Voiced dental and alveolar plosives

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Voiced alveolar plosive
d
IPA Number 104
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal) d
Unicode (hex) U+0064
X-SAMPA d
Braille ⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)
Voiced dental plosive
d?
IPA Number 104 408
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal) d​̪
Unicode (hex) U+0064 U+032A
X-SAMPA d_d
Braille ⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)⠠ (braille pattern dots-6)⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)

The voiced alveolar , dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops ) are types of consonantal sounds used in many spoken languages . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental , alveolar , and postalveolar plosives is ⟨ d ⟩ (although the symbol ⟨ d? ⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental plosive, and ⟨ d? ⟩ the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d .

There are only a few languages which distinguishes dental and alveolar stops, Kota , Toda , Venda and some Irish dialects being a few of them.

Features [ edit ]

Features of the voiced alveolar stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive , which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet , the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive .
  • There are three specific variants of [d] :
    • Dental , which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth , termed respectively apical and laminal .
    • Denti-alveolar , which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge , and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar , which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal .
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant , which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant , which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic , which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles , as in most sounds.

Varieties [ edit ]

IPA Description
d plain d
d? dental d
d? postalveolar d
d? breathy d
d? palatalized d
d? labialized d
d? d with no audible release
d? voiceless d
d? tense d

Occurrence [ edit ]

