Market Day in Old Wales by
Sydney Curnow Vosper
(1910)
Facsimile of Part of Column 579 from the
Red Book of Hergest
The
culture of Wales
is distinct, with its own
language
, customs, festivals,
music
,
art
,
mythology
,
history
, and
politics.
Wales
is primarily represented by the symbol of the red
Welsh Dragon
, but other
national emblems
include the
leek
and the
daffodil
.
Although sharing many customs with the other nations of the United Kingdom, Wales has its own distinct traditions and culture, and from the late 19th century onwards, Wales acquired its popular image as the "land of song", in part due to the
eisteddfod
tradition.
Development of Welsh culture
[
edit
]
Historical influences
[
edit
]
Wales has been identified as having been inhabited by humans for some 230,000 years, as evidenced by the discovery of a
Neanderthal
at the
Bontnewydd Palaeolithic site
in north Wales.
After the
Roman era
of occupation,
a number of small kingdoms arose in what is now Wales. These early kingdoms were also influenced by Ireland; but details prior to the 8th century AD are unclear.
Kingdoms during that era included
Gwynedd
,
Powys
and
Deheubarth
.
While
Rhodri the Great
in the 9th century was the first ruler to dominate a large portion of Wales,
it was not until 1055 that
Gruffydd ap Llywelyn
united the individual Welsh kingdoms and began to annex parts of England. Gruffydd was killed, possibly in
crossfire
by his own men, on 5 August 1063 while
Harold Godwinson
sought to engage him in battle.
This was just over three years before the
Norman invasion of England
, which led to a drastic change of fortune for Wales. By 1070, the Normans had already seen successes in their
invasion of Wales
, with
Gwent
fallen and Deheubarth plundered.
The invasion was seemingly complete by 1093.
However, the Welsh kingdoms were re-established and most of the land retaken from the Normans over the following decades.
Owain Glynd?r
painting by AC Michael
While Gwynedd grew in strength, Powys was broken up after the death of
Llywelyn ap Madog
in the 1160s and was never reunited.
Llywelyn the Great
rose in Gwynedd and had reunited the majority of Wales by his death in 1240.
After his death, King
Henry III of England
intervened to prevent
Dafydd ap Llywelyn
from inheriting his father's lands outside Gwynedd, leading to war.
The claims of his successor,
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
, conflicted with those of King
Edward I of England
; this resulted in
the conquest
of Wales by English forces.
The
Tudors of Penmynydd
grew in power and influence during the 13th to 15th centuries, first owning land in north Wales,
but losing it after
Maredudd ap Tudur
backed the uprising of
Owain Glynd?r
in 1400. Maredudd's son, Owain ap Maredudd ap Tudur, anglicised his name to become
Owen Tudor
, and was the grandfather of Henry Tudor.
[15]
Henry took the throne of England in 1485, at the end of the
Wars of the Roses
, when his forces defeated those of
Richard III
at the
Battle of Bosworth Field
.
Under
Henry VIII
, the
Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542
were passed. The distinction between the
Principality of Wales
and the
Marches of Wales
was ended. The law of England became the only law of Wales which was then administered by justices of the peace that were appointed in every Welsh county. Wales was then represented in parliament by 26 members.
[18]
English became the only official language of courts in Wales, and people that used the Welsh language would not be eligible for public office in the territories of the king of England. Welsh was limited to the working and lower middle classes, which played a central role in the public attitude to the language.
[18]
The
House of Tudor
continued to reign through several successive monarchs until 1603, when
James I
(James VI of Scotland) took the throne for the
House of Stuart
; his great-grandmother was
Margaret Tudor
.
[19]
Identity and nationalism
[
edit
]
Welsh nationalism (
Welsh
:
Cenedlaetholdeb Cymreig
) emphasises the distinctiveness of
Welsh language
, culture, and
history
, and calls for more
self-determination
for
Wales
, which might include more
devolved
powers for the
Senedd
or full
independence
from the
United Kingdom
. While a sense of nationhood has existed within Wales for over 1500 years, the idea that Wales should be a modern self-determining state has only been mooted since the mid-18th century.
