City in Krasnodar Krai, Russia
City in Krasnodar Krai, Russia
Sochi
Сочи
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Flag
Coat of arms
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Location of Sochi
Show map of Krasnodar Krai
Sochi (Russia)
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Sochi (Europe)
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Coordinates:
43°35′07″N
39°43′13″E
/
43.58528°N 39.72028°E
/
43.58528; 39.72028
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Country
| Russia
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Federal subject
| Krasnodar Krai
[1]
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Founded
| 1838
[2]
[3]
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? Body
| City Assembly
|
---|
? Mayor
[4]
| Alexey Kopaigorodsky
[4]
|
---|
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? Total
| 176.77 km
2
(68.25 sq mi)
|
---|
Elevation
| 65 m (213 ft)
|
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|
? Total
| 343,334
|
---|
? Estimate
| 443,562
|
---|
? Rank
| 52nd
in 2010
|
---|
? Density
| 1,900/km
2
(5,000/sq mi)
|
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|
?
Subordinated to
| City
of Sochi
[1]
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?
Capital
of
| City of Sochi
[1]
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?
Urban okrug
| Sochi Urban Okrug
[8]
|
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?
Capital
of
| Sochi Urban Okrug
[8]
|
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Time zone
| UTC+3
(
MSK
[9]
)
|
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Postal code(s)
[10]
| 354000, 354002?354004, 354008?354010, 354013, 354014, 354018, 354019, 354022, 354024, 354025, 354030, 354031, 354033, 354036, 354037, 354039, 354053?354055, 354057, 354059, 354061, 354065?354068, 354071, 354073, 354084, 354099, 354200, 354202?354214, 354216?354218, 354220, 354226, 354231, 354233, 354299, 354340, 354346, 354348, 354349, 354354, 354355, 354364, 354380, 354382, 354383, 354399, 993501
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Dialing code(s)
| +7 862
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OKTMO
ID
| 03726000001
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Website
| sochiadm
.ru
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Sochi
(Russian:
Сочи
,
IPA:
[?sot??]
ⓘ
, from
Ubykh
:
Шъуача
?
seaside
) is the largest
resort city
in Russia. The city is situated on the
Sochi River
, along the
Black Sea
in
Southern Russia
, with a population of 466,078 residents,
[11]
and up to 600,000 residents in the urban area. The city covers an area of 176.77 square kilometers (68.25 sq mi),
[5]
while the Greater Sochi Area covers over 3,502 square kilometers (1,352 sq mi).
[5]
Sochi stretches across 145 kilometers (90 mi), and is the longest city in Europe,
[12]
the fifth-largest city in the
Southern Federal District
, the second-largest city in
Krasnodar Krai
, and the
sixth-largest city
on the Black Sea.
Sochi hosted the
XXII Olympic Winter Games
and
XI Paralympic Winter Games
in 2014. It hosted the alpine and Nordic Olympic events at the nearby ski resort of
Rosa Khutor
in
Krasnaya Polyana
. It also hosted the Formula 1
Russian Grand Prix
from 2014 until 2021.
[13]
[14]
[15]
It was also one of the host cities for the
2018 FIFA World Cup
.
Etymology
[
edit
]
The general consensus (also recognized by the city's own website
[16]
) is that the name "Sochi" (
Russian
:
Сочи
) is the Russified form of the
Circassian
"??ac?" (
Adyghe
:
Шъачэ
) which in turn is of
Ubykh-Circassian
origin, coming from the Ubykh name "??uaca" (
Ubykh
:
Шъуача
).
[17]
[18]
[16]
It is a
compound
made up from the two Ubykh words "шъуа" (sea) and "ча" (side) and roughly translates to "Seaside/coast".
[18]
There are other claims and theories, according to Georgian sources, the word comes from the Georgian word for "fir", "soch'i" (
Georgian
:
????
).
[19]
History
[
edit
]
Early history
[
edit
]
Before the whole area was conquered by
Cimmerian
,
Scythian
and
Sarmatian
invaders, the
Zygii
(Proto-
Adyghe
) people lived in
Lesser Abkhazia
under the
Kingdom of Pontus
, then the
Roman Empire
's influence in
antiquity
. From the 6th to the 11th centuries, the area successively belonged to the Georgian kingdoms of
Lazica
and
Abkhazia
, who built a dozen churches within the city boundaries, the later was
unified
under the single
Georgian monarchy
in 11th-century, forming one of the
Saeristavo
, known as
Tskhumi
extending its possessions up to
Nicopsis
. The Christian settlements along the coast were destroyed by the invading
Alans
,
Khazars
,
Mongols
and other
nomadic empires
whose control of the region was slight. The northern wall of an 11th-century
Byzantine
basilica
still stands in the
Loo Microdistrict
.
[20]
Between the
13th
and
15th centuries
, the
Republic of Genoa
had the monopoly of the trade on the shores of the Black Sea, and established colonies and trading posts in the region of the present-day Sochi, the large ones were
Layso
and
Costa
.
[21]
[22]
[23]
From the 14th to the 19th centuries, the region was dominated by the
Abkhaz
,
Ubykh
and
Adyghe
tribes, the current location of the city of Sochi (??ac?) known as
Ubykhia
was part of historical
Circassia
, and was controlled by the native people of the local mountaineer clans of the north-west Caucasus, nominally under the sovereignty of the
Ottoman Empire
, which was their principal trading partner in the Islamic world.
Russian Empire
[
edit
]
The coastline was occupied by Russia in 1829 as a result of the
Russo-Circassian War
and the
Russo-Turkish War
, 1828?1829; however, the
Circassians
did not accept the Russian control over
Circassia
and kept resisting the newly established Russian outposts along the
Circassian coast
(
Adyghe
:
Адыгэ хы Iушъо
).
