Voiceless bilabial affricate

Voiceless bilabial affricate
Voiceless bilabial affricate
p?
Audio sample
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The voiceless bilabial affricate ( [p??] in IPA ) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a bilabial stop [p] and released as a voiceless bilabial fricative [?] . It has not been reported to occur phonemically in any language.

Features [ edit ]

Features of the voiceless bilabial affricate:

Its manner of articulation is affricate , which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is bilabial , which means it is articulated with both lips .
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant , which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central ? lateral dichotomy does not apply.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic , which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles , as in most sounds.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Dutch	Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect ^[1]	u p	[?p??]	'up, onto'	Optional pre-pausal allophone of /p/ . ^[1]
English	Broad Cockney ^[2]	u p	[???p??]	'up'	Allophone of /p/ , occurs mainly word-finally. ^[3] See English phonology
	Received Pronunciation ^[4]		[???p??]		Rare allophone of /p/ . ^[4] See English phonology
	North Wales ^[5]		[??p??]		Word-initial and word-final allophone of /p/ ; in free variation with a strongly aspirated stop [p?] . ^[5] See English phonology
	Port Talbot ^[6]		[??p??]		Allophone of /p/. In free variation with [p??]. ^[6]
	Scouse ^[7]		[??p??]		Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /p/ . ^[7] See English phonology
German	Some speakers	tro pf en	[?t???p??n?]	'to drip'	Allophone of /p?f/ . See Standard German phonology
Kaingang ^[8]		f y	[?p???]	'seed'	Possible word-initial allophone of /?/ . ^[8]
Northern Tiwa	Taos dialect	[?p??i??w???ːn?]		'daughter'	Allophone of /p?/ , in free variation with [ph] and [ ? ] . See Taos phonology

^ ^a ^b Peters (2010) , p. 240.
^ Wells (1982) , pp. 322?323.
^ Wells (1982) , p. 323.
^ ^a ^b Cruttenden (2014) , p. 172.
^ ^a ^b Penhallurick (2004) , pp. 108?109.
^ ^a ^b Connolly, John H. (1990). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change . Multilingual Matters Ltd.; Channel View Publications . pp. 121?129. ISBN 1-85359-032-0 .
^ ^a ^b Wells (1982) , p. 372.
^ ^a ^b Jolkesky (2009) , pp. 680?681.

Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosodia do Kaingang falado em Cacique Doble" , Anais do SETA , 3 , Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675?685
Penhallurick, Robert (2004), "Welsh English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English , vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 98?112, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Peters, Jorg (2010), "The Flemish?Brabant dialect of Orsmaal?Gussenhoven" , Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 40 (2): 239?246, doi : 10.1017/S0025100310000083
Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English . Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i?xx, 279?466). Cambridge University Press. doi : 10.1017/CBO9780511611759 . ISBN 0-52128540-2 .