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Voiceless postalveolar affricate - Wikipedia Jump to content

Voiceless postalveolar affricate

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Voiceless postalveolar affricate
t?
t??
IPA Number 103 134
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal) t​͡​ʃ
Unicode (hex) U+0074 U+0361 U+0283
X-SAMPA tS or t_rS

The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages . The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨ t??  ⟩, ⟨ t??  ⟩ ⟨ t?  ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ ?  ⟩), or, in broad transcription, ⟨ c ⟩. The alternative commonly used in American tradition is ⟨?⟩ . It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".

Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar stop /k/ (as in English church ; also in Gulf Arabic , Slavic languages , Indo-Iranian languages and Romance languages ), or a voiceless dental stop /t/ by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature ; also in Amharic , Portuguese , some accents of Egyptian , etc.).

Features [ edit ]

Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:

Occurrence [ edit ]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe ч эмы /?ame/ ? ???? [t??am?] ⓘ 'cow' Some dialects contrast labialized and non-labialized forms.
Albanian c elur [t???lu?] 'opened'
Aleut Atkan dialect ch am?ul [t???m?ul] 'to wash'
Amharic ??? /anite [ant??i] 'you'
Arabic [1] Central Palestinian ????? (Normally unwritten)/ma?tabe [?mat??t?abe] 'library' Corresponds to [k] in Standard Arabic and other varieties . See Arabic phonology
Iraqi ???? /?itaab [t????t??ːb] 'book'
Jordanian ???? (Normally unwritten)/?itaab [t????t?aːb]
Aragonese ch uego [?t??ue?o] 'game'
Armenian Eastern [2] ? ?????? /?en?quk [t???nt???uk] ⓘ 'sparrow'
Assyrian ????? ? yama [t???j?m?] 'to shut' Found in native terminology. Widespread usage in all dialect varieties . Developed from an original /t?/.
Asturian Ch ipre [?t??ip?e] ' Cyprus ' Mostly found in loanwords, if possible, usually replaced by x [ ? ] .
Azerbaijani ?kin c i /???? ? ? [æcint???i] 'the ploughman'
Bengali ? ??? /?o?ma [t????ma] 'spectacles' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Basque tx alupa [t??alupa] 'boat'
Bulgarian ч у ч улига /?u?uliga [t???t??u?li??] 'lark' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan co tx e [?k?.t???] 'car' See Catalan phonology .
Central Alaskan Yup'ik na c aq [?nat??aq] 'parka hood'
Choctaw hak ch ioma [hakt??ioma] 'tobacco'
Coptic Bohairic dialect ? ?? /?oh [t????h] 'touch'
Czech mor ? e [?mo?rt???] 'guinea pig' See Czech phonology
Dhivehi ?????? / cakas [t??akas] 'mud' Relatively rare, usually occurs in loanwords / onomatoepic words
Dutch Tj ongejone [t???ŋ?j?ŋ?] 'jeez' An exclamation of (mild) annoyance, surprise, wonder or amazement. [3]

Pronunciation is region dependent.

