Capital and largest city of Libya
Capital city in Tripolitania, Libya
Tripoli
(
;
[2]
Arabic
:
?????? ?????
,
romanized
:
?ar?bulus al-Gharb
,
lit.
'Western Tripoli')
[3]
is the
capital
and largest city of
Libya
, with a population of about 1.183 million people in 2023.
[4]
It is located in the northwest of Libya on the edge of the
desert
, on a point of rocky land projecting into the
Mediterranean Sea
and forming a bay. It includes the
port of Tripoli
and the country's largest commercial and manufacturing center. It is also the site of the
University of Tripoli
.
Tripoli was founded in the
7th century BC
by the
Phoenicians
, who gave it the
Libyco-Berber
name
Oyat
(
Punic
:
????????????
,
Wy?t
),
[5]
[6]
before passing into the hands of the Greek rulers of
Cyrenaica
as
Oea
(
Greek
:
??α
,
Oia
).
[7]
Due to the city's long history, there are many sites of archeological significance in Tripoli.
Tripoli
may also refer to the
sha'biyah
(top-level administrative division in the Libyan system), the
Tripoli District
.
Name
[
edit
]
In the Arab World, Tripoli is also known as
Tripoli-of-the-West
(
Arabic
:
?????? ?????
?ar?bulus al-Gharb
), to distinguish it from
Tripoli, Lebanon
, known in Arabic as
?ar?bulus ash-Sham
(
?????? ?????
), meaning '
Levantine
Tripoli'. It is affectionately called "The Mermaid of the Mediterranean" (
????? ?????
?Ar?sat al-Ba?r
; lit: 'bride of the sea'), describing its turquoise waters and whitewashed buildings.
The name derives from
Ancient Greek
:
Τρ?πολι?
,
romanized
:
Tripolis
, literally "three cities", referring to Oea,
Sabratha
and
Leptis Magna
. The city of Oea was the only one of the three to survive antiquity, and became known as Tripoli, within a wider region known as
Tripolitania
. Neighboring Sabratha was sometimes referred to by sailors as "Old Tripoli".
In Arabic, it is called
??????
,
?ar?bulus
(
pronunciation
ⓘ
;
Libyan Arabic
:
?r?bl?s
,
pronunciation
ⓘ
;
Berber
:
?rables
, from
Ancient Greek
:
Τρ?πολι?
Tripolis
,
ⓘ
from
Ancient Greek
:
Τρει? Π?λει?
,
romanized
:
Treis Poleis
,
lit.
'three cities').
History
[
edit
]
Oea and Tripolitania
[
edit
]
The city was founded in the 7th century BC by the
Phoenicians
, who gave it the
Libyco-Berber
name Oyat (
Punic
: ????????????,
wy?t
),
[5]
[6]
suggesting that the city may have been built upon an existing native
Berber
city.
[
citation needed
]
The Phoenicians were probably attracted to the site by its natural harbor, flanked on the western shore by the small, easily defensible
peninsula
, on which they established their colony. The city then passed into the hands of the Greek rulers of
Cyrenaica
as
Oea
(
Greek
: ??α,
Oia
). Cyrene was a colony on the North African shore, a bit east of
Tambroli
and halfway to
Egypt
. The
Carthaginians
later wrested it again from the
Greeks
.
By the later half of the 2nd century BC, it belonged to the
Romans
, who included it in their province of
Africa
, and gave it the name of "Regio Syrtica". Around the beginning of the 3rd century
AD
, it became known as the
Regio Tripolitana
, meaning "region of the three cities", namely Oea (
i.e.
, modern Tripoli),
Sabratha
and
Leptis Magna
. It was probably raised to the rank of a separate province by
Septimius Severus
, who was a native of
Leptis Magna
.
In spite of centuries of Roman habitation, the only visible Roman remains, apart from scattered
columns
and
capitals
(usually integrated in later buildings), is the Arch of
Marcus Aurelius
from the 2nd century AD. The fact that Tripoli has been continuously inhabited, unlike
e.g.
, Sabratha and Leptis Magna, has meant that the inhabitants have either quarried material from older buildings (destroying them in the process) or built on top of them, burying them beneath the streets, where they remain largely unexcavated.
There is evidence to suggest that the Tripolitania region was in some economic decline during the 5th and 6th centuries, in part due to the political unrest spreading across the Mediterranean world in the wake of the collapse of the
Western Roman empire
, as well as pressure from the invading
Vandals
. It is recorded by
Ibn Abd al-Hakam
that during the siege of Tripoli by a general of the
Rashidun Caliphate
named
Amr ibn al-As
, seven of his soldiers from the clan of Madhlij, sub branch of
Kinana
, unintentionally found a section on the western side of Tripoli beach that was not walled during their hunting routine.