In 1406
Owain Glynd?r
set out a vision of
Welsh independence
in his Pennal letter, sent to Charles VI King of France. The letter requested maintained military support from the French to fend off the English in Wales. Glynd?r suggested that in return, he would recognise Benedict XIII of Avignon as the Pope. The letter sets out the ambitions of Glynd?r of an independent Wales with its own parliament, led by himself as Prince of Wales. These ambitions also included the return of the
traditional law
of
Hywel Dda
, rather than the enforced English law, establishment of an independent Welsh church as well as two universities, one in south Wales, and one in north Wales.
Symbols
[
edit
]
Daffodils and leeks, two of the national symbols of Wales
Red Dragon of Wales
National symbols of Wales include the
dragon
, the
daffodil
and the
leek
. A story of soldiers wearing the leek during battle to make it easier to identify them is recounted in the 17th century, attributed to
Saint David
.
The earliest certain reference of the leek as a Welsh emblem was when
Princess Mary
, daughter of
Henry VIII
, was presented with a leek by the yeoman of the guard on
Saint David's Day
in
1537
.
The colours of the leek were used for the uniforms of soldiers under
Edward I of England
.
[23]
The Red Dragon
standard
was most likely introduced to the British Isles by Roman troops who in turn had acquired it from the
Dacians
.
It may also have been a reference to the 6th century Welsh word
draig
, which meant "dragon".
[25]
The standard was appropriated by the Normans during the 11th century, and used for the
Royal Standard of Scotland
.
Richard I of England
took a red dragon standard with him on the
Third Crusade
.
[26]
Both symbols were popular with
Tudor
kings, with
Henry VII of England
(Henry Tudor) adding the white and green background to the red dragon standard.
[26]
It was largely forgotten by the
House of Stuart
, who favoured a
unicorn
instead.
[25]
By the 17th and 18th centuries, it became common practice in Great Britain for the gentry to wear leeks on
St. David's Day
.
[23]
In 1807, a "a red dragon passant standing on a mound" was made the King's badge for Wales. Following an increase in nationalism in 1953, it was proposed to add the motto
Y ddraig goch ddyry cychwyn
("the red dragon takes the lead") to the flag. This was poorly received, and six years later Queen
Elizabeth II
intervened to put the current flag in place.
[25]
It has been proposed that the
flag of the United Kingdom
be
redesigned
to include a symbol representing Wales, as it is the only nation in the United Kingdom not represented in the flag.
[27]
The daffodil is a more recent development, becoming popular during the 19th century. It may have been linked to the leek; the Welsh for daffodil (
cenhinen Bedr
) translates as "St Peter's leek". During the 20th century, the daffodil rose to rival the prominence of the leek as a symbol of Wales. Prime Minister
David Lloyd George
ensured that the daffodil had a place in the investiture of
Edward, Prince of Wales
.
[23]
The
traditional Welsh costume
and
Welsh hat
were well known during the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Princess Alexandrina Victoria
(later Queen Victoria) had a hat made for her when she visited Wales in 1832. The hat was popularised by
Sydney Curnow Vosper
's 1908 painting
Salem
, but by then its use had declined.
[28]
Welsh people may sometimes engage in gentle self-mockery and claim the
sheep
as a
national emblem
, due to the 3 million people in the
country
being vastly outnumbered by some 10 million sheep and the nation's reliance on
sheep farming
.
[29]
[30]
The importance of sheep farming led to the creation of the
Welsh sheepdog
.
Welsh lovespoons
are traditionally crafted wooden spoons which a suitor would give to his beloved. The more intricacies of the design served a dual purpose, as it demonstrated the depth of their feelings to the beloved, and their crafting abilities (and therefore potential to generate income to look after the family) to their potential suitor's family.
[31]
The earliest known dated lovespoon from Wales, displayed in the St Fagans National History Museum near Cardiff.
[32]
It is believed to have been crafted in 1667, although the tradition is believed to date back long before that.
[33]
Language
[
edit
]
The two main languages of Wales are
Welsh
and
English
. Throughout the centuries, the Welsh language has been a central factor in the concept of Wales as a nation.
Figures released by the Office of National Statistics taken from the
2011 census
, show that Welsh is spoken by 19% of the population.