[3]
[24]
Provision of weapons and ammunition from abroad to the Circassians caused a diplomatic conflict between the
Russian Empire
and the
British Empire
that occurred in 1836 over the
mission of the
Vixen
.
[25]
The Russians had no detailed knowledge of the area until Baron
Feodor Tornau
investigated the coastal route from
Gelendzhik
to
Gagra
, and across the mountains to
Kabarda
, in the 1830s.
[
citation needed
]
In 1838, the fort of Alexandria, renamed Navaginsky a year later, was founded at the mouth of the
Sochi River
as part of the Black Sea coastal line, a chain of seventeen fortifications set up to protect the area from recurring Circassian resistance. At the outbreak of the
Crimean War
, the garrison was evacuated from Navaginsky to prevent its capture by the Turks, who effected a landing on
Cape Adler
soon after.
The last battle of the
Russo-Circassian War
, the
Battle of Qbaada
, took place in 1864, and the Dakhovsky fort was established on the site of the Navaginsky fort. The end of the Caucasian War was proclaimed at Qbaada tract (modern
Krasnaya Polyana
) on June 2 (21 May
O.S.
), 1864, by the manifesto of
Emperor
Alexander II
, read aloud by
Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia
.
[3]
The city was the administrative capital of the
Sochinsky Okrug
.
Circassian genocide
[
edit
]
By the end of
Russo-Circassian War
, the Russian Empire aimed to systematically destroy the native Circassian people in the region
[26]
[27]
[28]
and several atrocities were committed by the Russian forces.
[29]
[30]
As a result, almost all
Ubykhs
and a major part of the
Circassians
who lived on the territory of modern Sochi, were either killed or expelled to the
Ottoman Empire
in the
Circassian Genocide
. According to Russian sources, Sochi's population fell from roughly 100,000, to 98.
[31]
[32]
[2]
Starting in 1866 the coast was actively colonized by Russians, Armenians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Greeks, Germans, Georgians and other people from inner Russia.
[3]
[24]
In 1874?1891, the first
Russian Orthodox church
,
St. Michael's Church
, was constructed, and the Dakhovsky settlement was renamed
Dakhovsky
Posad
on April 13, 1874 (
O.S.
). In February 1890, the Sochi Lighthouse was constructed. In 1896, the Dakhovsky
Posad
was renamed
Sochi
Posad
(after the name of local river) and incorporated into the newly formed
Black Sea Governorate
. In 1900?1910, Sochi burgeoned into a sea resort. The first resort, "Kavkazskaya Riviera", opened on June 14, 1909 (
O.S.
). Sochi was granted town status in 1917.
[3]
-
Plan of Fort Alexandria at the mouth of Sochi, which initiated the city of Sochi
-
The landing of
Nikolay Raevsky
's squadron at Subashi, 1839 by
Ivan Aivazovsky
-
Adyghe
strike on a Russian Military Fort in 1840 during the
Russian-Circassians War
-
The "Kavkazskaya Riviera" resort in Sochi, ca. 1909
-
Map of Sochi in 1913 (Russian edition)
Soviet time
[
edit
]
During the
Russian Civil War
, the littoral area saw
sporadic armed clashes
involving the
Red Army
,
White movement
forces, and the
Democratic Republic of Georgia
. As a result of the war Sochi has become Russian territory. In 1923, Sochi acquired one of its most distinctive features, a
railway which runs
from
Tuapse
to Georgia within a kilometer or two of the coastline. Although this branch of the
Northern Caucasus Railway
may appear somewhat incongruous in the setting of beaches and sanatoriums, it is still operational and vital to the region's transportation infrastructure.
[3]
Sochi was established as a fashionable resort area under
Joseph Stalin
, who had his favorite
dacha
built in the city. Stalin's study, complete with a wax statue of the leader, is now open to the public.
[33]
During Stalin's reign the coast became dotted with imposing
Neoclassical
buildings, exemplified by the opulent Rodina and Ordzhonikidze sanatoriums. The centerpiece of this early period is
Shchusev
's
Constructivist
Institute of Rheumatology (1927?1931). The area was continuously developed until the demise of the Soviet Union.
[3]
Modern Russia
[
edit
]
Following Russia's loss of the traditionally popular resorts of the
Crimean Peninsula
(
transferred
from the
Russian SFSR
to the
Ukrainian SSR
in 1954 by
Nikita Khrushchev
), Sochi emerged as the unofficial
summer capital
of the country.
[34]
In 1961, Soviet officials decided to expand the city limits by forming a
Greater Sochi
which extended for 140 kilometers from the southern parts of
Tuapse
to
Adler
. In July 2005, Russia submitted a successful bid for hosting the
2014 Winter Olympics
in the city, spending around $51 billion in the process.
[35]
In 2019, an area in the
Imereti Lowlands
was divided from Adlersky City District and formed as a separate
urban-type settlement
named
Sirius
. It was later designated as a
federal territory
.
[36]
-
Ordzhonikidze resort, built in 1937?1955
-
Promenade in Sochi, 1973
-
St. Vladimir Church, built in 2005?2011
Geography
[
edit
]
Greater Sochi is elongated along the Black Sea coast for 145 kilometers (90 mi). Sochi is approximately 1,603 kilometers (996 mi) from
Moscow
.
[37]
The city of Sochi borders with
Tuapsinsky District
in the northwest, with
Apsheronsky District
and with
Maykopsky District
of the
Republic of Adygea
in the north, with
Mostovsky District
in the northeast, and with
Georgia
/
Abkhazia
in the southeast. From the southwest, it is bordered by the Black Sea.