[8]
Those seven soldiers then managed to infiltrate through this way without being detected by the city guards, then managed to incite a riot within the city while shouting Takbir, causing the confused Byzantine garrison soldiers to think the Muslim forces were already inside in the city and flee towards their ship leaving Tripoli, thus allowing Amr to subdue the city easily.
[8]
According to
al-Baladhuri
, Tripoli was, unlike Western North Africa, taken by the Muslims very early after
Alexandria
, in the 22nd year of the
Hijra
, that is between 30 November 642 and 18 November 643 AD. Following the conquest, Tripoli was ruled by dynasties based in
Cairo
,
Egypt
(first the
Fatimids
,
Banu Khazrun
and later the
Mamluks
), and
Kairouan
in
Ifriqiya
(the Arab
Fihrids
,
Muhallabids
and
Aghlabid
dynasties). For some time it was a part of the
Berber
Almohad empire
and of the
Hafsids kingdom
and
Banu thabit
dynasty.
16th to 19th centuries
[
edit
]
In 1510, the city was conquered by
Pedro Navarro, Count of Oliveto
for Spain. In 1530, it was assigned together with Malta to the
Knights of St. John
, who had been expelled by the
Ottoman Turks
from their stronghold on the island of
Rhodes
.
[9]
Finding themselves in hostile territory, the Knights reinforced the city walls and built defenses. Though built on top of older buildings (possibly including a Roman public bath), much of the earliest defensive structures of the Tripoli castle (or "Assaraya al-Hamra",
i.e.
, the "
Red Castle
") are attributed to the Knights of St John.
Having previously combated
piracy
from their base on
Rhodes
, the Knights were given charge of the city to prevent it from being retaken by
Barbary pirates
. The disruption the pirates caused to the Christian shipping lanes in the
Mediterranean
had been one of the main incentives for the Spanish conquest of the city.
The knights held the city until the
Siege of Tripoli in 1551
and their surrender to the
Ottomans
, led by the Muslim Turkish commander
Turgut Reis
.
[10]
Turgut Reis served as pasha of Tripoli. During his rule, he adorned and built up the city, making it one of the most impressive cities along the North African Coast.
[11]
Turgut was buried in Tripoli after his death in 1565. His body was taken from
Malta
, where he had fallen during the Ottoman siege of the island, to a tomb in the
Sidi Darghut Mosque
which he had established close to his palace in Tripoli. The palace has since disappeared (supposedly it was situated between the so-called "Ottoman prison" and the
Arch of Marcus Aurelius
), but the mosque, along with his tomb, still stands, close to the Bab Al-Bahr gate.
After the capture by the Ottoman Turks, Tripoli once again became a base of operation for Barbary pirates. One of several Western attempts to dislodge them again was a Royal Navy attack under
John Narborough
in 1675, of which a vivid eye-witness account has survived.
[12]
Effective Ottoman rule during this period (1551?1711) was often hampered by the local
Janissary
corps. Intended to function as enforcers of local administration, the captain of the Janissaries and his cronies were often the
de facto
rulers.
In 1711,
Ahmed Karamanli
, a Janissary officer of Turkish origin, killed the Ottoman governor, the "
Pasha
", and established himself as ruler of the Tripolitania region. By 1714, he had asserted a sort of semi-independence from the Ottoman Sultan, heralding in the
Karamanli dynasty
. The Pashas of Tripoli were expected to pay a regular tributary tax to the Sultan but were in all other aspects rulers of an independent kingdom. This order of things continued under the rule of his descendants, accompanied by the brazen piracy and blackmailing until 1835 when the Ottoman Empire took advantage of an internal struggle and re-established its authority.
The Ottoman province (
vilayet
) of Tripoli (including the dependent
sanjak
of
Cyrenaica
) lay along the southern shore of the Mediterranean between
Tunisia
in the west and
Egypt
in the east. Besides the city itself, the area included Cyrenaica (the Barca plateau), the chain of
oases
in the Aujila depression,
Fezzan
and the oases of
Ghadames
and
Ghat
, separated by sandy and stony wastelands. A 16th century Chinese source mentioned Tripoli and described its agricultural and textile products.