[35]
Religion
[
edit
]
The
Flag of Saint David
Before the
Roman
occupation, the dominant religion in Wales was a
pagan
one, led by the
druids
. Little is known about the traditions and ceremonies, but
Tacitus
, whose claims were sometimes exaggerated, stated that they performed
human sacrifice
: he says that in AD 61, an altar on
Anglesey
was found to be "drenched with the blood of their prisoners".
[36]
Christianity
was introduced to Wales through the Romans, and after they abandoned the British Isles, it survived in South East Wales at
Hentland
. In the 6th century, this was home to
Dubricius
, the first Celtic saint.
[37]
The largest religion in modern Wales is Christianity, with almost 58% of the population describing themselves as
Christian
in the 2011 census.
[38]
The
Presbyterian Church of Wales
was for many years the largest denomination; it was born out of the
Welsh Methodist revival
in the 18th century and seceded from the
Church of England
in 1811;
[39]
The
Church in Wales
had an average Sunday attendance of 32,171 in 2012.
[40]
It forms part of the
Anglican Communion
, and was also part of the
Church of England
, but was disestablished by the British Government in 1920 under the
Welsh Church Act 1914
.
[41]
Non-Christian religions have relatively few followers in Wales, with
Muslims
making up 1.5% of the population while
Hindus
and
Buddhists
represent 0.3% each in the 2011 census. Over 32% of the population in Wales did not note a religion.
[38]
Research in 2007 by the
Tearfund
organisation showed that Wales had the lowest average church attendance in the UK, with 12% of the population routinely attending.
[40]
Festival days
[
edit
]
The
patron saint
of Wales is
Saint David
,
Dewi Sant
in Welsh.
St. David's Day
is celebrated on 1 March,
[42]
which some people argue should be designated a public holiday in Wales.
[43]
Other days which have been proposed for national public commemorations are 16 September (the day on which
Owain Glynd?r
's rebellion began)
[44]
and 11 December (the death of
Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
).
The traditional seasonal festivals in Wales are:
Arts
[
edit
]
Visual arts
[
edit
]
Many works of
Celtic art
have been found in Wales.
[53]
In the
Early Medieval
period, the
Celtic Christianity
of Wales participated in the
Insular art
of the British Isles and a number of
illuminated manuscripts
possibly of Welsh origin
survive, of which the 8th century
Hereford Gospels
[54]
and
Lichfield Gospels
[55]
are the most notable. The 11th century
Ricemarch Psalter
(now in
Dublin
) is certainly Welsh, made in
St David's
, and shows a late Insular style
[56]
with unusual Viking influence.
The best of the few Welsh artists of the 16th?18th centuries tended to move elsewhere to work, but in the 18th century the dominance of
landscape art
in
English art
motivated them to stay at home, and brought an influx of artists from outside to paint Welsh scenery. The Welsh painter
Richard Wilson
(1714?1782) is arguably the first major British landscapist, but rather more notable for Italian scenes than Welsh ones, although he did paint several on visits from London.
[58]
The Bard
, 1774, by
Thomas Jones
(1742?1803)
It remained difficult for artists relying on the Welsh market to support themselves until well into the 20th century. An
Act of Parliament
in 1854 provided for the establishment of a number of art schools throughout the United Kingdom,
[59]
and the
Cardiff School of Art
opened in 1865.
[60]
Graduates still very often had to leave Wales to work, but
Betws-y-Coed
became a popular centre for artists, and its artists' colony helped form the
Royal Cambrian Academy of Art
in 1881.
[61]
The sculptor Sir William
Goscombe John
made many works for Welsh commissions, although he had settled in London.
[62]
Christopher Williams
, whose subjects were mostly resolutely Welsh, was also based in London.
[63]
Thomas E. Stephens
[64]
and
Andrew Vicari
[65]
had very successful careers as portraitists, based respectively in the United States and France. Sir
Frank Brangwyn
was Welsh by origin, but spent little time in Wales.
[66]
Perhaps the most famous Welsh painters,
Augustus John
and his sister
Gwen John
, mostly lived in London and Paris;
[67]
however the landscapists Sir
Kyffin Williams
[68]
and
Peter Prendergast
[69]
remained living in Wales for most of their lives, though well in touch with the wider art world.