Map of Black Sea showing location of Sochi
Sochi seen from the Black Sea
The vast majority of the population of Sochi lives in a narrow strip along the coast and is organized in independent microdistricts (formerly settlements). The biggest of these microdistricts, from the northwest to the southeast, are
Lazarevskoye
,
Loo
,
Dagomys
, central Sochi (
Tsentralny City District
),
Khosta
,
Matsesta
, and
Adler
. The whole city is located on the slopes of the
Western Caucasus
which descend to the Black Sea and are cut by the rivers. The biggest rivers in Sochi are the
Mzymta
and the
Shakhe
. Other rivers include the Ashe, the Psezuapse, the
Sochi
, the Khosta, and the
Matsesta
. The
Psou River
makes the border with Abkhazia.
The northeastern part of the city belongs to the
Caucasian Biosphere Reserve
which is a
World Heritage Site
spanning areas in Krasnodar Krai and Adygea. Almost the whole area of the Greater Sochi, with the exception of the coast and of the area which belong to the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve, are included into
Sochi National Park
.
Sochi has a
humid subtropical climate
[38]
[39]
with mild winters (average 11 °C (52 °F) during the day and 4 °C (39 °F) at night) in the period from December to March and warm summers (average 24 °C (75 °F) during the day and 16 °C (61 °F) at night) in the period from May to October.
Layout and landmarks
[
edit
]
Sochi is unique among larger Russian cities as having some aspects of a
subtropical
resort. About two million people visited Greater Sochi each summer as of 2014,
[40]
when the city is home to the annual film festival "
Kinotavr
" and a getaway for Russia's elite.
-
Sochi's quay
-
-
Hotels
-
-
Aerial view of Sochi
-
Monument to
Peter I
in the seaport berth
A
UNESCO
World Heritage Site
, the 2,957 square kilometers (731,000 acres)
Caucasus Nature Reserve
, lies just north from the city.
[41]
Sochi also has the region's most northerly
tea
plantations
.
Climate
[
edit
]
Sochi has a
humid subtropical climate
(
Koppen climate classification
Cfa
),
[38]
at the lower elevations. Its average annual temperature is 18.9 °C (66.0 °F) during the day and 11.5 °C (52.7 °F) at night. In the coldest months?January and February?the average temperature is about 10 °C (50 °F) during the day, above 3 °C (37 °F) at night and the average sea temperature is about 9 °C (48 °F). In the warmest months?July and August?the temperature typically ranges from 25 to 29 °C (77 to 84 °F) during the day, about 20 °C (68 °F) at night and the average sea temperature is about 23?27 °C (73?81 °F). Yearly sunshine hours are around 2,200. Generally, the summer season lasts three months, from June to September. Two months?April and November?are transitional; sometimes temperatures reach 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of around 16 °C (61 °F) during the day and 9 °C (48 °F) at night. December, January, February and March are the coldest months, with average temperature (of these four months) 11 °C (52 °F) during the day and 4 °C (39 °F) at night. Average annual
precipitation
is about 1,700 millimeters (67 in).
[2]
[39]
[42]
Sochi lies at 8b/9a
hardiness zone
, so the city supports different types of palm trees.
[37]
Sochi is situated on the same latitude as
Nice
but strong cold winds from Asia make winters less warm. In fact, temperatures drop below freezing every winter. The highest temperature recorded was 39.4 °C (102.9 °F), on July 30, 2000, and the lowest temperature recorded was ?13.4 °C (7.9 °F) on January 25, 1892.
[43]
Climate data for Sochi (1991?2020, extremes 1870?present)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
22.4
(72.3)
|
23.5
(74.3)
|
30.0
(86.0)
|
33.7
(92.7)
|
34.7
(94.5)
|
35.2
(95.4)
|
39.4
(102.9)
|
38.5
(101.3)
|
36.0
(96.8)
|
32.1
(89.8)
|
29.1
(84.4)
|
23.5
(74.3)
|
39.4
(102.9)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
9.9
(49.8)
|
10.4
(50.7)
|
12.7
(54.9)
|
17.0
(62.6)
|
21.2
(70.2)
|
25.4
(77.7)
|
27.9
(82.2)
|
28.6
(83.5)
|
25.2
(77.4)
|
20.7
(69.3)
|
15.6
(60.1)
|
12.0
(53.6)
|
18.9
(66.0)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
6.3
(43.3)
|
6.5
(43.7)
|
8.6
(47.5)
|
12.3
(54.1)
|
16.6
(61.9)
|
20.9
(69.6)
|
23.7
(74.7)
|
24.3
(75.7)
|
20.5
(68.9)
|
16.2
(61.2)
|
11.4
(52.5)
|
8.3
(46.9)
|
14.6
(58.3)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
3.8
(38.8)
|
3.7
(38.7)
|
5.6
(42.1)
|
9.0
(48.2)
|
13.3
(55.9)
|
17.4
(63.3)
|
20.0
(68.0)
|
20.7
(69.3)
|
16.9
(62.4)
|
13.1
(55.6)
|
8.5
(47.3)
|
5.7
(42.3)
|
11.5
(52.7)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
?13.4
(7.9)
|
?12.6
(9.3)
|
?7.0
(19.4)
|
?5.0
(23.0)
|
3.0
(37.4)
|
7.1
(44.8)
|
12.6
(54.7)
|
10.4
(50.7)
|
2.7
(36.9)
|
?3.2
(26.2)
|
?5.4
(22.3)
|
?8.3
(17.1)
|
?13.4
(7.9)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
177
(7.0)
|
134
(5.3)
|
133
(5.2)
|
109
(4.3)
|
107
(4.2)
|
95
(3.7)
|
120
(4.7)
|
106
(4.2)
|
140
(5.5)
|
177
(7.0)
|
175
(6.9)
|
178
(7.0)
|
1,651
(65.0)
|
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches)
|
1
(0.4)
|
1
(0.4)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
1
(0.4)
|
Average rainy days
|
19
|
18
|
18
|
18
|
16
|
14
|
11
|
10
|
13
|
15
|
17
|
20
|
189
|
Average snowy days
|
6
|
6
|
3
|
0.3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
4
|
20
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
|
73
|
72
|
72
|
75
|
79
|
79
|
79
|
78
|
76
|
76
|
74
|
72
|
75
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
96
|
105
|
145
|
161
|
221
|
258
|
279
|
281
|
226
|
195
|
121
|
86
|
2,174
|
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net
[44]
|
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961?1990)
[45]
|
Beach climate data for Sochi
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Average sea temperature °C (°F)
|
10.6
(51.08)
|
9.4
(48.92)
|
9.4
(48.92)
|
11.5
(52.7)
|
17.3
(63.14)
|
22.9
(73.22)
|
25.6
(78.08)
|
26.9
(80.42)
|
24.7
(76.46)
|
20.5
(68.9)
|
16.4
(61.52)
|
12.8
(55.04)
|
17.3
(63.2)
|
Source:
[46]
|
Administrative and municipal status and city divisions
[
edit
]
Within the
framework of administrative divisions
, it is, together with one
urban-type settlement
(
Krasnaya Polyana
) and seventy-nine
rural localities
, incorporated as the
City
of Sochi
?an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the
districts
.