[13]
Barbary Wars (1801 - 1815)
[
edit
]
In the early part of the 19th century, the regency at Tripoli, owing to its
piratical
practices, was twice involved in war with the United States. In May 1801, the pasha demanded an increase in the tribute ($83,000) which the U.S. government had been paying since 1796 for the protection of their commerce from piracy under the
1796 Treaty with Tripoli
. The demand was refused by third President
Thomas Jefferson
, and a naval force was sent from the United States to blockade Tripoli.
The
First Barbary War
(1801?1805) dragged on for four years. In 1803, Tripolitan fighters captured the U.S. Navy heavy frigate
Philadelphia
and took its commander, Captain
William Bainbridge
, and the entire crew as prisoners. This was after the
Philadelphia
was run aground when the captain tried to navigate too close to the port of Tripoli. After several hours aground and Tripolitan gun boats firing upon the
Philadelphia
, though none ever struck the
Philadelphia
, Captain Bainbridge made the decision to surrender. The
Philadelphia
was later turned against the Americans and anchored in Tripoli Harbor as a gun battery while her officers and crew were held prisoners in Tripoli. The following year, U.S. Navy Lieutenant
Stephen Decatur
led a successful daring nighttime raid to retake and burn the warship rather than see it remain in enemy hands. Decatur's men set fire to the
Philadelphia
and escaped.
A notable incident in the war was the expedition undertaken by diplomatic Consul
William Eaton
with the objective of replacing the pasha with an elder brother living in exile, who had promised to accede to all the wishes of the United States. Eaton, at the head of a mixed force of US Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines, along with Greek, Arab and Turkish mercenaries numbering approximately 500, marched across the Egyptian / Libyan desert from
Alexandria
,
Egypt
and with the aid of three American warships, succeeded in
capturing Derna
. Soon afterward, on 3 June 1805, peace was concluded. The pasha ended his demands and received $60,000 as ransom for the
Philadelphia
prisoners under the
1805 Treaty with Tripoli
.
In 1815, in consequence of further outrages and due to the humiliation of the earlier defeat, Captains Bainbridge and
Stephen Decatur
, at the head of an American squadron, again visited Tripoli and forced the pasha to comply with the demands of the United States. See
Second Barbary War
.
Late Ottoman era (1835?1912)
[
edit
]
In 1835, the Ottomans took advantage of a local civil war to reassert their direct authority. After that date, Tripoli was under the direct control of the
Sublime Porte
. Rebellions in 1842 and 1844 were unsuccessful. After the
French occupation of Tunisia
(1881), the Ottomans increased their garrison in Tripoli considerably.
[
clarification needed
]
Italian era (1912?1947)
[
edit
]
Italy had long claimed that Tripoli fell within its zone of influence and that Italy had the right to preserve order within the state.
[14]
Under the pretext of protecting its own citizens living in Tripoli from the Ottoman government, it
declared war
against the Ottomans on 29 September 1911, and announced its intention of annexing Tripoli. On 1 October 1911, a naval battle was fought at
Prevesa
, Greece, and three Ottoman vessels were destroyed.
By the
Treaty of Lausanne
, Italian sovereignty over
Tripolitania
and
Cyrenaica
was acknowledged by the Ottomans, although the
caliph
was permitted to exercise religious authority. Italy officially granted autonomy after the war, but gradually occupied the region. Originally administered as part of a single colony, Tripoli and its surrounding province were a separate colony from 26 June 1927 to 3 December 1934, when all Italian possessions in North Africa were merged into one colony.
[15]
By 1938, Tripoli
[16]
had 108,240 inhabitants, including 39,096 Italians.
[17]
Tripoli underwent a huge architectural and urbanistic improvement under Italian rule:
[18]
the first thing the Italians did was to create in the early 1920s a sewage system (that until then it lacked) and a modern hospital.
In the coast of the province was built in 1937?1938 a section of the
Litoranea Balbia
, a road that went from Tripoli and Tunisia's frontier to the border of
Egypt
. The
car tag
for the Italian province of Tripoli was "TL".
[19]
Furthermore, in 1927, the Italians founded the
Tripoli International Fair
,with the goal of promoting Tripoli's economy. This is the oldest trade fair in Africa.
[20]
The so-called
Fiera internazionale di Tripoli
was one of the main international "Fairs" in the colonial world in the 1930s, and was internationally promoted together with the
Tripoli Grand Prix
as a showcase of
Italian Libya
.
[21]
The Italians created the
Tripoli Grand Prix
, an international motor racing event first held in 1925 on a racing circuit outside Tripoli. The Tripoli Grand Prix took place until 1940.