Dental or denti-alveolar [ edit ]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian dere [d?ː?] 'door'
Arabic Egyptian ???? / donya [?donjæ] ' world ' See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Armenian Eastern [1] ? ??? / d emk’ [d??mk?] ⓘ 'face' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Western ??? / d al [d??l] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Bashkir д ?рт / d urt [d??rt] ⓘ 'four'
Basque d iru [d?i?u] 'money' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Belarusian [2] па д арожжа / padaro??a [pad?a?ro?ːa] 'travel' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Bengali ?? ? / d ?dh [d?ud??] 'milk' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Catalan [3] d rac [?d???k] 'dragon' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Dinka [4] dh ek [d?ek] 'distinct' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar /d/ .
Dhivehi ?? ?? / D hera [d?e?a] 'sad' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Dutch Belgian d ing [d??ŋ] 'thing' Laminal denti-alveolar.
English Dublin [5] th en [d??n] 'then' Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to [ ð ] in other dialects. In Dublin it may be [ d?ð ] . [5] See English phonology
Southern Irish [6]
Geordie [7] Word-initial allophone of /ð/ ; may be realized as [ ð ] instead. [7]
Ulster [8] d ream [d??im] 'dream' Allophone of /d/ before /r/ , in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Esperanto mon d o [?mondo] 'world' See Esperanto phonology .
French [9] d ais [d??] 'canopy' Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Georgian [10] ?? ? ? [?k?ud?i] 'tail' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Georgian phonology
Hindustani [11] Hindi ?? ? / d ?dh [d?uːd??] 'milk' Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindustani contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Contrasts with aspirated form <?>. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Urdu ? ??? / d ?dh Contrasts with aspirated form <??>.
Irish d orcha [?d??????x?] 'dark' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology
Italian [12] d are [?d?aːre] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Japanese [13] 男性的 / d anseiteki [d?a???se?ːt?e?k?i] 'masculine' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian [14] [ example needed ] Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kazakh д ос [d?os?] 'friend' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz [15] д ос [d?os?] 'friend' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian [16] d rudzis [?d?rud??z?is?] 'fever' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Marathi ? ?? / d aga? [d?????] 'stone' Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
Nepali ?? ? / d in [d?in] 'daytime' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali Phonology
Odia ? ? / da?a [d??s?] 'ten' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Pashto ??? / dwa [?d?w?] 'two' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Polish [17] d om [d??m] ⓘ 'home' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese [18] Many dialects d ar [?d?a?] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar. May palatalize or lenite in certain environments, depending on dialect. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi Gurmukhi ??? /d?l [d??ːl] 'lentils' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Shahmukhi ??? /d?l
Russian [19] д ва / dva [?d?va] 'two' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian [20] д уга / d uga [d??ːga] 'rainbow' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovene [21] d anes [?d?aːn??s?] 'today' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology
Spanish [22] hun d ido [?n??d?ið?o?] 'sunken' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Telugu ? ? [d?aja] 'Kindness' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Aspirated form articulated as breathy consonant .
Turkish d al [d?a?] 'twig' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian [23] [24] д ерево / derevo [?d??r?β??] 'tree' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek [25] sifatida [si?ætidæ] 'as' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Wu 唐 / da [d???] 'the Tang dynasty '
Zapotec Tilquiapan [26] d an [d?aŋ] 'countryside' Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar [ edit ]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe д ахэ /daah? [daːxa] 'pretty'
Assyrian ???? wer d a [wεrda ] 'flower' Predominant in the Urmia , Jilu , Baz , Gawar and Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [ ð? ] in other varieties.
Bengali ?? ? /?ab [d?ab] 'green coconut' True alveolar in eastern dialects, apical post-alveolar in western dialects. Usually transcribed in IPA as [ ? ]. See Bengali phonology .
Catalan [27] sus d it [s?z?d?it?] 'said before' Laminal alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Czech d o [do] 'into' See Czech phonology
Dutch [28] d ak [d?k] 'roof' See Dutch phonology
English Most speakers d ash [?dæ?] 'dash' See English phonology
Finnish si d os [?sido?s] 'bond' See Finnish phonology
Greek ντ ροπ? / d ropi [dro??pi] 'shame' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew ? ??? / do'ar [?do?.a??] 'mail' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian a d o [??doː] 'tax' See Hungarian phonology
Kabardian д ахэ / daah? [daːxa] 'pretty'
Khmer ?? / d ab [d?p] 'bottle'
Korean 아들 / a d eul [?d?l] 'son' See Korean phonology
Kurdish Northern d iran [d??a:n] 'tooth' See Kurdish phonology
Central ???? / dadan [dæda:n]
Southern ???? /dian [diːa:n]
Luxembourgish [29] bru dd er [?b??ud?] 'brother' More often voiceless [ t ] . [29] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malay Standard (incl. Malaysian ) d ahan [dahan] 'branch' See Malay phonology
Indonesian [30]
Kelantan-Pattani [dah?ː] See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Maltese d ehen [den] 'wit'
Tagalog d alaga [d??la??] 'maiden' See Tagalog phonology
Thai ??? / d?w [daːw] 'star'
Welsh d iafol [djav?l] 'devil' See Welsh phonology
West Frisian d oarp [?dw?rp] 'village'
Yi ? / dd a [da?] 'competent'
Yonaguni ?那? / d unan [dunaŋ] 'Yonaguni'

Variable [ edit ]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic ? ?? /diin [diːn] 'religion' Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology .
English Broad South African [31] d awn [doːn] 'dawn' Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers. [31] [32] [33]
Scottish [32] [d?n]
Welsh [33] [d?ːn]
German Standard [34] o d er [?oːd?] ⓘ 'or' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar. [34] See Standard German phonology
Norwegian Urban East [35] d ans [d??ns] 'dance' Partially voiced or fully voiceless [ t ] . Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. [35] See Norwegian phonology
Persian [36] ????? /ed?re [edaːre] 'office' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar. [36] See Persian phonology
Slovak [37] [38] d o [d???] ⓘ 'into' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. [37] [38] See Slovak phonology
Swedish Central Standard [39] d ag [d?ː?] 'day' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant. [39] May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology

See also [ edit ]

Notes [ edit ]

