Uvular ejective stop

Uvular ejective stop
Uvular ejective stop
q?
IPA Number	111 + 401
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	qʼ
Unicode (hex)	U+0071 U+02BC
X-SAMPA	q_>
Image

The uvular ejective is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ q? ⟩.

Features [ edit ]

Features of the uvular ejective:

Its manner of articulation is occlusive , which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet , the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive .
Its place of articulation is uvular , which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula .
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
It is an oral consonant , which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant , which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is ejective (glottalic egressive), which means the air is forced out by pumping the glottis upward.

Occurrence [ edit ]

A single plain uvular ejective is found in almost all Northeast Caucasian languages , all South Caucasian languages , and some Athabaskan languages , as well as Itelmen , Quechua and Aymara .

Most Salishan languages , the Tlingit language , and Adyghe and Kabardian ( Northwest Caucasian ) demonstrate a two-way contrast between labialised and plain uvular ejectives.

The Akhvakh language appears to have a contrast between lax and tense uvular ejectives: [q?aː] ' soup, broth ' (lax) vs. [qː?ama] ' cock's comb ' (tense).

Abkhaz contrasts plain, palatalised and labialised uvular ejectives, written ⟨?, ?ь, ??⟩ , e.g., а ? а?шь [aq?ap?] ' red ' , -?? ?ь а [-t????q??a] ' really, indeed (a verbal suffix) ' , А ?? а [aq??a] ' Sukhum ' . As with Georgian, Abkhaz has no non-ejective uvular stops; the historically present uvular aspirates have merged with their corresponding fricatives, although the aspirates are preserved in Abaza .

The plain uvular ejective is one of the most common consonants in Ubykh , due to its presence in the past tense suffix /-q??/ . But in addition to palatalised, labialised and plain uvular ejectives, Ubykh also possesses a pharyngealised version and a concurrently labialised and pharyngealised version, making a total of five: [q??q??] ' he said it ' , [m?q??] ' small and round ' , [q???] ' to seize ' , [q???q??] ' to chew ' , [q????] ' cavern ' .

Examples [ edit ]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abaza		къ апщы / q? ap??	[q?ap??]	'red'
Abkhaz		а ? а?шь / a q? ap?	[aq?ap?]	'red'
Adyghe	Hakuchi	къ? э / q? e	[q?a] ^ⓘ	'hand'	Dialectal. Corresponds to [?] in other dialects.
Archi		къ ам / q? am	[q?am]	'forelock'
Azeri	North dialects	q ?dim	[q?æ?d?i?m]	'ancient'
Batsbi		? ?? / q? ar	[q?ar]	'rain'
Chechen		къ ийг / q? iyg / ?? ???	[q?iːg]	'crow'
Dargwa	Mehweb ^[1]	u q’ laha	[uq’?laha]	'window'	contrasts with / q / , / q? / , and / q’? /
Georgian ^[2]		? ?????? / q? vavili	[?q?vavili]	'flower'	Unlike the velar ejective , it does not contrast with voiced or voiceless uvular stops ; the Old Georgian voiceless uvular stop has merged with the voiceless velar fricative in modern Georgian. Some scholars view this Georgian phoneme as being rather an uvular ejective fricative /χ?/ .
Haida		qq ayttas	[q?ajt?as]	'basket'
Itelmen		? ' ил'хч	[q?il?xt??]	' to depart '
Klallam		w? q? ?? q?	[w?q??q?]	' frog '	contrasts with labialized uvular ejective stop, e.g., s q??* uŋi(?)* [sq??u?i(?)] ' head ' .
Laz		? ? ??????? / m q oroponi	[mq??r??p??ni]	'loving'
Lezgian		кь а кь ан	[q?aq?an]	' tall ' , ' high '	contrasts with labialized version, e.g., кьв ех [q??eχ] ' groin '
Lushootseed		q? il?bid	[q?il?bid]	'canoe'
Mingrelian		??? ? ??? / or? q? apu	[?rt?q?ap?u]	'belt'
North Straits Salish		K EYO?EN	[q??jat????n?]	' slug, snail '	contrasts with the labialized version, e.g., S K? E??ES [sq???q?t???s] ' red huckleberry ' .
Quechua		q ' illu	[q????]	'yellow'
Svan		? ? ??? / ?? q? in?	[t???q?int?]	'boy'
Tahltan		[q?aχaːdiː]		' door '
Tlingit		k?? ateil	[q??t?eː?] ^ⓘ	‘pitcher’
Ubykh		q? e q? e / q? ? q? ?	[q??q??]	'(s)he said it' or '(s)he said

References [ edit ]

^ Moros, George (2019). "Phonology of Mehweb". In Daniel, Michael; Dobrushina, Nina; Ganenkov, Dmitry (eds.). The Mehweb language: Essays on phonology, morphology and syntax . Languages of the Caucasus. Vol. 1. Berlin: Language Science Press. p. 24. doi : 10.5281/zenodo.3402056 . hdl : /20.500.12657/23417 . ISBN 978-3-96110-208-2 .
^ Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006). "Standard Georgian" (PDF) . Journal of the International Phonetic Association . 36 (2): 255?264. doi : 10.1017/S0025100306002659 . ISSN 1475-3502 .

External links [ edit ]

List of languages with [q?] on PHOIBLE

[1] Moros, George (2019). "Phonology of Mehweb". In Daniel, Michael; Dobrushina, Nina; Ganenkov, Dmitry (eds.). The Mehweb language: Essays on phonology, morphology and syntax . Languages of the Caucasus. Vol. 1. Berlin: Language Science Press. p. 24. doi : 10.5281/zenodo.3402056 . hdl : /20.500.12657/23417 . ISBN 978-3-96110-208-2 .

[2] Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006). "Standard Georgian" (PDF) . Journal of the International Phonetic Association . 36 (2): 255?264. doi : 10.1017/S0025100306002659 . ISSN 1475-3502 .

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Features [ edit ]

Occurrence [ edit ]

Examples [ edit ]

See also [ edit ]

References [ edit ]

External links [ edit ]