[22]
The first airport in Libya, the
Mellaha Air Base
was built by the
Italian Air Force
in 1923 near the Tripoli racing circuit. The airport is currently called
Mitiga International Airport
.
Tripoli even had a railway station with some
small railway connections to nearby cities
, when in August 1941 the Italians started to build a new 1,040-kilometer (646-mile) railway (with a 1,435 mm (4 ft 8.5 in) gauge, like the one used in Egypt and Tunisia) between Tripoli and
Benghazi
. But the war stopped the construction the next year.
Tripoli was controlled by Italy until 1943 when the provinces of
Tripolitania
and
Cyrenaica
were captured by Allied forces. The city fell to troops of the British
Eighth Army
on 23 January 1943.
[23]
Tripoli was then governed by the British until independence in 1951. Under the terms of the
1947 peace treaty
with the
Allies
, Italy relinquished all claims to Libya.
[24]
Gaddafi era (1969?2011)
[
edit
]
| This section
needs expansion
. You can help by
adding to it
.
(
February 2016
)
|
Colonel
Muammar Gaddafi
became leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after a successful coup d'etat.
[25]
On 15 April 1986,
U.S. President
Ronald Reagan
ordered major bombing raids, dubbed
Operation El Dorado Canyon
, against Tripoli and
Benghazi
, killing 45 Libyan military and government personnel as well as 15 civilians. This strike followed US interception of telex messages from Libya's East Berlin embassy suggesting the involvement of Libyan leader
Muammar Gaddafi
in a
bomb explosion on 5 April
in
West Berlin
's La Belle discotheque, a nightclub frequented by US servicemen. Among the alleged fatalities of the 15 April retaliatory attack by the United States was Gaddafi's adopted daughter,
Hana Gaddafi
.
The
United Nations
sanctions against Libya imposed in April 1992 under
Security Council Resolution 748
were lifted in September 2003, which increased traffic through the Port of Tripoli and through airports in Libya. This lifting of the resolution had a positive impact on the city's economy allowing for more goods to enter the city.
Libyan Civil War (2011)
[
edit
]
In February and March 2011, Tripoli witnessed intense
anti-government protests and violent government responses
resulting in hundreds killed and wounded. The city's
Green Square
was the scene of some of the protests. The anti-Gaddafi protests were eventually crushed, and Tripoli was the site of pro-Gaddafi rallies.
[26]
The city defenses loyal to Gaddafi included the military headquarters at
Bab al-Aziziyah
(where Gaddafi's main residence was located) and the
Mitiga International Airport
. At the latter, on 13 March, Ali Atiyya, a colonel of the
Libyan Air Force
, defected and joined the revolution.
[27]
In late February, rebel forces took control of
Zawiya
, a city approximately 50 km (31 mi) to the west of Tripoli, thus increasing the threat to pro-Gaddafi forces in the capital. During the subsequent
battle of Zawiya
, loyalist forces besieged the city and eventually recaptured it by 10 March.
[28]
As the
2011 military intervention in Libya
commenced on 19 March to enforce a U.N. no-fly zone over the country, the city once again came under air attack. It was the second time that Tripoli was bombed since the 1986 U.S. airstrikes, and the second time since the 1986 airstrike that bombed
Bab al-Azizia
, Gaddafi's heavily fortified compound.
In July and August, Libyan online revolutionary communities posted tweets and updates on attacks by rebel fighters on pro-government vehicles and checkpoints. In one such attack,
Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
and
Abdullah Senussi
were targets.
[29]
The government, however, denied revolutionary activity inside the capital.
Several months after the initial uprising, rebel forces in the
Nafusa Mountains
advanced towards the coast,
retaking Zawiya
and reaching Tripoli on 21 August. On 21 August, the symbolic Green Square, immediately renamed Martyrs' Square by the rebels, was taken under rebel control and pro-Gaddafi posters were torn down and burned.
[30]
During a radio address on 1 September, Gaddafi declared that the capital of the
Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
had been moved from Tripoli to
Sirte
, after rebels had taken control of Tripoli.
In August and September 2014, Islamist armed groups extended their control of central Tripoli. The
House of Representatives
parliament set up operations on a Greek car ferry in
Tobruk
. A rival
New General National Congress
parliament continued to operate in Tripoli.
[31]
[32]
Recent developments
[
edit
]
The
2022 Tripoli clashes
and
2023 Tripoli clashes
continued to disrupt the city.
[33]
Law and government
[
edit
]
Tripoli and its surrounding suburbs all lie within the
Tripoli sha'biyah
(district). In accordance with Libya's former
Jamahiriya
political system, Tripoli comprises Local People's Congresses where, in theory, the city's population discuss different matters and elect their own people's committee; at present
[
when?
