iran: A 20th-century Odyssey . Mazda. ISBN 978-1-56859-177-3 – via Google Books.
↑ Gerasimov, Mikhail Mikha?lovich (March 22, 1971). "The Face Finder" . J. B. Lippincott – via Google Books.

????? [ ?????? ]

????????? ???? ?????
?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????.
Wilhelm Barthold, Ulug Beg und seine Zeit , Leipzig ????
??????? ??????? ? ???? ??????????? ? ??? ?????? ????? ? ???? ????/????
??????? ?????????. ???? ?? . ???????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ???????????.
??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ? ???? ???? ??????? ? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????.

[1] ≪university of st andrews -Ulugh Beg - Biography≫ . ?. Ulugh Beg was primarily a scientist, in particular a mathematician and an astronomer? However, he certainly did not neglect the arts, writing poetry and history and studying the Qur'an? In ????, to push forward the study of astronomy, Ulugh Beg began building a madrasah which is a centre for higher education? The madrasah, fronting the Rigestan Square in Samarkand, was completed in ???? and Ulugh Beg then began to appoint the best scientists he could find to positions there as lecturers? .

[2] ≪Ulugh Beg≫ . Perth Observatory (?? ???????). ????-??-?? . ?????????? ?? ????-??-?? .

[3] ttps://books.google.com/books?id=0wh5HABxVksC&pg=PA171&lpg=PA171&dq=Ulugh+Beigh+(crater)&source=bl&ots=F2uEIy6UFo&sig=roaNWoVp7STask1ccKhfnLDER0Q&hl=fa&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwilyqe28I7dAhVDhqQKHY0_AksQ6AEwDnoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=Ulugh%20Beigh%20(crater)&f=false

[auto4-4] Science in Islamic civilisation: proceedings of the international symposia: "Science institutions in Islamic civilisation", & "Science and technology in the Turkish and Islamic world"

[auto1-5] "Ulugh Beg". OU Libraries . Britannica Academic. {{ cite web }}: Missing or empty |url= ( help )

[auto-6] "Samarkand: Ulugh Beg's Observatory" . Depts.washington.edu .

[auto42-7] Science in Islamic civilisation: proceedings of the international symposia: "Science institutions in Islamic civilisation", & "Science and technology in the Turkish and Islamic world"

[auto2-8] "The Legacy of Ulugh Beg | Central Asian Monuments | Edited by H. B. Paksoy | CARRIE Books" . Vlib.iue.it . Retrieved 2018-12-02 .

[9] The global built environment as a representation of realities: By author:A.J.J. Mekking

[10] "Ulugh Beg" . The University of Oklahoma Libraries . Britannica Academic. Archived from the original on 19 September 2019 . Retrieved 20 June 2022 .

[11] Manz, Beatrice Forbes (2002). "Gowhar-??d ???". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved 16 September 2014

[EI2-12] B. F. Manz, "T?m?r Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam , Online Edition, 2006

[13] ??????? ???????? ? ???????

[14] ???????? ? ???

[15] ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????

[16] ????????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??? ????? ???????

[17] ??????? ? ???

[18] ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????

[19] "cup" . British Museum . Retrieved January 5, 2019 .

[auto3-20] "Samarkand: Ulugh Beg's Observatory" . Depts.washington.edu .

[auto222-21] "The Legacy of Ulugh Beg | Central Asian Monuments | Edited by H. B. Paksoy | CARRIE Books" . Vlib.iue.it . Retrieved 2018-12-02 .

[auto52-22] "Samarkand: Ulugh Beg's Observatory" . Depts.washington.edu .

[23] "The Star Catalogues of Ptolemaios and Ulugh Beg" (PDF) . Astronomy & Astrophysics.

[auto122-24] "Ulugh Beg". OU Libraries . Britannica Academic. {{ cite web }}: Missing or empty |url= ( help )

[25] "Ulugh Beg (1393 - 1449)" . mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk . Retrieved 2020-05-25 .

[auto33-26] Krisciunas, Kevin (1992). "The Legacy of Ulugh Beg" . In Paksoy, Hasan Bulent (ed.). Central Asian Monuments . Istanbul: Isis Press – via Carrie Books.

[auto35-27] Krisciunas, Kevin (1992). "The Legacy of Ulugh Beg" . In Paksoy, Hasan Bulent (ed.). Central Asian Monuments . Istanbul: Isis Press – via Carrie Books.

[28] "?ABD-AL-LA??F M?RZ? ? Encyclopaedia Iranica" . Iranicaonline.org (?? ???????).

[29] The history of Persia. Containing, the lives and memorable actions of its kings from the first erecting of that monarchy to this time; an exact Description of all its Dominions; a curious Account of India, China, Tartary, Kermon, Arabia, Nixabur, and the Islands of Ceylon and Timor; as also of all Cities occasionally mention'd, as Schiras, Samarkand, Bokara, &c. Manners and Customs of those People, Persian Worshippers of Fire; Plants, Beasts, Product, and Trade. With many instructive and pleasant digressions, being remarkable Stories or Passages, occasionally occurring, as Strange Burials; Burning of the Dead; Liquors of several Countries; Hunting; Fishing; Practice of Physick; famous Physicians in the East; Actions of Tamerlan, &c. To which is added, an abridgment of the lives of the kings of Harmuz, or Ormuz. The Persian history written in Arabick, by Mirkond, a famous Eastern Author that of Ormuz, by Torunxa, King of that Island, both of them translated into Spanish, by Antony Teixeira, who liv'd several Years in Persia and India; and now render'd into English.

[30] Jonathan L. Lee, The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731 (1996), p. 21

[31] Ahmad Hasan Dani, Akhmadali Askarovich Askarov, Serge? Pavlovich Gubin, Rediscovery of the civilization of Central Asia: integral study of silk roads, roads of dialogue, steppe route expedition in USSR (1991), p. 82

[32] , James Stuby based on NASA (2015), English: Ulugh Beigh, on the moon , retrieved 2018-12-02

[33] Gerasimov, Mikhail Mikha?lovich (January 5, 1971). "Ich suchte Gesichter" . J. B. Lippincott . Retrieved January 5, 2019 – via Google Books.

[34] Frye, Richard Nelson (January 5, 2019). Greater Iran: A 20th-century Odyssey . Mazda. ISBN 978-1-56859-177-3 . Retrieved January 5, 2019 – via Google Books.

[35] Frye, Richard Nelson (March 22, 2005). Greater Iran: A 20th-century Odyssey . Mazda. ISBN 978-1-56859-177-3 – via Google Books.

[36] Gerasimov, Mikhail Mikha?lovich (March 22, 1971). "The Face Finder" . J. B. Lippincott – via Google Books.

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