[1]
As a
municipal division
, the City of Sochi is incorporated as
Sochi Urban Okrug
.
[8]
Sochi is administratively subdivided into four city districts:
Tsentralny City District
,
Lazarevsky City District
,
Khostinsky City District
, and
Adlersky City District
. Tsentralny City District, comprising the central portion of, is by far the smallest out of four in terms of the area, and the other three have comparable areas, with Lazarevsky City District being the biggest. In terms of the population, Tsentralny City District is approximately twice as big as each of the other three city districts.
|
|
Tsentralny City District
[
edit
]
Tsentralny City District
, or central Sochi, covers an area of 32 square kilometers (12 sq mi) and, as of the
2010 Census
, has a population of 137,677.
[6]
The highlights include:
- Michael Archangel Cathedral
, a diminutive church built in 1873?1891 to
Kaminsky
's designs in order to commemorate the victorious conclusion of the
Caucasian War
.
- The red-granite Archangel Column, erected in 2006 in memory of the Russian soldiers fallen in Sochi during the Caucasian War. It is capped by a 7-metre bronze statue of Sochi's patron saint,
Michael the Archangel
.
- Sochi Arboretum
, a large
botanical garden
with tropical trees from many countries, and the Mayors Allee?a landscape avenue of palm trees planted by mayors from cities around the world.
- The
Tree of Friendship
, a
hybrid citrus
tree planted in 1934 in the Subtropical Botanic Garden. Since 1940 numerous citrus cultivars from foreign countries have been
grafted
onto this tree as a token of friendship and peace. The associated Friendship Tree Garden Museum has a collection of 20,000 commemorative presents from around the world.
Lazarevsky City District
[
edit
]
Lazarevsky City District
lies to the northwest from the city center; the 2010 Census showed the population of 63,894 people.
[6]
It is the largest city district by area, covering some 1,744 square kilometers (673 sq mi) and comprising several
microdistricts
:
- Lazarevskoye
, 59 km (37 mi) from the city center, contains a
delphinarium
, an old church (1903), and a new church (1999). The settlement was founded as a Russian military outpost in 1839 and was named after Admiral
Mikhail Lazarev
.
- Loo
, 18 km (11 mi) from the city center, was once owned by Princes Loov, a noble Abkhazian family. The district contains the ruins of a medieval church, founded in the 8th century, rebuilt in the 11th century, and converted into a fortress in the Late Middle Ages.
- Dagomys
, 18 km (11 mi) from the city center, has been noted for its
botanical garden
, established by order of
Nicholas II
, as well as tea plantations and factories. A sprawling hotel complex was opened there in 1982. Dagomys adjoins
Bocharov Ruchey
, a
dacha
built for
Kliment Voroshilov
in the 1950s, but later upgraded into a country residence of the
President of Russia
, where he normally spends his vacations and often confers with leaders of other states.
- Golovinka
is a historic location at the mouth of the Shakhe River. Formerly marking the border between the
Ubykhs
and the
Shapsugs
, the settlement was noted by Italian travelers of the 17th century as Abbasa. On May 3, 1838, it was the site of the
Subashi landing
of the Russians, who proceeded to construct Fort Golovinsky where many convicted
Decembrists
used to serve. The fort was intentionally destroyed by Russian forces at the beginning of the
Crimean War
, so as to avoid its capture by the enemy.
- Fort Godlik
, of which little remains, had a turbulent history. It was built at the mouth of the Godlik River in the Byzantine period (5th to 8th centuries), was destroyed by the
Khazars
and revived by the
Genoese
in the High Middle Ages.
Khostinsky City District
[
edit
]
Khostinsky City District
, sprawling to the southeast from the city center, occupies approximately 374 square kilometers (144 sq mi), with a population of 65,229 as of the 2010 Census.
[6]
The district is traversed by many rivulets which give their names to the microdistricts of Matsesta ("flame-colored river"), Kudepsta, and Khosta ("the river of boars").
Adlersky City District
[
edit
]
Adlersky City District
, with an area of 1,352 square kilometers (522 sq mi) and a population of 76,534 people as of the 2010 Census,
[6]
is the southernmost district of the city, located just north of the border with Abkhazia. Until the establishment of Greater Sochi in 1961, it was administered as a separate town, which had its origin in an ancient
Sadz
village and a medieval
Genoese
trading post.