]
there are 29 Local People's Congresses. In reality, the former revolutionary committees severely limited the democratic process by closely supervising committee and congress elections at the branch and district levels of governments, Tripoli being no exception.
Tripoli is sometimes referred to as "the
de jure
capital of Libya" because none of the country's ministries are actually located in the capital. Even the former National General People's Congress was held annually in the city of
Sirte
rather than in Tripoli. As part of a radical
decentralization
program undertaken by
Gaddafi
in September 1988, all General People's Committee secretariats (
ministries
), except those responsible for foreign liaison (
foreign policy
and
international relations
) and information, were moved outside Tripoli. According to diplomatic sources, the former Secretariat for Economy and Trade was moved to
Benghazi
; the Secretariat for Health to
Kufra
; and the remainder, excepting one, to Sirte,
Muammar Gaddafi
's birthplace. In early 1993 it was announced that the Secretariat for Foreign Liaison and International Co-operation was to be moved to
Ra's Lanuf
. In October 2011, Libya fell to The
National Transitional Council
(N.T.C.), which took full control, abolishing the Gaddafi-era system of national and local government.
Geography
[
edit
]
Tripoli lies at the western extremity of Libya close to the Tunisian border, on the continent of Africa. Over a thousand kilometers (621 miles) separates Tripoli from Libya's second largest city, Benghazi. Coastal
oases
alternate with sandy areas and
lagoons
along the shores of
Tripolitania
for more than 300 km (190 mi). The city lies about 70 kilometers north from the
Nafusa Mountains
, the source of seasonal rivers like
Wadi Al-Mjeneen
.
Administrative division
[
edit
]
Until 2007, the "
Sha'biyah
" included the city, its suburbs and their immediate surroundings. In older administrative systems and throughout history, there existed a province ("
muhafazah
"), state ("
wilayah
") or city-state with a much larger area (though not constant boundaries), which is sometimes mistakenly referred to as Tripoli but more appropriately should be called
Tripolitania
.
As a District, Tripoli borders the following districts:
Climate
[
edit
]
Tripoli has a
hot semi-arid climate
(
Koppen
:
BSh
)
[34]
with hot and dry, prolonged summers and relatively wet mild winters. Although virtually rainless, summers are hot and muggy with temperatures that often exceed 38
°C
(100
°F
); average July temperatures are between 22 and 33 °C (72 and 91 °F). In December, temperatures have reached as low as 0 °C (32 °F), but the average remains at between 9 and 18 °C (48 and 64 °F). The average annual rainfall is less than 400 millimeters (16 inches). Snowfall has occurred in past years.
[35]
The rainfall can be very erratic. Epic floods in 1945 left Tripoli underwater for several days, but two years later an unprecedented
drought
caused the loss of thousands of head of cattle. Deficiency in rainfall is no doubt reflected in an absence of permanent rivers or streams in the city as is indeed true throughout the entire country. The allocation of limited water is considered of sufficient importance to warrant the existence of the Secretariat of Dams and Water Resources, and damaging a source of water can be penalized by a heavy fine or imprisonment.
[36]
The
Great Manmade River
, a network of pipelines that transport water from the desert to the coastal cities, supplies Tripoli with its water.
[37]
The grand scheme was initiated by Gaddafi in 1982.
[
citation needed
]
Martyrs' Square
, located near the waterfront is scattered with
palm trees
, the most abundant plant used for landscaping in the city. The
Tripoli Zoo
, located south of the city center, is a large reserve of plants, trees and open green spaces and was the country's biggest zoo.
[
citation needed
]
The zoo was forced to shut for safety reasons due to the
Libyan Civil War
, with many animals becoming more and more traumatised and distressed. After the overthrow of
Muammar Gaddafi
, the BBC published a short news film detailing the problems the zoo now faced, from a lack of money to feed the animals, to a fragile security system. The animals, the BBC said, were recovering slowly and returning to normal.