Ceri Richards
was very engaged in the Welsh art scene as a teacher in Cardiff, and even after moving to London; he was a figurative painter in international styles including
Surrealism
.
[70]
Various artists have moved to Wales, including
Eric Gill
,
[71]
the London-born Welshman
David Jones
,
[72]
and the sculptor
Jonah Jones
.
[73]
The Kardomah Gang
was an intellectual circle centred on the poet
Dylan Thomas
and poet and artist
Vernon Watkins
in Swansea, which also included the painter
Alfred Janes
.
[74]
Ceramics
[
edit
]
Amgueddfa Cymru
houses Welsh pottery made in Swansea and Llanelli between 1764 and 1922, in addition to porcelain made at Swansea and Nantgarw between 1813 and 1826.
[75]
Several further sites can be identified through their place names, for example Pwllcrochan (a hamlet near Milford Haven estuary in
Pembrokeshire
), which translates to Crock Pool, and archaeology has also revealed former
kiln
sites across the country.
These were often located near
clay
beds, for ease of resource gathering.
Buckley
and
Ewenny
became leading areas of pottery production in Wales during the 17th and 18th centuries; these are applied as generic terms to different potters within those areas during this period.
South Wales had several notable
potteries
during that same period, an early exponent being the
Cambrian Pottery
(1764?1870, also known as "
Swansea
pottery"). The works from Cambrian attempted to imitate those of
Wedgwood
.
Nantgarw Pottery
, near Cardiff, was in operation from 1813 to 1823 making fine
porcelain
.
Llanelly Pottery
was the last surviving major pottery works in South Wales when it closed in 1922.
[79]
Literature
[
edit
]
Theatre
[
edit
]
360° panoramic view of the amphitheatre at Caerleon
Theatrical performances are thought to have begun after the Roman invasion of Britain.
[80]
There are remains of a
Roman amphitheatre
at
Caerleon
, which would have served the nearby fortress of
Isca Augusta
.
[81]
Between Roman and modern times, theatre in Wales was limited to performances of travelling players, sometimes in temporary structures. Welsh theatrical groups also performed in England, as did English groups in Wales. The rise of the
Puritans
in the 17th century and then Methodism during the 18th century caused declines in Welsh theatre as performances were seen as immoral.
[80]
Despite this, performances continued on showgrounds, and with a handful of travelling groups of actors.
[80]
The
Savoy Theatre, Monmouth
, the oldest theatre still in operation in Wales,
[82]
was built during the 19th century and originally operated as the Assembly Rooms.
Other theatres opened over the following decades, with Cardiff's Theatre Royal opening in 1827. After a fire, a replacement
Theatre Royal
opened in 1878.
[84]
[85]
Competition for theatres led to further buildings being constructed, such as the
New Theatre, Cardiff
, which opened on 10 December 1906.
[86]
[87]
Television
[
edit
]
Television in the United Kingdom started in 1936 as a public service which was free of advertising, but did not arrive in Wales until the opening of the
Wenvoe transmitter
in August 1952.
Initially all programmes were in the English language, although under the leadership of Welsh director and controller
Alun Oldfield-Davies
, occasional Welsh language programmes were broadcast during closed periods, replacing the
test card
.
In 1958, responsibility for programming in Wales fell to
Television Wales and the West
, although Welsh language broadcasting was mainly served by the Manchester-based
Granada
company, producing about an hour a week.
On 1 November 1982,
S4C
(Sianel Pedwar Cymru) was launched bringing together the
BBC
,
HTV
and other independent producers to provide an initial service of 22 hours of Welsh-language television.
The digital switchover in Wales of 2009-2010 meant that the previously bilingual Channel 4 split into S4C, broadcasting exclusively in Welsh and Channel 4 broadcasting exclusively in English.
[90]
The decision by
Julie Gardner
, Head of Drama for BBC Wales, to film and produce the 2005 revived version of
Doctor Who
in Wales is widely seen as a bellwether moment for the industry for the nation.