Among the natural wonders of the district is the Akhshtyr Gorge with a 160-meter-long cave that contains traces of human habitation. The upland part of the district includes a network of remote mountain villages (
auls
), the
Estonian
colony at
Estosadok
, and the ski resort of
Krasnaya Polyana
which hosted the events (Alpine and Nordic) of the
2014 Winter Olympics
. Also located here is a
trout
fishery and a breeding nursery for
great apes
.
Demographics
[
edit
]
Historical population
Year
| Pop.
| ±%
|
---|
1897
| 1,352
| ?
|
---|
1926
| 10,433
| +671.7%
|
---|
1939
| 49,813
| +377.5%
|
---|
1959
| 81,912
| +64.4%
|
---|
1970
| 224,031
| +173.5%
|
---|
1979
| 287,353
| +28.3%
|
---|
1989
| 336,514
| +17.1%
|
---|
2002
| 328,809
| ?2.3%
|
---|
2010
| 343,334
| +4.4%
|
---|
2021
| 466,078
| +35.8%
|
---|
Source: Census data
|
Sochi has an ethnic
Russian
majority (~70%). The city is home to a sizable
Armenian
minority (~20%), which is especially notable in the
Adlersky City District
where they compose more than half of the total population.
[47]
Most of Sochi's Armenian community are descendants of
Hamshen Armenians
from Turkey's northeastern
Black Sea
coast, who began arriving in the late 19th century.
[48]
The rest are
Armenians from Georgia
(particularly from
Abkhazia
and
Samtskhe-Javakheti
) and Armenia (especially from
Shirak Province
due to the
1988 earthquake
).
[49]
Year
|
Total population
|
Urban
|
Russians
|
Armenians
|
Ukrainians
|
Georgians
|
1887
|
98
|
?
|
|
|
|
|
1891
|
460
|
?
|
|
|
|
|
1897
[50]
|
1,352
|
?
|
37.9%
|
6.0%
|
19.9%
|
17.1%
|
1904
|
8,163
|
?
|
|
|
|
|
1916
|
13,254
|
?
|
|
|
|
|
1926
|
13,000
|
?
|
|
|
|
|
1939
|
72,597
|
49,813
|
|
|
|
|
1959
|
127,000
|
81,912
|
|
|
|
|
1970
|
245,300
|
203,100
|
|
|
|
|
1979
|
292,300
|
245,600
|
|
|
|
|
1989
[51]
|
385,851
|
339,814
|
|
|
|
|
1992
|
369,900
|
322,400
|
68.7%
|
14.2%
|
5.9%
|
1.5%
|
1994
|
378,300
|
?
|
|
|
|
|
1997
|
388,200
|
?
|
|
|
|
|
2002
[52]
[53]
|
397,103
|
332,778
|
67.5%
|
20.2%
|
3.7%
|
2.3%
|
2006
|
395,012
|
329,481
|
|
|
|
|
2007
|
402,043
|
331,059
|
|
|
|
|
2008
|
406,800
|
334,282
|
|
|
|
|
2009
|
410,987
|
337,947
|
|
|
|
|
2010
[6]
|
420,589
|
347,932
|
69.92%
|
20.09%
|
2.29%
|
2.03%
|
Source, unless otherwise marked:
[2]
[54]
[31]
[32]
|
Religion
[
edit
]
The
Byzantine Empire
brought Christianity to the Sochi region in the
Middle Ages
.
[
citation needed
]
The region was relatively isolated before 1829.
[
citation needed
]
In the North, a few hundred Sunni Muslim
Shapsugs
, a part of the
Circassian
nation, lived around Tkhagapsh, near
Lazarevskoye
. The Circassians (also known as Adyghe) converted to
Islam
from Christianity in the 17th century.
[55]
In the nineteenth century, Islam spread to the region.
[
citation needed
]
Currently, Sochi is a large predominantly
Christian
city, though there are thought to be around 20,000 Muslims (5% of inhabitants) living there now (the majority are
Adyghe
) plus other Eastern
Caucasians
, Turks,
Tatars
, and other smaller Muslim groups.
[56]
A
mosque
was built in 2008 by
United Arab Emirates
in the central area of Bytkha, in addition to the old mosque being around 40 km (25 miles) north of the city center
[56]
[57]
in the Adyghe
aul
of Tkhagapsh.
There are around thirty
Russian Orthodox
churches, the largest being St. Michael's, and two monasteries, plus two
Catholic
churches, one in the center of Sochi and the other in Lazarevskoye. The
Armenian
community gathers in about ten churches.
Economy
[
edit
]
Overview
[
edit
]
Turnover of large and medium-sized enterprises of the city, in billion rubles.
[58]
[59]
[60]
[61]
Year
|
Billion rubles
|
2014
|
|
2015
|
|
2016
|
|
2017
|
|
Sochi is an economic centre of
Krasnodar Krai
and Russia. According to the economist-geographer
Natalia Zubarevich
, Sochi, being a "recreational capital", along with the largest industrial centers, acts as a "motor" of development that determines the prospects and directions of the country's development.
[62]
The economy of Sochi is based on trade, construction, resort and tourism. Its structure for 2015: retail trade (59%), construction (15%), resorts and tourism (11%), industry (10.6%), transport (3.5%) and agriculture (0.9%).
[63]
Sochi is one of the most popular tourism centres, as well as a prominent financial centre in Russia. Investments in the city's economy over the past 10 years have amounted to more than 1.1 trillion rubles.
[63]
The turnover of medium and large enterprises in Sochi in 2017 amounted to more than 191.3 billion rubles. The increase in turnover in comparison with the previous year is 12%.
[61]
In 2010, Sochi headed the "Rating of Russian cities by quality of life" of the Urbanika Institute,
[64]
and in 2014 and 2015 it ranked as 4th and 5th city respectively;
[65]
[66]
experts noted the high rate of development of the city, large-scale investments on the eve of the
2014 Winter Olympics
, favorable environmental conditions and high safety of residents.