[38]
Climate data for Tripoli (1961?1990, extremes 1944?1993)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
32.2
(90.0)
|
35.3
(95.5)
|
40.0
(104.0)
|
42.2
(108.0)
|
45.6
(114.1)
|
47.8
(118.0)
|
48.3
(118.9)
|
48.3
(118.9)
|
47.2
(117.0)
|
42.2
(108.0)
|
37.2
(99.0)
|
31.1
(88.0)
|
48.3
(118.9)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
16.4
(61.5)
|
18.5
(65.3)
|
20.7
(69.3)
|
23.7
(74.7)
|
27.1
(80.8)
|
30.4
(86.7)
|
31.7
(89.1)
|
32.6
(90.7)
|
31.0
(87.8)
|
26.5
(79.7)
|
23.0
(73.4)
|
18.7
(65.7)
|
25.0
(77.1)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
12.7
(54.9)
|
13.9
(57.0)
|
15.3
(59.5)
|
18.7
(65.7)
|
21.9
(71.4)
|
25.3
(77.5)
|
26.7
(80.1)
|
27.7
(81.9)
|
26.2
(79.2)
|
21.5
(70.7)
|
16.8
(62.2)
|
13.9
(57.0)
|
20.1
(68.1)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
8.0
(46.4)
|
9.1
(48.4)
|
10.5
(50.9)
|
13.7
(56.7)
|
16.7
(62.1)
|
20.1
(68.2)
|
21.7
(71.1)
|
22.7
(72.9)
|
21.4
(70.5)
|
17.6
(63.7)
|
12.5
(54.5)
|
9.3
(48.7)
|
15.3
(59.5)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
?0.6
(30.9)
|
?0.6
(30.9)
|
0.6
(33.1)
|
2.8
(37.0)
|
5.0
(41.0)
|
10.0
(50.0)
|
12.2
(54.0)
|
13.9
(57.0)
|
11.8
(53.2)
|
6.6
(43.9)
|
1.1
(34.0)
|
?1.3
(29.7)
|
?1.3
(29.7)
|
Average rainfall mm (inches)
|
62.1
(2.44)
|
32.2
(1.27)
|
29.6
(1.17)
|
14.3
(0.56)
|
4.6
(0.18)
|
1.3
(0.05)
|
0.7
(0.03)
|
0.1
(0.00)
|
16.7
(0.66)
|
46.6
(1.83)
|
58.2
(2.29)
|
67.5
(2.66)
|
333.9
(13.15)
|
Average rainy days
(≥ 0.1 mm)
|
9.4
|
6.4
|
5.8
|
3.3
|
1.5
|
0.6
|
0.2
|
0.0
|
2.3
|
6.8
|
6.9
|
9.1
|
57.4
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
|
66
|
61
|
58
|
55
|
53
|
49
|
49
|
51
|
57
|
60
|
61
|
65
|
57
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
170.5
|
189.3
|
226.3
|
255.0
|
306.9
|
297.0
|
356.5
|
337.9
|
258.0
|
226.3
|
186.0
|
164.3
|
2,974
|
Mean daily
sunshine hours
|
5.5
|
6.7
|
7.3
|
8.5
|
9.9
|
9.9
|
11.5
|
10.9
|
8.6
|
7.3
|
6.2
|
5.3
|
8.1
|
Source 1:
World Meteorological Organization
[35]
|
Source 2:
Deutscher Wetterdienst
(extremes and humidity),
[39]
Arab Meteorology Book (sun only)
[40]
|
Climate change
[
edit
]
A 2019 paper published in
PLOS One
estimated that under
Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5
, a "moderate" scenario of
climate change
where global warming reaches ~2.5?3 °C (4.5?5.4 °F) by 2100, the climate of Tripoli in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of
Taiz
. The annual temperature would increase by 1.9 °C (3.4 °F), and the temperature of the warmest month by 3.1 °C (5.6 °F), while the temperature of the coldest month would increase by 0.3 °C (0.54 °F).
[41]
[42]
According to
Climate Action Tracker
, the current warming trajectory appears consistent with 2.7 °C (4.9 °F), which closely matches RCP 4.5.
[43]
Economy
[
edit
]
Tripoli is one of the main hubs of Libya's economy along with
Misrata
. It is the leading center of
banking
,
finance
and
communication
in the country and is one of the leading
commercial
and
manufacturing
cities in Libya. Many of the country's largest corporations locate their headquarters and home offices in Tripoli as well as the majority of international companies.
[
citation needed
]
Major manufactured goods include
processed food
, textiles, construction materials, clothing and tobacco products. Since the lifting of sanctions against Libya in 1999 and again in 2003, Tripoli has seen a rise in foreign investment as well as an increase in tourism. Increased traffic has also been recorded in the city's port as well as Libya's main international airport,
Tripoli International
.
[
citation needed
]
The city is home to the
Tripoli International Fair
, an international industrial, agricultural and commercial event located on Omar Muktar Avenue. One of the active members of the
Global Association of the Exhibition Industry
(UFI), located in the French capital Paris, the international fair is organized annually and takes place from 2?12 April. Participation averages around 30 countries as well as more than 2000 companies and organizations.
