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Voiced bilabial fricative

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Voiced bilabial fricative
β
IPA Number 127
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal) β
Unicode (hex) U+03B2
X-SAMPA B
Braille ⠨ (braille pattern dots-46)⠃ (braille pattern dots-12)
Voiced bilabial approximant
β?
??
Audio sample

The voiced bilabial fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ β ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is B . The official symbol ⟨ β ⟩ is the Greek letter beta .

This letter is also often used to represent the bilabial approximant , though that is more precisely written with a lowering diacritic, that is ⟨ β? ⟩. That sound may also be transcribed as an advanced labiodental approximant ⟨ ?? ⟩, in which case the diacritic is again frequently omitted, since no contrast is likely. [1] [2] It has been proposed that either a turned ? β ? (approximately ??) or reversed ? β ? be used as a dedicated symbol for the bilabial approximant, but despite occasional usage this has not gained general acceptance. [3]

It is extremely rare for a language to make a phonemic contrast between the voiced bilabial fricative and the bilabial approximant. The Mapos Buang language of New Guinea contains this contrast. Its bilabial approximant is analyzed as filling a phonological gap in the labiovelar series of the consonant system rather than the bilabial series. [4] Proto-Germanic [5] and Proto-Italic [6] are also reconstructed as having had this contrast, albeit with [β] being an allophone for another consonant in both cases. In Bashkir language , it is an intervocal allophone of /b/ , and it is contrastive with /w/ : балабы? [b????β?ð] - "our child", балауы? [b????w?ð] - "wax".

The bilabial fricative is diachronically unstable (likely to be considerably varied between dialects of a language that makes use of it) and is likely to shift to [v] . [7]

The sound is not the primary realization of any sound in English dialects except for Chicano English , but it can be produced by approximating the normal English [v] between the lips; it can also sometimes occur as an allophone of /v/ after bilabial consonants.

Features [ edit ]

Features of the voiced bilabial fricative:

Occurrence [ edit ]

Voiced bilabial fricative [ edit ]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Akei [βati] 'four'
Alekano hanu v a [h?n?β?] 'nothing'
Angor fu f ung [?uβuŋ] 'horn'
Bengali Eastern dialects ?? ?? [βisa ] 'Visa' Allophone of / v / in Bangladesh and Tripura; /b?/ used in Western dialects.
Berta [β??l??ːzi?] 'no'
Catalan [8] a b ans [??βans] 'before' Approximant or fricative. Allophone of /b/ . Mainly found in betacist ( /b/ and /v/ merging) dialects. See Catalan phonology
Chinese dialects Fuzhou [9] 初 八
ch??  b aik 		[t?sœ??βai???] 'eighth day of the month' Allophone of /p/ and /p?/ in certain intervocalic positions. [9]
Suburban Shanghainese 碗盞
ve tse 		[βe????ts???] 'bowl' Usually [?u] or [u] in other Wu dialects [10]
Comorian u pv endza [uβendza] 'to love' Contrasts with both [v] and [w]
Coptic Bohairic ???? [?doːβi] 'brick' Shifted to [ w ] with a syllable coda allophone of [ b ] in a later stage.
Sahidic ????? [?toːβ?]
Dahalo [11] [koːβo] 'to want' Weak fricative or approximant. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /b/ , and may be simply a plosive [ b ] instead. [11]
English Some dialects up v ote [??p?βo?t] 'upvote' Less-common allophone of / v / after [p] , [b] , or [m] (the more-common alteration being the shifting of the earlier consonant to [p?] , [b?] , or [?] , respectively, although [p?v] / [b?v] / [?v] exist in free variation with [pβ] / [bβ] / [mβ] ).
Chicano v ery [β??i] 'very' May be realized as [ b ] instead.
Ewe [12] E ? e [eβe] 'Ewe' Contrasts with both [v] and [w]
Fijian i v a v a [iβa:βa:] 'shoe'
German [13] [14] a b er [?aːβ?] 'but' Intervocalic and pre- lateral allophone of /b/ in casual speech. [13] [14] See Standard German phonology
Hopi tsi v ot [tsi:βot] 'five'
Japanese [15] 神? / k? b e [ko?ːβe?] ' Kobe ' Allophone of /b/ only in fast speech between vowels. See Japanese phonology
Kabyle b ri [βri] 'to cut'
Kinyarwanda a b ana [aβa:na] 'children'
Korean 秋 後 / chu hu / 追 後 [?t???uβ?u] 'later' Intervocalic allophone of /h/ before /u/ and /w/ . See Korean phonology
Luhya Wanga Dialect Na b ongo [naβon?o] 'title for a king'
Mapos Buang [4] v en?e v sen [β????βt??en] 'prayer' Mapos Buang has both a voiced bilabial fricative and a bilabial approximant as separate phonemes. The fricative is transcribed as ⟨v⟩ , and the approximant as ⟨w⟩ . [4]
Nepali ? ?? [s?βa] ' Meeting ' Allophone of /b?/. See Nepali phonology
Portuguese European [16] [17] sa b ado [?saβ?ðu] 'Saturday' Allophone of /b/ . See Portuguese phonology
Ripuarian Colognian [ citation needed ] w ing [β?ŋ] 'wine' Allophone of syllable-initial /v/ for some speakers; can be [ ? ~ w ~ ? ] instead. [ citation needed ] See Colognian phonology
Sardinian Logudorese [18] pa b a [?paːβa] ⓘ 'pope' Intervocalic allophone of /b/ as well as word-initial /p/ when the preceding word ends with a vowel and there is no pause between the words. [18]
Turkish [19] v ucut [βy??d??ut?] 'body' Allophone of /v/ before and after rounded vowels. [19] See Turkish phonology
Turkmen w atan [βatan] 'country'
Venda [20] da vh a /daβa/ 'work party held by one who wants to have the land ploughed or cultivated' Contrasts with /v/ and /w/
Zapotec Tilquiapan [21] [ example needed ] Allophone of /b/