[67]
In 2012, Sochi topped the rating of "30 best cities for business" in Russia, by
Forbes
.
[68]
Tourism
[
edit
]
Today, 705 classified accommodation facilities operate on its territory, including: 66 sanatoriums, 20 boarding houses and recreation centers and 618 hotels. 183 beach areas have been opened, more than 100 tourist facilities operate, about 70 excursion companies operate.
[60]
Over 5.2 million tourists visited Sochi in 2016, 5.9% more than in 2015.
[60]
The average annual occupancy rate of hotels was at 77%, but varies by season. The importance of tourism for the development of Sochi is also determined by the financial revenues from the industry. According to statistics, in 2015, tourism revenues amounted to about 30 billion rubles. At the same time, throughout the country, revenues from the industry amounted to 161 billion rubles; thus, the tourist industry of the city occupies 18.6% of the total market of the country.
[69]
-
Sanatorium Metallurg
-
Sanatorium Ordzhonikidze
-
Primorskaya Hotel
-
Bogatyr hotel
-
Rodina Grand Hotel pool
-
Sochipark in the evening
Trade, finance and services
[
edit
]
The retail trade turnover for medium and large enterprises (accounting for about 30% of the total turnover) in the city in 2016 amounted to 57.2 billion rubles. On the territory of the city there are 8,769 objects of the consumer sphere, of which: 5013 are stationary retail enterprises, 1450 are catering enterprises, 335 are wholesale enterprises, and 1083 are service enterprises.
[60]
In Sochi, 1807 grocery stores, 2,708 non-food stores, 294 stores of a mixed group of goods, 178 pharmacies, 16 car dealerships, 20 stores at gas stations, 945 pavilions and kiosks have been opened. The provision of the population with retail space is 1,106.7 m
2
(11,912 sq ft) per 1000 people.
[60]
According to 2017 data, the annual trade turnover per capita in Sochi was 1.75 times higher than the average in Russia (373,527 rubles per year per person). At the same time, it exceeds the annual trade turnover per capita in all cities with a population of over one million, including
Saint Petersburg
and Moscow. A high trade turnover is ensured by both a large flow of tourists and a high average wage in the city. The annual retail turnover generated by permanent residents is about 96.2 billion rubles (52%). Tourists generate about 87.83 billion rubles (48%).
[70]
The turnover of public catering in the city in 2016 for medium and large enterprises amounted to 7 billion rubles (about 36% of the total turnover). 1450 public catering establishments were opened in Sochi, with a total of 90473 seats. The market of paid services to the population in 2016 amounted to 34.3 million rubles; the industry employs 3393 people, with a total of 1083 enterprises.
[60]
Industry and agriculture
[
edit
]
The volume of goods shipped in 2016 for medium and large industrial enterprises of the city amounted to 19.4 billion rubles. The distribution of energy, gas and water accounted for 11.9 billion rubles,
[60]
the largest enterprises in the industry are: Adler TPP and Sochinskaya TPP. Processing industries accounted for 3.3 billion rubles.
[60]
The volume of shipment of minerals amounted to 76 million rubles, the largest enterprise in the industry is Firma Sochinerud.
[60]
In the manufacturing industry, the overwhelming share of food production enterprises, which account for 92.3% of the production volume.
[60]
Large enterprises: Sochi meat-packing plant, Trout-breeding farm, Primorskaya quail farm, Sochi bakery and Lazarevsky bakery.
The volume of shipped agricultural products in 2016 amounted to 49.8 million rubles. Vegetables, citrus fruits, fruits (including heat-loving crops such as feijoa, medlar, kiwi) and flowers are cultivated by large agricultural enterprises: Verlioka, Voskhod and Pobeda. The only producer of poultry meat is the Adler Poultry Factory. Five enterprises are engaged in the cultivation and processing of tea: Dagomyschay, Solokhaul tea, Matsesta tea, Khosta tea, Shapsug tea and a number of farmers.
[60]
Education
[
edit
]
There are more than 70 secondary schools in Sochi.
In addition to branches of metropolitan universities, Sochi has its own higher educational institutions, which are also of federal importance:
Secondary specialized educational institutions:
- College of Economics and Technology at Sochi State University
- College of Art
- College of Multicultural Education
- Medical College
- Professional Technical School
- Kuban College of Law
- Sochi Financial and Law College
- Sochi College of Humanities and Economics
Science
[
edit
]
Sochi is indispensable for
Russian science
from a geographical and climatic point of view. The only subtropics in Russia are actively used as a base for scientific research in the field of botany, medicine and coastal construction. In addition to higher education institutions that develop science, Sochi has a number of research institutions of all-Russian importance:
- Sochi Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Research Institute of Medical Primatology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
- Research Institute of Mountain Forestry and Forest Ecology of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Sochi Branch of the Russian Geographical Society
Sports
[
edit
]
Sports facilities
[
edit
]
A local
tennis
school spawned the careers of such players as
Grand Slam
champions
Maria Sharapova
and
Yevgeny Kafelnikov
(Kafelnikov spent much of his childhood here, while Sharapova relocated to
Florida
at the age of seven). In late 2005, the
Russian Football Union
announced that it was planning to establish a year-round training center for the country's national teams in Sochi. The city's warm climate was cited as one of the main incentives. Sochi is also the home for the football team
PFC Sochi
which plays in the
Russian Premier League
and for the ice hockey team
HC Sochi
which plays in the
Kontinental Hockey League
.
2014 Winter Olympics and Paralympics
[
edit
]
The nearby ski resort of
Roza Khutor
at
Krasnaya Polyana
was the location of the alpine and Nordic events for the
2014 Winter Olympics
.