[
citation needed
]
Since the rise in
tourism
and influx of foreign visitors, there has been an increased demand for hotels in the city. To cater for these increased demands, the
Corinthia Bab Africa Hotel
located in the central business district was constructed in 2003 and is the largest hotel in Libya. Other high end hotels in Tripoli include the
Al Waddan Intercontinental
and the Tripoli Radisson Blu Hotel as well as others.
[44]
Nokia Solutions and Networks
, a subsidiary of Finnish giant
Nokia
operates a technical facility in Tripoli.
[45]
Companies with head offices in Tripoli include
Afriqiyah Airways
and
Libyan Airlines
.
[46]
[47]
Buraq Air
has its head office on the grounds of
Mitiga International Airport
.
[48]
Architecture
[
edit
]
The city's old town, the
Medina
, mostly took on its current form and appearance during the Ottoman period (16th century and after) and in particular during the period of Karamanli rule.
[49]
[50]
: 383
Many ancient Roman columns can be found re-used in various historical buildings in the city.
[51]
The city walls were rebuilt and modified many times from the Roman period up to the Ottoman period.
[52]
Their final form, which determined the overall pentagonal layout of the Medina today, dates from 16th century, when the Ottomans refortified the town.
[50]
: 389
The city historically had at least three gates: Bab Hawwara to the southeast (probably Bab al-Mensha today), Bab Zenata (originally Bab al-Ashdar) to the west, and Bab al-Bahr to the north (close to the sea).
[50]
: 386?387
[52]
Following later demolitions, what remains of the walls today are a section along the southwest flank of the Medina and another section to the southeast.
[52]
The oldest Islamic monument in Tripoli is the
al-Naqah Mosque
, probably first built by the
Fatimid
caliph
al-Mu'izz
in 973 but possibly even older.
[53]
It was renovated or rebuilt in the early 17th century.
[51]
[54]
Most other mosques in the city date in their current form to the Ottoman era.
[53]
They generally have a
hypostyle
form with columns supporting multiple domes.
[52]
The largest ones include the
Mosque of Darghut Pasha
(completed in 1556) and the
Mosque of Ahmad Pasha al-Karamanli
(completed
c.
1738
). In addition to the main prayer space, both of these mosques are accompanied by a complex of other buildings such as
madrasas
, bathhouses, markets (
suq
s
), and the mausoleums of their eponymous founders. Other notable mosques in the city include the Mosque of Sidi Salem (built in the late 15th century and restored in 1670), the Mosque of Mahmud Khaznadar (1680), the Mosque of Shai'b al-Ain (1699), and the
Gurgi Mosque
(1834).
[52]
[50]
The earliest recorded madrasa in the city was the al-Mustansiriyya Madrasa built between 1257 and 1260, but it has not survived.
[52]
Today, the Madrasa of Uthman Pasha (1654) is one of the most notable preserved examples of this type of building. Its main component is a square courtyard surrounded by vaulted galleries and small rooms where students lived. Attached to the northeast corner of the building are two square domed chambers, with the smaller one serving as a mosque and the larger one housing the tombs of Uthman Pasha and others.
[52]
Of the many
hammams
(bathhouses) that once existed in the city, only three notable examples remain today: the Hammam al-Kabir ("Great Bath"), of which only a large domed chamber survives, the Hammam al-Hilqa, which was still in use in the late 20th century, and the
Hammam of Darghut Pasha
, built in the 17th century next to the mosque of the same name.
[52]
The Medina also preserves urban
caravanserais
(
funduq
in Arabic, plural:
fanadiq
) from the Ottoman period. These generally consist of a two-storey building centered around a courtyard. The first floor was usually used for storage while the second floor was for shops.
[52]
The historic houses in the city also have a similar form, with multiple stories and an internal courtyard. They are roofed with vaults or flat wooden roofs. Their decoration can consist of
carved stucco
and
tilework
.
[52]
A clock tower, 18 meters tall, was built in 1866?70 by the Ottoman governor and is still one of the city's landmarks.
[56]
[57]
Under Italian colonial rule, various buildings were constructed in an
Italianate
style.
[51]
These include, among others, the
Galleria De Bono
. The
Tripoli Cathedral
(now a mosque) was also built in this period.
[58]
There are a number of buildings that were constructed by the Italian colonial rulers and later demolished under Gaddafi. They included the Royal Miramare Theatre, next to the
Red Castle
, and Tripoli Railway Central Station.