  1. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009) , p. 13.
  2. ^ Padluzhny (1989) , p. 47.
  3. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992) , p. 53.
  4. ^ Remijsen & Manyang (2009) , pp. 115, 121.
  5. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003) , p. 302.
  6. ^ Roca & Johnson (1999) , p. 24.
  7. ^ a b Watt & Allen (2003) , p. 270.
  8. ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF) . UCL Phonetics and Linguistics . Archived (PDF) from the original on Nov 7, 2022.
  9. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993) , p. 73.
  10. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006) , p. 255.
  11. ^ Ladefoged (2005) , p. 141.
  12. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004) , p. 117.
  13. ^ Okada (1999) , p. 117.
  14. ^ Treder, Jerzy. "Fonetyka i fonologia" . Rastko.net . Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  15. ^ Kara (2003) , p. 11.
  16. ^ Nau (1998) , p. 6.
  17. ^ Jassem (2003) , p. 103.
  18. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995) , p. 91.
  19. ^ Jones & Ward (1969) , p. 99.
  20. ^ Landau et al. (1999) , p. 66.
  21. ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980) , p. 21.
  22. ^ Martinez-Celdran, Fernandez-Planas & Carrera-Sabate (2003) , p. 255.
  23. ^ S. Buk; J. Ma?utek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics . 16 : 63?79. arXiv : 0802.4198 .
  24. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995) , p. 4.
  25. ^ Sjoberg (1963) , p. 10.
  26. ^ Merrill (2008) , p. 108.
  27. ^ Rafel Fontanals (1999) , p. 14.
  28. ^ Gussenhoven (1992) , p. 45.
  29. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013) , pp. 67?68.
  30. ^ Soderberg & Olson (2008) , p. 210.
  31. ^ a b Lass (2002) , p. 120.
  32. ^ a b Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006) , p. 4.
  33. ^ a b Wells (1982) , p. 388.
  34. ^ a b Mangold (2005) , p. 47.
  35. ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000 :22)
  36. ^ a b Mahootian (2002 :287?289)
  37. ^ a b Kra? (1988) , p. 72.
  38. ^ a b Pavlik (2004) , pp. 98?99.
  39. ^ a b Riad (2014 :46)

References [ edit ]

  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 22 (1?2): 53?56, doi : 10.1017/S0025100300004618 , S2CID   249411809
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN   9004103406
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 25 (2): 90?94, doi : 10.1017/S0025100300005223 , S2CID   249414876
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian , Lincom Europa, ISBN   9783929075083
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian , Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 23 (2): 73?76, doi : 10.1017/S0025100300004874 , S2CID   249404451
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jurgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 43 (1): 67?74, doi : 10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 22 (2): 45?47, doi : 10.1017/S002510030000459X , S2CID   243772965
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 33 (1): 103?107, doi : 10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian , Cambridge University Press
  • Kara, David Somfai (2003), Kyrgyz , Lincom Europa, ISBN   3895868434
  • Kra?, Abel (1988), Pravidla slovenskej vyslovnosti , Bratislava: Slovenske pedagogicke nakladate?stvo
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  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
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  • Mahootian, Shahrzad (1997), Persian , London: Routledge, ISBN   0-415-02311-4
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  • Landau, Ernestina; Lon?ari?a, Mijo; Horga, Damir; ?kari?, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66?69, ISBN   978-0-521-65236-0
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  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF) , Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 38 (1): 107?114, doi : 10.1017/S0025100308003344
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  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese" , in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet , Cambridge University Press, pp. 117?119, ISBN   978-0-52163751-0
  • Padluzhny, Ped (1989), Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy , Навука ? тэхн?ка, ISBN   5-343-00292-7
  • Pavlik, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenske hlasky a medzinarodna foneticka abeceda" (PDF) , Jazykovedny ?asopis , 55 : 87?109
  • Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980), Sloven??ina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy j?zyka słowe?skiego , Katowice: Uniwersytet ?l?ski
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  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 34 (1): 117?121, doi : 10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Scobbie, James M; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006). "Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview" . Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers. {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires |journal= ( help )
  • Sjoberg, Andree F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar , Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
  • Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Indonesian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 38 (2): 209?213, doi : 10.1017/s0025100308003320
  • Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic , New York: Oxford University Press
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  • Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English , vol. 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

External links [ edit ]

Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_plosives&oldid=1220931510#Dental_or_denti-alveolar "