[91]
This in turn was followed by the opening of the
Roath Lock
production studios in
Cardiff
. Recent English language programmes that have been filmed in Wales include
Sherlock
and
His Dark Materials
, while other popular series, such as
Hinterland
(
Y Gwyll
) and
Keeping Faith
(
Un Bore Mercher
) have been filmed in both Welsh and English.
[91]
Film
[
edit
]
The Cinema of Wales comprises the art of film and creative movies made in Wales or by Welsh filmmakers either locally or abroad. Welsh cinema began in the late-19th century, led by Welsh-based director
William Haggar
. Wales continued to produce film of varying quality throughout the 20th century, in both the Welsh and English languages, though indigenous production was curtailed through a lack of infrastructure and finance, which prevented the growth of the industry nationally. Despite this, Wales has been represented in all fields of the film making process, producing actors and directors of note.
[
citation needed
]
Music
[
edit
]
The Cardiff Arms Park male voice choir
Medieval
crwth
instrument
Wales is often referred to as "the land of song",
[92]
and is notable for its harpists, male choirs, and solo artists. The principal Welsh festival of music and poetry is the annual
National Eisteddfod
.
[93]
The
Llangollen
International Eisteddfod
echoes the National Eisteddfod but provides an opportunity for the singers and musicians of the world to perform.
[94]
Traditional music and dance in Wales is supported by many societies. The Welsh Folk Song Society has published a number of collections of songs and tunes.
[95]
Male choirs (sometimes called male voice choirs), which emerged in the 19th century, have remained a lasting tradition in Wales. Originally these choirs were formed as the tenor and bass sections of chapel choirs, and embraced the popular
secular hymns
of the day.
Many of the historic Welsh choirs survive, singing a mixture of traditional and popular songs.
[97]
[98]
[99]
Traditional instruments of Wales include
telyn deires
(
triple harp
),
fiddle
,
crwth
,
pibgorn
(hornpipe) and other instruments.
The
Cerdd Dant
Society promotes its specific singing art primarily through an annual one-day festival.
[104]
The
BBC National Orchestra of Wales
performs in Wales and internationally.
[105]
The
Welsh National Opera
is based at the
Wales Millennium Centre
in
Cardiff Bay
,
[106]
while the
National Youth Orchestra of Wales
was the first of its type in the world.
[107]
Tom Jones performing with
Janis Joplin
in 1969
Wales has had a number of successful singers. In the 1960s, these included bands such as
Amen Corner
and The Iveys/
Badfinger
and singers including
Sir Tom Jones
,
Dame Shirley Bassey
and
Mary Hopkin
.
[108]
By the 1980s,
indie pop
and
alternative rock
bands such as
The Alarm
,
The Pooh Sticks
and
The Darling Buds
were popular in their genres. But the wider view at the time was that the wider Welsh music scene was stagnant, as the more popular musicians from Wales were from earlier eras.
In the 1990s, in England, the
Britpop
scene was emerging, while in Wales, bands such as
Y Cyrff
and
Ffa Coffi Pawb
began to sing in English, starting a culture that would lead to the creation of
Catatonia
and the
Super Furry Animals
.
[110]
The influence of the 80s bands and the emergence of a Welsh language and dual language music scene locally in Wales led to a dramatic shift in opinion across the United Kingdom as the "
Cool Cymru
" bands of the period emerged.
The leading Welsh band during this period was the
Manic Street Preachers
, whose 1996 album
Everything Must Go
has been listed among the greatest albums of all time.
[111]
Some of those bands have had ongoing success, while the general popularity of Welsh music during this period led to a resurgence of singers such as Tom Jones with his album
Reload
. It was his first non-compilation number one album since 1968's
Delilah
.
[112]
Meanwhile, Shirley Bassey reached the top 20 once more in the UK Charts with her collaboration with the
Propellerheads
on the single "
History Repeating
".
[113]
They also introduced new acts, such as Catatonia's
Owen Powell
working with
Duffy
during her early period.
[110]
Moving into the 21st century,
Bullet For My Valentine
were named the Best British Band at the
Kerrang! Awards
for three years running.
[114]
Other successful bands from this period include
Funeral For A Friend
,
[115]
and
Lostprophets
.
[116]
Media
[
edit
]
![[icon]](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png) | This section
needs expansion
. You can help by
adding to it
.