[
citation needed
]
Culture
[
edit
]
The
Red Castle of Tripoli
(
Assaraya al-Hamra
), a vast palace complex with numerous courtyards, dominates the city skyline and is located on the outskirts of the Medina. There are some classical statues and fountains from the
Ottoman
period scattered around the castle. It houses the
Red Castle Museum
.
Places of worship
[
edit
]
Among the
places of worship
, there are predominantly
Muslim
mosques.
[59]
There are also
Christian
churches and temples:
Apostolic Vicariate of Tripoli
(
Catholic Church
),
Coptic Orthodox Church
,
Protestant churches
,
Evangelical Churches
.
Education
[
edit
]
The largest university in Tripoli, the
University of Tripoli
, is a public university providing free education to the city's inhabitants. Private universities and colleges have also begun to crop up in the last few years.
International schools:
Sports
[
edit
]
Football
is the most popular sport in the Libyan capital. Tripoli is home of the most prominent football clubs in Libya including
Al Madina
,
Al Ahly Tripoli
and
Al-Ittihad Tripoli
. Other sports clubs based in Tripoli include
Al Wahda Tripoli
and
Addahra
.
The city also played host to the
Italian Super Cup
in
2002
. The 2017
Africa Cup of Nations
were to be played in Libya, three of the venues were supposed to be in Tripoli, but it was cancelled due to the ongoing conflict of the
Second Libyan Civil War
.
Tripoli hosted the final games of the official
2009 African Basketball Championship
.
Transport
[
edit
]
Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Tripoli:
Tripoli International Airport
was the largest airport in Tripoli and Libya before being destroyed during the
second Libyan civil war
in 2014. Tripoli has since been served by a smaller local airport
Mitiga International Airport
, which is currently the largest airport in Libya.
In July 2014 The Tripoli international Airport was destroyed, following the
Battle of Tripoli Airport
, when
Zintani
militias in charge of security were attacked by Islamist militias of the GNC, code naming the operation 'Libya Dawn' also known as "
Libya Dawn Militias
", led by Misurati militia general Salah Badi. The event happened after secular Zintani militias were accused with claims of smuggling drugs, alcohol and illegal items, known to have past ties with the Gaddafi Regime. Libya's Mufti Sadiq al Ghariani has praised the Libya Dawn Operation.
The result of the Battle for Tripoli's central airport was its complete destruction with 90% of the facilities incapacitated, or burned down with an unknown estimate Billions of dollars in Damage, with another 10 or so planes destroyed. The airport was shelled with
Grad
rockets with reports of the
Air Traffic Control
tower completely destroyed, including the main reception building completely wrecked. Surrounding civilian residential areas and infrastructure, of which include Bridges, Electricity equipment, water equipment, and roads were also damaged in the fighting. Oil storage tankers containing large reserves of Kerosene fuels, gases and related chemicals were burnt and large plumes of smoke rose into the air.
Reconstruction efforts are underway with the GNA giving a contract amounting to $78 million to an Italian firm 'Emaco Group' or "Aeneas Consorzio", to rebuild the destroyed facilities. All flights have been diverted to ex-military base known as
Mitiga International Airport
as of 2017.
Tripoli is the interim destination of a
railway
from
Sirte
under construction in 2007.
[60]
Gallery
[
edit
]
International relations
[
edit
]
Sister cities:
- Baltimore
, United States
- Belgrade
, Serbia
- Belo Horizonte
, Brazil (2003)
- Madrid
, Spain
- Sarajevo
, Bosnia and Herzegovina (1976)
See also
[
edit
]
References and notes
[
edit
]
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Further reading
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Tripoli
.
- Tripoli
travel guide from Wikivoyage
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Somalia
- Monrovia
,
Liberia
- Moroni
,
Comoros
- Nairobi
,
Kenya
- N'Djamena
,
Chad
- Niamey
,
Niger
- Nouakchott
,
Mauritania
- Ouagadougou
,
Burkina Faso
- Port Louis
,
Mauritius
- Porto-Novo
,
Benin
- Praia
,
Cape Verde
- Rabat
,
Morocco
- Sao Tome
,
Sao Tome and Principe
- Tripoli
,
Libya
- Tunis
,
Tunisia
- Victoria
,
Seychelles
- Windhoek
,
Namibia
- Yaounde
,
Cameroon
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Algeria
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Cyprus
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Greece
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Israel
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Italy
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Lebanon
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Libya
| |
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Malta
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Morocco
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Portugal
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Spain
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Syria
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Tunisia
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Other
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International
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National
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Geographic
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Other
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