In June 2006, the
International Olympic Committee
announced that Sochi had been selected as a finalist city to host the
2014 Winter Olympics
and the
2014 Winter Paralympics
. On July 4, 2007, Sochi was announced as the host city of the 2014 Winter Games, edging out
Pyeongchang
,
South Korea
and
Salzburg
,
Austria
.
[71]
This was Russia's first time hosting the Winter Olympic Games, and its first time hosting the Paralympic Games. The site of a training centre for aspiring Olympic athletes, in 2008, the city had no world-class level athletic facilities fit for international competition.
[72]
Severe cost overruns made the 2014 Winter Olympics the most
expensive Olympics
in history; with Russian politician
Boris Nemtsov
citing allegations of corruption among government officials,
[73]
and Allison Stewart of the
Said Business School
at
Oxford
citing tight relationships between the government and construction firms.
[74]
While originally budgeted at US$12 billion, various factors caused the budget to expand to US$51 billion, surpassing the estimated $44 billion cost of the
2008 Summer Olympics
in Beijing. According to a report by the
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
, this cost will not boost Russia's national economy, but may attract business to Sochi and the southern Krasnodar region of Russia in the future as a result of improved services.
[75]
The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi saw
concern and controversy
following a new federal law approved in Russia in June 2013 that bans "
homosexual propaganda to minors
".
[76]
There were also concerns over
Islamist militants
.
[77]
Construction work
[
edit
]
The state-controlled
RAO UES
announced in July 2007 that it might spend 30 billion roubles (about US$1.2 billion) on upgrading the electrical power system in the Sochi area by 2014.
[78]
The power generating companies
Inter RAO UES
and
RusHydro
would have to build or modernize four thermal power plants and four hydroelectric plants?and the federal grid company
FGC UES
has to replace the Central-Shepsi electricity transmission line, which reportedly often fails in bad weather. The new power line would run partly on power towers and partly across the bottom of the Black Sea. By 2011, the power supply of the resort area would increase by 1129 MW?of which 300 MW would be used for Olympic sports facilities. "The cost of the work is estimated at 83.6 billion rubles (about US $3.26 billion), of which 50 billion rubles (about US$2 billion) will go to investments in the electricity grid," the power companies announced. They did not say how much of the bill the state would foot. In February 2007, when UES had planned to spend 48.8 billion rubles (about US$1.9 billion) on the Sochi area, the share the state had been ready to pay 38 billion roubles (about US$1.48 billion) of that.
Other sports events
[
edit
]
The
Silk Way Rally
which is part of
Dakar series
took place in Sochi in 2010 for the last stage between the capital of the
Republic of Adygea
Maykop
to the city of Sochi through
Pseshwap
.
[79]
President
Vladimir Putin
had reached a deal with
Bernie Ecclestone
for the city to host the
Formula One
Russian Grand Prix
from 2014.
[80]
However, because of the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
, Sochi is not allowed to host future races.
[81]
The
World Robot Olympiad
took place in the
Adler Arena Skating Center
on November 21?23, 2014.
The
2014 World Chess Championship
between
Viswanathan Anand
and
Magnus Carlsen
was played in Sochi in November 2014, with Carlsen emerging as the winner.
The
Fisht Olympic Stadium
was also used to host
2018 FIFA World Cup
football
matches.
Since 2014, the city has hosted
HC Sochi
, who play at the
Bolshoy Ice Dome
in the
Kontinental Hockey League
.
Transportation
[
edit
]
Public transport is represented mainly by bus and taxi. Sochi is served by the
Adler-Sochi International Airport
. Types of non-mass public transport include two
funiculars
(at the Central military sanatorium and Ordzhonikidze resort) and three cable cars (at arboretum sanatorium "Dawn" and pension "Neva") also has several
cableways
in
Krasnaya Polyana
.
The
Sochi Port
terminal building was built in 1955 by
Karo Alabyan
and
Leonid Karlik
in
Stalinist architecture
. It is topped with a 71-meter steepled tower. Sculptures embodying seasons and cardinal points are set above the tower's three tiers.
Five of the railway stations of Sochi were renovated for the
2014 Winter Olympics
. These are
Dagomys
,
Sochi
,
Matsesta
and
Khosta
railway stations. In
Adler city district
of Sochi, the original railway station was preserved and
new railway station
was built near it. Another new railway station
was built
in
Estosadok
, close to
Krasnaya Polyana
.
At some point, plans to construct the light metro network to serve the Olympics were considered; however, the
Sochi Light Metro
plan was abandoned in favor of the reconstruction of the railway.
Notable people
[
edit
]
- Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk
, physicist
- Mikhail Galustyan
, comedian
- Andre Geim
, physicist,
graphene
researcher and 2010
Nobel Prize
winner
[82]
- Yevgeny Kafelnikov
,
tennis player
, former
World No. 1
tennis player
- Daria Kondakova
, rhythmic gymnast
- Grigory Leps
, singer, songwriter, musician of Georgian origin
- Slava Metreveli
, Georgian/Soviet association football player
- Vladimir Nemshilov
, Olympic swimmer
- Boris Nemtsov
, politician
- Mordechai Spiegler
, Russian-Israeli association football player and manager
- Vladimir Tkachenko
, basketball player
- Elena Vesnina
,
tennis player
- Kharis Yunichev
, the first Soviet male swimmer to win an Olympic medal
[83]
- Anna Zak
, Israeli celebrity
Twin towns ? sister cities
[
edit
]
| This article needs to be
updated
.
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
(
March 2022
)
|
Sochi is
twinned
with:
[84]
Former twin towns
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units of Krasnodar Krai
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Sochi"
.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia
.
(in Russian)
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Exposition of the Historical Museum of Sochi, partly reflected in Russian in
"История Сочи"
. Archived from
the original
on October 11, 2010
. Retrieved
December 14,
2021
.
