From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Consonantal sound represented by ??? in IPA
The
voiced glottal fricative
, sometimes called
breathy-voiced glottal transition
, is a type of sound used in some
spoken
languages
which patterns like a
fricative
or
approximant
consonant
phonologically
, but often lacks the usual
phonetic
characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the
International Phonetic Alphabet
that represents this sound is ⟨
?
⟩, and the equivalent
X-SAMPA
symbol is
h\
.
In many languages,
[?]
has no place or manner of articulation. Thus, it has been described as a
breathy-voiced
counterpart of the following
vowel
from a phonetic point of view. However, its characteristics are also influenced by the
preceding
vowels and whatever other sounds surround it. Therefore, it can be described as a segment whose only consistent feature is its breathy voice
phonation
in such languages.
[1]
It may have real glottal constriction in a number of languages (such as
Finnish
[2]
), making it a fricative.
Northern Wu
languages such as
Shanghainese
contrast the voiced and
voiceless glottal fricatives
.
[3]
The two glottal fricatives pattern like plosives.
[4]
[5]
Features
[
edit
]
Features of the voiced glottal fricative:
- Its
phonation
is
breathy voiced
, or
murmured
, which means the vocal cords are loosely vibrating, with more air escaping than in a modally voiced sound. It is sometimes referred to as a "voiced h". Strictly speaking this is incorrect, as there is no voicing.
[6]
- In some languages, it has the constricted
manner of articulation
of a
fricative
. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract, most phoneticians no longer consider
[?]
to be a fricative. True fricatives may have a murmured phonation
in addition
to producing friction elsewhere. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for the historical reasons.
- It may have a
glottal
place of articulation
. However, it may have no fricative articulation, making the term
glottal
mean that it is articulated by the
vocal folds
, but this is the nature of its phonation rather than a separate articulation. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation
[?]
, and accordingly
[?]
has only the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.
- It is an
oral consonant
, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the
central
?
lateral
dichotomy does not apply.
- The
airstream mechanism
is
pulmonic
, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the
intercostal muscles
and
abdominal muscles
, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996
:325?326)
- ^
Laufer (1991
:91)
- ^
Qian 2003, pp.14-16.
- ^
Gu, Qin (2008). "
最新派上海市?方言?音的?究分析
" [A Study and Analysis on the Phonology of Newest Period Urban Shanghainese].
?方?言?
(2). Shanghai Normal University.
- ^
Koenig, Laura L.; Shi, Lu-Feng (2014). "3aSC18: Measures of spectral tilt in Shanghainese stops and glottal fricatives".
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
. Providence.
doi
:
10.1121/1.4877532
.
- ^
Ladefoged, Peter; Keith, Johnson (2011).
A course in phonetics
(Sixth ed.). Boston, MA: Wadsworth Publishing. p. 149.
ISBN
9781428231269
.
OCLC
613523782
.
- ^
Coretta, Stefano; Riverin-Coutlee, Josiane; Kapia, Enkeleida; Nichols, Stephen (n.d.).
"Northern Tosk Albanian"
.
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
.
53
(3): 1122?1144.
doi
:
10.1017/S0025100322000044
.
hdl
:
20.500.11820/ebce2ea3-f955-4fa5-9178-e1626fbae15f
.
ISSN
0025-1003
.
- ^
Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (2003
:24)
- ^
a
b
Grønnum (2005
:125)
- ^
Gussenhoven (1992
:45)
- ^
a
b
Cox & Fletcher (2017
:159)
- ^
a
b
Roach (2004
:241)
- ^
April (2007)
- ^
Harry (2003
:113)
- ^
Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999
:155)
- ^
Verhoeven (2007
:219)
- ^
(in Portuguese)
Para Federal University ? The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Braganca municipality's Portuguese
Archived
2013-07-07 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
(in Portuguese)
Rio de Janeiro Federal University ? The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petropolis, Itaperuna and Paraty
Archived
2017-12-15 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"A NEUTRALIZACAO DOS FONEMAS / v ? z - Z / NO FALAR DE FORTALEZA"
(PDF)
. profala.ufc.br. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 3 March 2016
. Retrieved
23 April
2012
.
References
[
edit
]
- April, Pascale (2007), "The Posteriorization of Palato-Alveolar Fricatives in Quebec French: An Effort-Based Approach",
Cahiers Linguistiques d'Ottawa
,
35
: 1?24
- Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012],
Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription
(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press,
ISBN
978-1-316-63926-9
- Grønnum, Nina (2005),
Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk
(3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag,
ISBN
87-500-3865-6
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch",
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
,
22
(2): 45?47,
doi
:
10.1017/S002510030000459X
,
S2CID
243772965
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999),
"The dialect of Maastricht"
(PDF)
,
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
,
29
(2), University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155?166,
doi
:
10.1017/S0025100300006526
,
S2CID
145782045
- Harry, Otelemate (2003), "Kala?ar?-?jo",
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
,
33
(1): 113?120,
doi
:
10.1017/S002510030300121X
- Hualde, Jose Ignacio
; Ortiz de Urbina, Jon, eds. (2003),
A Grammar of Basque
, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter,
ISBN
3-11-017683-1
- Ladefoged, Peter
;
Maddieson, Ian
(1996),
The Sounds of the World's Languages
, Oxford: Blackwell,
ISBN
0-631-19814-8
- Laufer, Asher (1991), "Phonetic Representation: Glottal Fricatives",
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
,
21
(2): 91?93,
doi
:
10.1017/S0025100300004448
,
S2CID
145231104
- Pop, Sever (1938),
Micul Atlas Linguistic Roman
, Muzeul Limbii Romane Cluj
- Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation",
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
,
34
(2): 239?245,
doi
:
10.1017/S0025100304001768
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont",
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
,
37
(2): 219?225,
doi
:
10.1017/S0025100307002940
External links
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