(
January 2023
)
|
Television is the most common source of news in Wales, used by 75% of people, with radio used by 43%, 33% using printed newspapers and 31% using websites and apps. In 2020, 46% of people gained their news from social media, which is largely unregulated but includes some news from regulated sources.
[117]
Sport
[
edit
]
Rugby Union action from Wales vs. England in 2006
Over fifty
national governing bodies
regulate and organise their sports in Wales.
[118]
Most of those involved in competitive sports select, organise and manage individuals or teams to represent their country at international events or fixtures against other countries. Wales is represented at major world sporting events such as the
FIFA World Cup
,
[119]
the
Rugby World Cup
and the
Commonwealth Games
.
[120]
[121]
At the
Olympic Games
, Welsh athletes compete alongside those of Scotland, England and Northern Ireland as part of a
Great Britain
team.
[122]
Rugby union
is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness.
The Welsh national rugby union team
takes part in the annual
Six Nations Championship
and has also competed in every
Rugby World Cup
,
[124]
with Wales hosting the
1999 tournament
.
[125]
The five professional sides that replaced the traditional club sides in major competitions in 2003 were in turn replaced in 2004 by the four regions:
Scarlets
;
Cardiff Blues
;
Newport Gwent Dragons
; and the
Ospreys
.
[126]
[127]
The Welsh regional teams play in the
Pro14
league,
[128]
the
Anglo-Welsh Cup
(LV Cup),
[129]
the
European Heineken Cup
and the
European (Amlin) Challenge Cup
.
[130]
[131]
Wales has had its own
association football league
since 1992.
[132]
For historical and other reasons, four Welsh clubs (
Cardiff City
,
Swansea City
,
Wrexham
, and
Newport County
) play in the
English Football League
.
[133]
Another Welsh club plays in English football's feeder leagues:
Merthyr Town
.
[134]
This also qualifies those teams to compete for England's domestic trophies. On 23 April 1927, Cardiff City became the only team outside England to win the
FA Cup
.
[135]
In European football competitions, only teams playing in the Welsh leagues are eligible to play for Wales. The five teams in the English leagues are eligible to represent England only, and they are not allowed to compete for domestic Welsh trophies.
[134]
Welsh athlete Tanni Grey-Thompson won 11 Paralympic gold medals.
In international
cricket
, Wales and England field a single representative team, administered by the
England and Wales Cricket Board
(ECB), called the
England cricket team
, or simply "England".
[136]
Occasionally, a separate
Wales national cricket team
plays in limited-overs competitions, mainly against English county teams.
[137]
Glamorgan
is the only Welsh participant in the England and Wales County Championship.
[138]
Plaid Cymru
have argued that
Wales
should have its own international team and withdraw from the existing arrangement under which Welsh players play for England. The proposal has aroused opposition from Cricket Wales and Glamorgan County Cricket Club, who argue such a move would be financially disastrous. The debate focused on a report produced by the
Welsh National Assembly's
petitions committee, which reflected the arguments on both sides.
Bethan Jenkins
, Plaid Cymru's spokesperson on heritage, culture, sport and broadcasting, and a member of the petitions committee, said: "Cricket Wales and Glamorgan CCC say the idea of a Welsh national cricket team is 'an emotive subject'. Of course having a national team is emotive. You only have to look at the stands during any national game to see that. To suggest this as anything other than natural is a bit of a misleading argument."
[139]
[140]
[141]
[142]
[143]
[144]
In their strategic plan, Cricket Wales state they are "committed to continuing to play a major role within the ECB"
[145]
Wales has produced several world-class participants in individual sports, including
snooker
players
Ray Reardon
,
Terry Griffiths
,
Mark Williams
and
Matthew Stevens
.
[146]
Successful track athletes include miler
Jim Alford
who was a world record holder in the 4 x 1500 metres relay, the 110-metre hurdler
Colin Jackson
who is a former world record holder and the winner of numerous Olympic, World and European medals,
[147]
and
Tanni Grey-Thompson
who has won 11 Paralympic gold medals.
[148]
Wales has also produced a number of world-class boxers.
