United States military seniority
is the method by which the
United States Armed Forces
determines precedence among commissioned officers, in particular those who hold the same rank. Seniority is used to determine assignments, tactical commands, promotions and general courtesy. To a lesser extent, historical seniority is used to recognize status of honor given to early United States military leaders such as inaugural holders of certain ranks or those officers who served as leadership during major wars and armed conflicts.
Modern-day seniority
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The modern-day seniority system of the United States commissioned officer corps operates on two different levels. For officers of different
ranks
, seniority is simply determined by who holds the highest rank. For instance, Army
colonel
is senior to captain and captain senior to lieutenant. Seniority extends across services as for instance
major
in the Army is senior to
captain
in the Air Force while
commander
in the
United States Navy
is senior to both. For officers in the same rank or paygrade, seniority is determined by the dates on which they assumed their ranks.
[1]
If officers of the same grade have the same date of rank, then seniority is determined in order by the officer's previous rank's date and so forth.
[1]
If all promotion dates of ranks are the same, seniority is then determined on order of: previous active duty grade relative seniority (if applicable),
[1]
total active commissioned service,
[1]
and finally, total federal commissioned service or date of appointment as a commissioned officer.
[1]
The secretaries of each service may establish further seniority rules if applicable.
[1]
Whenever there are two or more officers in the same grade or rank, who are on duty in the same area, field command, or organization, and who are all eligible to command, the president may assign command to an officer, without regard to time-in-rank.
[2]
A type of "positional seniority" exists for military officers who hold top leadership positions of the armed forces. For instance, the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
is considered the most senior officer of the entire United States military, even though it is possible that contemporaries of the same rank may have earlier dates of rank or longer time in service. Likewise, heads of various armed service branches are considered most senior within their service; unified commanders are also considered most senior in their respective regions yet not necessarily to each other.
The regular United States military hierarchy is as follows:
When compared to each other, seniority among the service chiefs is determined by date of when the officer assumed that particular office, from the following group:
The
Commandant of the Coast Guard
has seniority and precedence immediately after the service chiefs.
The officers in charge of the
Unified Combatant Commands
are considered "operational officers" while the standard military hierarchy is administrative. For instance, the Chief of Naval Operations, who would most likely be senior to a naval admiral in command of the
United States Pacific Command
, would not be able to issue direct orders to said commander since operational chain of command is separate from regular administrative military hierarchy.
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Military seniority, within itself, would not be affected.
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Geographic combatant commands
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Functional combatant commands
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Inactivated
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Tactical and operational seniority
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Tactical seniority, also known as "battlefield seniority", is the manner in which a senior officer in command of a given tactical situation is determined. For instance, within the
United States Navy
, groups of ships performing exercises together will have one ship designated as the tactical senior unit. The commander of said ship is the senior tactical officer and may in fact be junior in rank to the other officers of the tactical group. For multi-national exercises, such as the Sharem event in
South Korea
, ships of foreign nations are sometimes given tactical seniority and thus may issue routine movement orders to United States vessels. Actual combat would fall under the
Task Force
system, in which a United States admiral, with clear seniority, would take command over all vessels.
Groups of Army units, especially in active combat, may be placed under tactical command of any officer, regardless of rank seniority, for completion of a single mission. During
World War II
, the term "mixed unit" was commonly used to denote military formations created from several other smaller units, most often "on the spot", due to operational confusion and the need for a single battlefield commander to take authority over all units physically present.
Army Air Force
bomber groups operated on a similar principle, in that tactical command could pass to officers who were not necessarily the most senior present, given the specific needs of the mission or casualties during the mission itself.
Operational seniority refers to the ability to issue long range orders to U.S. forces, such as deployments, general orders, and other administrative matters. Operational seniority is never granted to non-U.S. officers and usually stems from such major offices as the
Bureau of Naval Personnel
or the Army Personnel Branch.
Historical seniority
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The only case where historical seniority has been legally established by the
United States Congress
is for the "super rank" of the
armed forces of the United States
General of the Armies
. By clear precedent, the holders of this rank (three persons in all) are senior to all other officers of the United States military, past and present. By special Congressional edict,
George Washington
is considered the most senior officer of
all time
meaning he may never be lesser in seniority to any other military officer, although Washington technically shares the same rank with
John Pershing
and
Ulysses S. Grant
.
The office of general was discontinued after the
Civil War
, but revived in 1919 by the title of "General of the Armies of the United States" when General John J. Pershing was appointed to that office on 3 September 1919; accepted the appointment on 8 September 1919, was retired with that rank on 13 September 1924, and held it until his death on 15 July 1948. No other officer has occupied this office on active duty. General Pershing held the grade of General of the Armies of the United States under the provisions of the Act of U.S. Congress of 3 September 1919 (Public Law 45). Washington was posthumously appointed
General of the Armies of the United States
under
s:Public Law 94-479
. Under
s:Order 31-3
, the effective promotion date was on 4 July 1976.
Congress
specified that no officer of the United States Army should outrank Lieutenant General George Washington on the Army list. While promoted to a
lieutenant general
only a year before his death, he was the most senior officer and the only lieutenant general in the army. The same is true of
Ulysses S. Grant
, who was the second person to permanently hold this rank. (
Winfield Scott
was a
brevet
lieutenant general for his service in the
Mexican?American War
.) Washington was referred to as "
commander in chief
" of the
Continental Army
, a title that since the adoption of the
Constitution
has been reserved for the (civilian) President.
The five star officers of
World War II
are technically considered the most senior officers in U.S. history (with the exception of the two "super ranks" previously mentioned), yet are often considered historically junior to the military leaders of the 19th century, especially the inaugural holders of senior military ranks. Most historical seniority lists also omit three star officers, with some rare exceptions (such as Winfield Scott), and typically avoid comparing two star ranks and below, which are permanent ranks held by hundreds of officers over the past two centuries. In these cases, standard methods of seniority are used. Since 1981, the highest rank held by any officer in the U.S. armed forces is four stars, or a pay grade of "O-10". Modern-day admirals and generals are typically not considered in lists of historical seniority, except for extreme cases such as leaders of wars or other wide scale armed conflicts.
See also
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References
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