English bea ch [biːt??] 'beach' Slightly labialized [t??] . See English phonology
Esperanto ? ar [t??ar] 'because' See Esperanto phonology
Estonian t? ello [?t?el?o] 'cello' Rare, occurs only in loanwords. see Estonian phonology
Faroese g era [t??eː?a] 'to do' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Faroese phonology
Finnish T? ekki [?t??e?kːi] ' Czechia ' Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology
French Standard caou tch ouc [kaut??u] 'rubber' Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords . See French phonology
Acadian ti ens [t????] '(I/you) keep' Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel.
Galician ch eo [?t??eo] 'full' Galician-Portuguese /t??/ is conserved in Galician and merged with / ? / in most Portuguese dialects. See Galician phonology
Georgian [4] ? ??? /?ixi [t??ixi] 'impasse'
German Standard [5] Tsch uss [t???s] 'bye' Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized. [5] See Standard German phonology
Greek Cypriot τσ? ?ι /?ai [t???ːiː] 'tea'
Hausa c iwo / ?? ????? [t??iː.woː] 'disease, pain'
Hebrew ?? ??? /t?uva [t??u?va] 'answer' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani Hindi ?? ? /?ay [t???ːj] 'tea' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu ???? /?ay
Haitian Creole ma tch [mat??] 'sports match'
Hungarian gyumol cs le [??ymølt??leː] 'fruit juice' See Hungarian phonology
Italian [6] ci ao [?t??aːo] 'hi' See Italian phonology
Javanese c edhak / ?? ??? / ?? ???? [t????a?] 'near'
K?iche? K'i ch e' [k?i?t??e?] 'K?iche? ' ' Contrasts with ejective form
Kabardian ч энж /cenj/ ? ??? [t??an?] ⓘ 'shallow'
Kashubian [7] czesto [t???st?] 'cleanly'
Kurdish hirc /?? ? [h??t??] 'bear'
Ladino kol ch a/??? ?? ? [?kolt??a] 'quilt'
Macedonian ч ека/?eka [t???ka] 'wait' See Macedonian phonology
Malay Standard c u c i / ? ? ? ? [t??ut??i] 'to wash' See Malay phonology
Indonesian Palatal [ c ] according to some analyses. See Malay phonology
Maltese bli ? [blit??] 'bleach'
Manx ch iarn [?t??aːrn] 'lord'
Marathi ? ?? /?eha [t???haː] 'tea' Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /t? / and /ts/.See Marathi phonology
Mongolian Khalkha dialect наргиж /nargi?
?????? 		[?nargit??] 'laugh'
Nahuatl ?y?t? ch tli [aːjoː?toːt??t??i] 'armadillo'
Norwegian Some dialects kj økken [t??økːen] 'kitchen' See Norwegian phonology
Nunggubuyu [8] j aro [t??a?o] 'needle'
Occitan ch uc [?t??yk] 'juice' See Occitan phonology
Odia ? ? /caka [t???k?] 'wheel' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Persian ? ?? / ч ?б/?ub [t???uːb] 'wood' See Persian phonology
Polish Gmina Istebna ci emny [?t???mn??] 'dark' /???/ and /t??/ merge into [t??] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /t??/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex affricate .
Lubawa dialect [9]
Malbork dialect [9]
Ostroda dialect [9]
Warmia dialect [9]
Portuguese Most northern and some central Portuguese dialects ch amar [t????ma?] 'to call' Archaic realization of etymological ⟨ch⟩ . Its use is diminishing due to influence of the standard language, being replaced by [ ? ] .
Most Brazilian dialects [10] presen t e [p?e??z??t??i] 'present' Allophone of / t / before /i, ?/ (including when [i, ?, j] is not actually produced) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis ), marginal sound otherwise. See Portuguese phonology
Most dialects tch au [?t??aw] 'bye' In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords.
Punjabi ??? / ??? /?ol [t???ːl] 'rice'
Quechua ch unka [t???ŋka] 'ten'
Romani ? iriklo [t??iri?klo] 'bird' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Romanian c er [?t??e?r] 'sky' See Romanian phonology
Rotuman [11] j oni [?t???ni] 'to flee'
Scottish Gaelic slain t e [?sl??aːn?t???] 'health' Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is [t?]. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian Some speakers ? okolada чоколада [t??o?ko?????ːd?a?] 'chocolate' In varieties that do not distinguish /???/ from /t??/ .
Silesian Gmina Istebna [12] szpa?elsko [t???pa??sk?] 'Spanish' These dialects merge /???/ and /t??/ into [t??] .
Jablunkov [12] [t???pa??lsk?]
Slovak ?islo [t??iːslo] 'number' See Slovak phonology
Slovene ko ? a [?koːt??aː] 'cottage'
Spanish [13] ch ocolate [t??o?ko??lat?e?] ⓘ 'chocolate' See Spanish phonology
Swahili ji ch o [?it??o] /??? ?? 'eye'
Swedish Finland tj ugo [t???ː??] 'twenty' See Swedish phonology
Some rural Swedish dialects k arlek [t??æː?eːk] 'love'
Tagalog ts uper [t????p??] 'driver' See Tagalog phonology
Tlingit j inkaat [?t??ink?aːt?] 'ten'
Turkish c ok [t??ok] 'very' See Turkish phonology
Tyap c at [t??ad] 'love'
Ubykh C?b??ja /?eb?eya [t???b??ja] 'pepper' See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian [14] ч отири /?otyry [t??o??t?r?] 'four' See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek ch o?l / ? ?? [t???l] 'desert'
Yiddish ?? ?? ?? ??/ ? a ? ke [t??at??k?] 'knick-knack' See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan [15] ch ane [t??an?]

Mandarin Chinese , Russian , Japanese , Korean , Mongolian , Polish , Catalan , and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t??/ ; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use /t??/ .

Related characters [ edit ]

There are several Unicode characters based on the tesh digraph (?):

  • U+107AE 𐞮 MODIFIER LETTER SMALL TESH DIGRAPH is an IPA superscript letter [16]
  • U+1DF17 𝼗 LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH PALATAL HOOK is used in phonetic transcription [17] [18]
  • U+1DF1C 𝼜 LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK has been used in phonetic descriptions of Polish [19]

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate [ edit ]

Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
t?????
t????
Audio sample

Features [ edit ]

  • Its manner of articulation is affricate , which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is postalveolar , which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant , which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant , which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic , which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles , as in most sounds.

Occurrence [ edit ]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
English Australian [20] tr ee [t????????i?] 'tree' Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /tr/ . [20] [21] [22] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar [ t??? ] . [21] See Australian English phonology and English phonology
General American [21] [22]
Received Pronunciation [21] [22]

Notes [ edit ]

  1. ^ Watson (2002 :17)
  2. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009 :13)
  3. ^ "Tjongejonge" . 2 April 2019.
  4. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006 :255)
  5. ^ a b Mangold (2005 :51?52)
  6. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004 :117)
  7. ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia" . Archived from the original on 2016-03-04 . Retrieved 2015-11-16 .
  8. ^ Ladefoged (2005 :158)
  9. ^ a b c d Dubisz, Kara? & Kolis (1995 :62)
  10. ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004 :228)
  11. ^ Blevins (1994 :492)
  12. ^ a b D?browska (2004 :?)
  13. ^ Martinez-Celdran, Fernandez-Planas & Carrera-Sabate (2003 :255)
  14. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995) , p. 4.
  15. ^ Merrill (2008 :108)
  16. ^ Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF) .
  17. ^ Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11). "L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks" (PDF) .
  18. ^ Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" (PDF) .
  19. ^ Miller, Kirk; Everson, Michael (2021-01-03). "L2/21-004: Unicode request for dezh with retroflex hook" (PDF) .
  20. ^ a b Cox & Fletcher (2017) , p. 144.
  21. ^ a b c d Cruttenden (2014) , pp. 177, 186?188, 192.
  22. ^ a b c Wells (2008) .

References [ edit ]

External links [ edit ]

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