From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Consonantal sounds represented by ??? in IPA
The
voiced alveolar lateral fricative
is a type of
consonantal
sound, used in some
spoken
languages
. The symbol in the
International Phonetic Alphabet
that represents voiced
dental
,
alveolar
, and
postalveolar
lateral
fricatives
is ⟨
?
⟩ (sometimes referred to as
lezh
), and the equivalent
X-SAMPA
symbol is
K\
.
Features
[
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]
Features of the voiced alveolar lateral fricative:
- Its
manner of articulation
is
fricative
, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing
turbulence
.
- Its
place of articulation
is
alveolar
, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the
alveolar ridge
, termed respectively
apical
and
laminal
.
- Its
phonation
is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an
oral consonant
, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a
lateral consonant
, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The
airstream mechanism
is
pulmonic
, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the
intercostal muscles
and
abdominal muscles
, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[
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]
Dental or denti-alveolar
[
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]
Language
|
Word
|
IPA
|
Meaning
|
Notes
|
Amis
|
Kangko accent
|
|
|
|
Interdental
[???]
|
Alveolar
[
edit
]
In addition, a
pharyngealized
voiced alveolar lateral fricative
[??]
ⓘ
is reconstructed to be the ancient
Classical Arabic
pronunciation of
??d
; the letter is now pronounced in
Modern Standard Arabic
as a
pharyngealized
voiced
coronal stop
, as alveolar
[
d?
]
or denti-alveolar
[
d??
]
.
Voiced lateral-median fricative
[
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]
Voiced alveolar lateral?median fricative
|
---|
|
|
|
|
Voiceless dental lateral?median fricative
|
---|
|
|
|
The
voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
(also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.
Features
[
edit
]
- Its
manner of articulation
is
fricative
, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing
turbulence
. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
- Its
place of articulation
is
alveolar
, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the
alveolar ridge
, termed respectively
apical
and
laminal
.
- Its
phonation
is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an
oral consonant
, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a
central consonant
, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- It is a
lateral consonant
, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The
airstream mechanism
is
pulmonic
, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the
intercostal muscles
and
abdominal muscles
, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
[
edit
]
Related characters
[
edit
]
There are several
Unicode
characters based on lezh (?):
- U+1079E
𐞞
MODIFIER LETTER SMALL LEZH
is a
superscript IPA letter
[9]
- U+1079F
𐞟
MODIFIER LETTER SMALL LEZH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK
is a superscript IPA letter
[9]
- U+1DF05
𝼅
LATIN SMALL LETTER LEZH WITH RETROFLEX HOOK
is an
extension to IPA
for disordered speech (extIPA)
[9]
[10]
Notation
[
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]
In 1938, a symbol shaped similarly to
heng
⟨
?
⟩ was approved as the official IPA symbol for the voiced alveolar lateral fricative, replacing ⟨
?
⟩. It was suggested at the same time, however, that a compromise shaped like something between the two may also be used at the author's discretion. It was this compromise version that was included in the 1949
Principles of the International Phonetic Association
and the subsequent IPA charts, until it was replaced again by ⟨
?
⟩ at the 1989
Kiel Convention
.
[11]
Despite the Association's prescription, ⟨
?
⟩ is nonetheless seen in literature from the 1960s to the 1980s.
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Heselwood (2013)
Phonetic transcription in theory and practice
, p 122?123
- ^
Janet Watson (January 2011).
"Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri"
.
academia.edu
.
- ^
Watson, Janet (January 2013).
"Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubu'ah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence"
.
Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beitrage zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift fur Werner Arnold
.
- ^
Janet Watson (January 2011).
"Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri"
.
academia.edu
.
- ^
a
b
c
Miller, Kirk; Ball, Martin (2020-07-11).
"L2/20-116R: Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS"
(PDF)
.
- ^
Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07).
"L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes"
(PDF)
.
- ^
Wells, John
(3 November 2006).
"The symbol
?
"
.
John Wells’s phonetic blog
. Department of Phonetics and Linguistics, University College London
. Retrieved
1 February
2018
.
- ^
Newman, Paul
(1964).
"A word list of Tera"
.
Journal of West African Languages
.
1
(2): 33?50.
- ^
Catford, J. C.
;
Ladefoged, Peter
(1968).
Working Papers in Phonetics 11: Practical Phonetic Exercises
. University of California, Los Angeles.
- ^
Brosnahan, L. F.; Malmberg, Bertil (1970).
Introduction to Phonetics
. Cambridge University Press. p. 105.
ISBN
0-521-21100-X
.
- ^
Ladefoged, Peter
(1971).
Preliminaries to Linguistic Phonetics
. University of Chicago Press. p.
54
.
ISBN
0-226-46787-2
.
- ^
MacKay, Ian (1987).
Phonetics: The Science of Speech Production
(2nd ed.). Little, Brown and Company. p.
106
.
ISBN
0-316-54238-5
.
References
[
edit
]
- Friesen, Isaac
(2017),
A grammar of Moloko
(1st ed.), Language Science Press
- Grønnum, Nina (2005),
Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk
(3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag,
ISBN
87-500-3865-6
- Ladefoged, Peter
(2005),
Vowels and Consonants
(2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Poulos, George
; Msimang, Christian T. (1998),
A Linguistic Analysis of Zulu
(1st ed.), Via Afrika
- Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera",
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
,
37
(1): 228?234,
doi
:
10.1017/s0025100307002952
External links
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]
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