(History of Sochi) at the official site of the city
- ^
a
b
Official website of Sochi
Archived
January 11, 2014, at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
a
b
c
Городское Собрание Сочи. Решение №89 от 14 июля 2009 г. ≪
Об утверждении генерального плана городского округа города Сочи
≫. Вступил в силу со дня опубликования.
(City Assembly of Sochi. Decision #89 of July 14, 2009
On the Adoption of the General Plan of the Urban Okrug of the City of Sochi
. Effective as of the publication date.).
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011).
Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1
[2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1].
Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census]
(in Russian).
Federal State Statistics Service
.
- ^
"RUSSIA: Ju?nyj Federal'nyj Okrug: Southern Federal District"
. City Population.de. August 8, 2020
. Retrieved
August 28,
2020
.
- ^
a
b
c
Law #679-KZ
- ^
"Об исчислении времени"
.
Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации
(in Russian). June 3, 2011
. Retrieved
January 19,
2019
.
- ^
Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (
Russian Post
).
Поиск объектов почтовой связи
(
Postal Objects Search
)
(in Russian)
- ^
"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации"
.
Federal State Statistics Service
. Retrieved
September 1,
2022
.
- ^
Rafael Saakov (February 4, 2014).
"Sochi: The Russian city where I grew up"
.
BBC
. Retrieved
August 28,
2020
.
- ^
Sochi hosts 2014 Winter Olympics
BBC Sport, July 4, 2007
- ^
PM Putin confirms Russian GP for 2014
GPUpdate, October 15, 2010
- ^
"F1 terminates Russian GP contract after cancellation of 2022 race"
.
- ^
a
b
Exposition of the Historical Museum of Sochi, partly reflected in Russian in
История Сочи
(History of Sochi) at the official site of the city
- ^
Mi, Ali.
Cerkez tarihi
- ^
a
b
А. В. Твёрдый.
Топонимический словарь Кавказа
- ^
"????",
A Comprehensive Georgian-English Dictionary
, 2006, 2 cilt
ISBN 0-9535878-3-5
- ^
Византийский храм в Лоо
(in Russian). Архитектура Сочи. May 16, 2012
. Retrieved
January 30,
2014
.
- ^
"Генуэзцы"
.
edemkavkaza.ru
. Retrieved
November 18,
2020
.
- ^
"Крепость Годлик, Сочи ? описание, история, фотография, а также интересные факты | Nicko.ru"
(in Russian). May 19, 2017
. Retrieved
November 18,
2020
.
- ^
Фунтиков, Илья (April 26, 2017).
"Генуэзская крепость в Хосте"
.
Новости Сочи Sochinews.io
(in Russian)
. Retrieved
November 18,
2020
.
- ^
a
b
Sochi ? from ancient sites to 2014 Olympics
, information from the Historical Museum of Sochi
- ^
Peter Hopkirk
The great game: On Secret Service in High Asia
, Chapter 12 "The Greatest Fortress in the World", pp. 158?159, Oxford University Press, 2001
ISBN
0-19-280232-1
- ^
Ahmed 2013
, p. 161.
- ^
L.V.Burykina.
Pereselenskoye dvizhenie na severo-zapagni Kavakaz
. Reference in King.
- ^
Richmond 2008
, p. 79.
- ^
Richmond, Walter (April 9, 2013).
The Circassian Genocide
. Rutgers University Press.
ISBN
978-0-8135-6069-4
.
- ^
Shenfield, Stephen D.
The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?
, 1999
- ^
a
b
Половинкина Т. В. Сочинское Причерноморье ? Нальчик (2006) pp. 216?218,
ISBN
588195775X
- ^
a
b
4. Население
(R_04.doc) in Российский статистический ежегодник 2011, www.gks.ru,
ISBN
978-5-89476-319-4
- ^
Stalin's ghost haunts Black Sea hotel
at Mail & Guardian Online, Retrieved February 7, 2014
- ^
Голубева, Елена (September 25, 2013).
Олимпийская столица ? и для спортсменов, и для бизнесменов
.
Komsomolskaya Pravda
(in Russian)
. Retrieved
January 30,
2014
.
- ^
Koenker, Diane P. (February 2014).
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Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов ? районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек
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Sources
[
edit
]
- Ahmed, Akbar (2013).
The Thistle and the Drone
. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
ISBN
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- Richmond, Walter (2008).
The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future
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- Управление по взаимодействию с органами местного самоуправления Администрации Краснодарского края. Справочная информация №34.01-707/13-03 от 23 мая 2013 г. ≪Реестр административно-территориальных единиц Краснодарского края≫.
(Department of Cooperation with the Organs of the Local Self-Government of the Administration of Krasnodar Krai. Reference Information #34.01-707/13-03 of May 23, 2013
Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units of Krasnodar Krai
. ).
- Законодательное Собрание Краснодарского края. Закон №679-КЗ от 1 апреля 2004 г. ≪Об установлении границ муниципального образования город-курорт Сочи и наделении его статусом городского округа≫, в ред. Закона №1756-КЗ от 3 июня 2009 г ≪О внесении изменений в некоторые законодательные акты Краснодарского края об установлении границ муниципальных образований≫. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Кубанские новости", №64?65, 17 апреля 2004 г.
(Legislative Assembly of Krasnodar Krai. Law #679-KZ of April 1, 2004
On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the Resort City of Sochi and on Granting It Urban Okrug Status
, as amended by the Law #1756-KZ of June 3, 2009
On Amending Various Legislative Acts of Krasnodar Krai on Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations
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- Historical Dictionary of Sochi,
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- Works by or about James Stanislaus Bell
at
Internet Archive
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Journal of a Residence in Circassia During the Years 1837, 1838, and 1839
)
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