Bilabial approximant [ edit ]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Amharic [22] ??? [aβ??β?a] 'flower' Allophone of /b/ medially between sonorants. [22]
Asturian a ba nicu [aβ?a?niku] 'swing' Allophone of /b/
Basque [23] ala b a [alaβ?a] 'daughter' Allophone of /b/
Catalan [8] a b ans [??β?ans] 'before' Approximant or fricative. Allophone of /b/ . Mainly found in betacist ( /b/ and /v/ merging) dialects. See Catalan phonology
Japanese 私 / w atashi [β?ata?i] 'me' Usually represented phonemically as /w/ . [24] See Japanese phonology
Kyrgyz ооба [оː?β?a] 'yes' Allophone of /b/ medially between vowels.
Limburgish [25] [26] w elle [?β???l?] 'to want' The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect .
Lombard el na v a v ia [el ?naβ?a ?β?ia] 'he was going away' Regular pronunciation of /v/ when intervocalic. Used also as an allophone for other positions.
Mapos Buang [4] w abeen? [β?a??b?ː?] 'kind of yam' Mapos Buang has both a voiced bilabial fricative and a bilabial approximant as separate phonemes. The fricative is transcribed as {v}, and the approximant as {w}. [4]
Occitan Gascon la v etz [la?β?ets] 'then' Allophone of /b/
Ripuarian Kerkrade [27] sj w aam [?β?aːm] 'smoke' Weakly rounded; contrasts with /v/ . [27] See Kerkrade dialect phonology
Spanish [28] la v a [?laβ?a] 'lava' Ranges from close fricative to approximant. [29] Allophone of /b/ . See Spanish phonology
Swedish Central Standard [30] a b er [??ːβ?e?] 'problem' Allophone of /b/ in casual speech. See Swedish phonology
Ukrainian [31] в она [β?o?n?] 'she' An approximant; the most common prevocalic realization of /w/ . Can vary with labiodental [ ? ] . [31] See Ukrainian phonology

See also [ edit ]

Notes [ edit ]

  1. ^ Peter Ladefoged (1968) A Phonetic Study of West African Languages: An Auditory-instrumental Survey , p. 26.
  2. ^ Joyce Thambole Mogatse Mathangwane (1996), Phonetics and Phonology of Ikalanga: A Diachronic and Synchronic Study , vol. 1, p. 79
  3. ^ Ball, Martin J. ; Howard, Sara J.; Miller, Kirk (2018). "Revisions to the extIPA chart". Journal of the International Phonetic Association . 48 (2): 155?164. doi : 10.1017/S0025100317000147 . S2CID   151863976 .
  4. ^ a b c d e Mose Lung Rambok and Bruce Hooley (2010). Central Buang?English Dictionary (PDF) . Summer Institute of Linguistics Papua New Guinea Branch. ISBN   978-9980-0-3589-9 .
  5. ^ R.D. Fulk, A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages , Studies in Germanic Linguistics, 3 (Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2018), doi : 10.1075/sigl.3 , ISBN   978 90 272 6312 4 , p. 102. Open access icon
  6. ^ Silvestri, Domenico (1998), "The Italic Languages", in Ramat, Anna Giacalone; Ramat, Paolo (eds.), The Indo-European languages , Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 322?344
  7. ^ Picard (1987 :364), citing Pope (1966 :92)
  8. ^ a b Wheeler (2005 :10)
  9. ^ a b Zhuqing (2002 :?)
  10. ^ Zhao, Yuan Ren (1928). 現代吳語的?究 "Study on Modern Wu Chinese" . 商務印書館. ISBN   9787100086202 .
  11. ^ a b Maddieson et al. (1993 :34)
  12. ^ Ladefoged (2005 :156)
  13. ^ a b Krech et al. (2009 :108)
  14. ^ a b Sylvia Moosmuller (2007). "Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis" (PDF) . p. 6 . Retrieved March 9, 2013 . . This source mentions only intervocalic [β] .
  15. ^ Okada (1999 :118)
  16. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995 :92)
  17. ^ Mateus & d'Andrade (2000 :11)
  18. ^ a b (Italian) http://www.antoninurubattu.it/rubattu/grammatica-sarda-italiano-sardo.html Archived 2015-01-01 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ a b Goksel & Kerslake (2005 :6)
  20. ^ Madiba, M; Nkomo, D (2010-12-13). "The Tshivenda?English Thalusamaipfi/Dictionary as a Product of South African Lexicographic Processes" . Lexikos . 20 (1). doi : 10.4314/lex.v20i1.62719 . hdl : 11427/8892 . ISSN   1684-4904 .
  21. ^ Merrill (2008 :109)
  22. ^ a b Hayward & Hayward (1999 :48)
  23. ^ Hualde (1991 :99?100)
  24. ^ Maekawa (2020) .
  25. ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999 :155)
  26. ^ Peters (2006 :117)
  27. ^ a b Stichting Kirchroadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997 :17)
  28. ^ Martinez-Celdran, Fernandez-Planas & Carrera-Sabate (2003 :257)
  29. ^ Phonetic studies such as Quilis (1981) have found that Spanish voiced stops may surface as spirants with various degrees of constriction. These allophones are not limited to regular fricative articulations, but range from articulations that involve a near complete oral closure to articulations involving a degree of aperture quite close to vocalization
  30. ^ Engstrand (2004 :167)
  31. ^ a b ?ovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965 :121?122)

References [ edit ]

External links [ edit ]

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