Joe Calzaghe
was
WBO
World Super-Middleweight Champion and then won the WBA, WBC and Ring Magazine super-middleweight and Ring Magazine Light-Heavyweight titles.
[149]
Other former boxing world champions include
Enzo Maccarinelli
,
Freddie Welsh
,
Howard Winstone
,
Percy Jones
,
Jimmy Wilde
,
Steve Robinson
and
Robbie Regan
.
[150]
Cuisine
[
edit
]
A white
Welsh Mountain sheep
Welsh cuisine is internationally renowned; Welsh lamb, Welsh cakes, and dishes such as bara brith remain exports synonymous with quality and flavour. Some say that some other Welsh dishes are said to be similar to
English cuisine
in style.
However, there are regional variations in the food seen across Wales, which can be traced historically to the availability of certain crops and produce in specific areas of the country.
The
cuisine of Gower
is particularly different to the rest of Wales. It was strongly influenced by
Somerset
and
Devon
, and developed dishes such as
whitepot
while ingredients such as
pumpkin
were used, which are unusual in the rest of Wales.
Cattle farming produces the majority of Wales' agricultural output. Welsh beef is protected under
European Union law
, meaning that it must be produced and slaughtered in Wales.
[154]
Welsh pigs
are raised, providing good cuts of meat.
[155]
The mountainous areas of Wales are suited to
sheep farming
and this has led to an association of their meat with the country.
[156]
The
mutton
of Wales has been popular in the rest of the United Kingdom since the 16th century,
and by the end of the 20th century there were more than 11 million sheep in Wales.
[156]
Cawl, a Welsh dish of meat and vegetables
Several
Welsh dishes
are thought of as Welsh because their ingredients are associated with Wales, whereas others have been developed there.
Cawl
is regarded as the Welsh national dish;
it is a slow-cooked meat and vegetable broth. Traditionally it was a vegetable-heavy dish,
but now it is more likely to contain beef or lamb.
Welsh rarebit
is thought to date from the 18th century, although the original term "Welsh rabbit" may have been intended as a slur against the Welsh.
[161]
[162]
[163]
Another use of cheese in a traditional Welsh dish is seen in
Glamorgan sausage
, which is a skinless sausage made of cheese and either leek or spring onion,
[164]
which is then rolled into a sausage shape before frying.
[165]
[166]
Laverbread
is made using a
puree
of seaweed, and is traditionally served in a Welsh breakfast.
[167]
Welsh cakes
are made on a
bakestone
, and are small round spiced cakes containing
raisins
,
sultanas
and occasionally
currants
.
[168]
Bara brith
contains similar ingredients to Welsh cakes, but is similar to a
tea bread
.
[169]
Crempog - Anglesey style
The Welsh have their own versions of
pancakes
:
crempogau
(sing.
crempog
) (sometimes called
ffroes
, sing.
ffroesen
) are traditionally layered on top of each other to form a large cake. Some are very much like American pancakes; others may be made with yeast (called
crempogau burum
, sing.
crempog furum
) or oatmeal (although this is also true of American pancakes) and some are like Scotch pancakes.
[170]
[171]
Beer
is the
national drink
of Wales, despite the influence of the link to
temperance movement
in Wales.
The
Wrexham Lager Beer Company
was the first successful
lager
producer in Britain when it opened in 1882,
[173]
and the
Felinfoel Brewery
was the first brewery in Europe to put beer in cans.
Whisky production in Wales was historically a niche industry, and completely shut down in 1910 when the last distillery was bought out by a Scottish firm. However, the
Penderyn
distillery produced the first Wales-created whisky in a century to go on sale when it was launched in 2004.
[174]
There are 20 Welsh
vineyards
producing 100,000 bottles of wine a year in total.
[175]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
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- Owens, David (2000).
Cerys, Catatonia and the Rise of Welsh Pop
. London:
Ebury Publishing
.
ISBN
978-0-0918-7412-4
.
- Redwood, Charles (1839).
The Vale of Glamorgan:scenes and tales among the Welsh
. Saunders and Otley.
- Webb, Andrew (2012).
Food Britannia
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ISBN
978-1-4090-2222-0
. Retrieved
5 April
2016
.
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