Voiceless retroflex plosive

Voiceless retroflex plosive
Voiceless retroflex plosive
?
IPA Number	105
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʈ
Unicode (hex)	U+0288
X-SAMPA	t`
Braille
Image

The voiceless retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages . This consonant is found as a phoneme mostly (though not exclusively) in two areas: South Asia and Australia .

Transcription [ edit ]

The symbol that represents this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ ? ⟩. Like all the retroflex consonants , the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of "t" (the letter used for the equivalent alveolar consonant ). In many fonts lowercase "t" already has a rightward-pointing hook, but ⟨ ? ⟩ is distinguished from ⟨ t ⟩ by extending the hook below the baseline .

Features [ edit ]

Features of the voiceless retroflex stop:

Its manner of articulation is occlusive , which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet , the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive .
Its place of articulation is retroflex , which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized . That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat) ^{[
citation needed
]}.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant , which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant , which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic , which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles , as in most sounds.

Occurrence [ edit ]

Language	Word	IPA	Translation	Notes
Bengali ^[1]	?? ??	[?aka]	' taka '	Apical postalveolar; ^[1] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Brahui	???	[asi?]	'one'
English	t ime	[?a?m]	'time'	Corresponds to alveolar /t/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Gujarati ^[2]	? ?? ??	[b??aːka]	'potato'	Subapical; ^[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Gujarati phonology
Hindustani ^[3]^[4]	?? ??	[?oːpiː]	'hat'	Apical postalveolar
Hindustani ^[3]^[4]	????	[?oːpiː]	'hat'	Apical postalveolar
Hmong	r aus	[?au]	'immerse in liquid'	Contrasts with aspirated form (written ⟨rh⟩ ).
Iwaidja	yirrwa rt ba rt	[ji?w??b??]	' taipan '
Javanese	ba th ang	[ba?aŋ]	'cadaver'
Kannada	?????	[t???ːu]	'to tap'	Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms
Lo-Toga ^[5]	d ege	[????]	'we ( incl. )'	Laminal retroflex.
Malayalam	?? ????	[kaː?ː??]	'wild'	Contrasts /t? t ? d? ?/.
Marathi ^[2]	?????	[b??aː?aː]	'potato'	Subapical; ^[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
Mutsun	TiTkuSte	[?i?ku?t?]	'torn'
Nepali	?? ??	[?oli]	'team'	Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Nepali phonology
Norwegian	ko rt	[k??ː]	'card'	See Norwegian phonology
Nunggubuyu ^[6]	rd agowa	[?akowa]	'prawn'
Odia	? ?? / ?agara	[??g?r?]	'crepe jasmine'	Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.
Pashto	?? ??	[?ol]	'all'
Punjabi	?? ??	[?oːpi]	'hat'
Punjabi	?? ???	[?oːpi]	'hat'
Sicilian	la t ru	[?la??u]	'thief'
Scottish Gaelic	a rd	[aː?]	'high'	Corresponds to the sequence /r?t/ in other dialects. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Swedish ^[7]	ka rt a	[?k??ː?a]	'map'	See Swedish phonology
Sylheti	??????	[?ulli]	'skull'	contains tonal pronunciation. ^[8] See Sylheti phonology
Tamil ^[2]^[9]	?????	[e?ː?]	'eight'	Subapical. ^[2] See Tamil phonology
Telugu	?? ????	[ko?ːu]	'to hit or beat'	Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms
Torwali ^[10]^[11]	?? ????	[?i?el]	'words'	Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Vietnamese	b?n tr ?	[?a????? ?a???]	'you pay'	May be somewhat affricated . See Vietnamese phonology
Welayta	[?aza]		'dew'

Notes [ edit ]

^ ^a ^b Mazumdar (2000 :57)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Khatiwada (2009 :374)
^ Ladefoged (2005 :141)
^ Tiwari (2004 :?)
^ Francois (2009: 189); Francois (2016: 35).
^ Ladefoged (2005 :158)
^ Eliasson (1986 :278?279)
^ Wright, Tony (2002). "Doing language awareness". Language in Language Teacher Education . Language Learning & Language Teaching. Vol. 4. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 113?130. doi : 10.1075/lllt.4.09wri . ISBN 978-90-272-1697-7 . Retrieved 2023-07-11 .
^ Keane (2004 :111)
^ Lunsford (2001 :11?16)
^ "?????" . Online Torwali Dictionary . Center for Language Engineering. Archived from the original on 2024-03-28.

References [ edit ]

Eliasson, Stig (1986), "Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian", in Anderson, Henning (ed.), Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe , Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 271?300
Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 34 (1): 111?116, doi : 10.1017/S0025100304001549
Francois, Alexandre (2009), "Verbal aspect and personal pronouns: The history of aorist markers in north Vanuatu" (PDF) , in Pawley, Andrew; Adelaar, Alexander (eds.), Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: A festschrift for Bob Blust , vol. 601, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 179?195
Francois, Alexandre (2016), "The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu" (PDF) , in Pozdniakov, Konstantin (ed.), Comparatisme et reconstruction : tendances actuelles , Faits de Langues, vol. 47, Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 25?60 .
Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 39 (3): 337?380, doi : 10.1017/s0025100309990181
Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan" (PDF) , M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920], The history of the Bengali language , New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 8120614526
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language , 35 (3): 454?476, doi : 10.2307/411232 , JSTOR 411232
Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966], Hind? Bh?sh? , Kit?b Mahal: Kit?b Mahal, ISBN 81-225-0017-X

External links [ edit ]

[mazumdar-1] Mazumdar (2000 :57)

[khatiwada-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Khatiwada (2009 :374)

[3] Ladefoged (2005 :141)

[tiwari-4] Tiwari (2004 :?)

[5] Francois (2009: 189); Francois (2016: 35).

[6] Ladefoged (2005 :158)

[7] Eliasson (1986 :278?279)

[8] Wright, Tony (2002). "Doing language awareness". Language in Language Teacher Education . Language Learning & Language Teaching. Vol. 4. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 113?130. doi : 10.1075/lllt.4.09wri . ISBN 978-90-272-1697-7 . Retrieved 2023-07-11 .

[9] Keane (2004 :111)

[10] Lunsford (2001 :11?16)

[otd-11] "?????" . Online Torwali Dictionary . Center for Language Engineering. Archived from the original on 2024-03-28.

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