Municipality in Cantabria, Spain
Santander
(
SAN
-t?n-
DAIR
, -tan-
,
SAHN
-tahn-
DAIR
,
[3]
[4]
Spanish:
[santan?de?]
) is the capital of the
autonomous community
of
Cantabria
, Spain. It has a population of 172,000 (2017).
[5]
It is a
port city
located in the northern coast of the
Iberian Peninsula
, facing the
Cantabrian Sea
.
It is believed to have been a port since ancient times, due to its favourable location, and is documented as far back as the 11th century. Much of the medieval city was lost in the
Great Fire of 1941
. Today, its remaining old town, beach and other attractions are popular with tourists and other visitors and its economy is mainly service based. The port is still very active and a regular ferry service operates to the
United Kingdom
. Fish and seafood dominate the local cuisine. Santander notably houses the headquarters of multinational bank
Banco Santander
, which was founded there. The city has a
mild climate
typical of the Spanish northern coastline with frequent rainfall and stable temperatures. Cold snaps and heat waves are very rare.
History
[
edit
]
Origins, Roman period and Middle Ages
[
edit
]
The origin of the earliest human settlements in the current Santander is not easy to establish because there is little written and little archaeological data. However, there would appear to be good practical reasons for ancient settlers to have chosen the north side of the bay, sheltered from it and safer from the storms of the
Bay of Biscay
, on the north side of the promontory of
Somorrostro
and along the ancient
Becedo
estuary. Moreover, the hillside provided good visibility for spotting potential attackers, making this the ideal place for the foundation of a stable settlement, which was to evolve throughout the
Middle Ages
.
[6]
Although it is mentioned for the first time in 1068, in a draft document made by
King Sancho II
, in the 9th century
Alfonso II the Chaste
founded the
Abadia de los Cuerpos Santos
("Abbey of the Holy Bodies") in the existing chapel on the hill of Somorrostro, housing as holy relics the heads of
Saint Emeterius
and
Saint Celedonius
and the graves of other unknown martyrs, giving the abbey its name.
[7]
Alfonso VIII of Castile
granted the city a
fuero
(charter) in 1187.
Santander, c. 1590 ? by
Joris Hoefnagel
During the 12th and 13th centuries the population was contained within the walls of two different pueblas. La Puebla, the older, on the hill overlooking the city facing the bay, included the old castle, the Abbey of the Holy Bodies and the cloister. It had three rows of houses, separated by Rua Carnicerias and Rua Mayor, where the homes of prominent people of the town were, as well as those of the Abbot's canons. Meanwhile, the Puebla Nueva contained the convent of Santa Clara and San Francisco, which gave its name to one of the main streets; other important streets were the Rua de la Sal, The cavalcade Palace, Ribera, Don Gutierre, Puerta de la Sierra, Gallows and the Arcillero Rua. The two pueblas were joined by a bridge over the river that divided Becedo and flowed down to the shipyards, which were ordered by the king to take timber from the Cantabrian forests for shipbuilding. The villa was required to give the monarchy a ship per year.
[
citation needed
]
By the end of the 15th century Santander had a population of about 4,000 or 5,000 inhabitants.
The city owes its existence to the excellent harbour of the
Bay of Santander
. Santander was an important port for
Castile
in the later Middle Ages, and also for trade with the
New World
. It officially became a city in 1755.
[10]
Cabo Machichaco
explosions
[
edit
]
Monument in Plaza Machichaco to the victims of the two
Cabo Machichaco
explosions in 1893 and 1894
On 3 November 1893 a steamship,
Cabo Machichaco
, caught fire while she was being unloaded at a pier in the heart of the city. A crowd of 2,000 to 3,000 people watched as crew and firefighters fought the fire. About 40 tonnes of dynamite being carried in her forward holds exploded, killing about 590 people, injuring about 2,000, sinking the ship and destroying at least 65 buildings near the harbour.
[11]
On 21 March 1894 a
salvage diver
working to salvage cargo from
Cabo Machichaco
'
s wreck accidentally detonated about 11 tonnes of dynamite that were submerged in the after hold of the ship. 18 people were killed and 11 injured.
[11]
Great Fire of 1941
[
edit
]
Santander fell victim to a
great fire
in 1941.
[12]
Fanned by a strong south wind, the fire burned for two days. The fire started in Cadiz Street, next to the harbour, the Cathedral and the medieval quarter.
[13]
The fire destroyed the Old Town Hall, Jesus de Monasterio and Vargas streets and Atarazanas square buildings. It led to a major change in the architecture of Santander, away from the older small stone and wood buildings with balconies to the enormous blocks of flats built during the reconstruction.
[
citation needed
]
There was only one casualty of the fire, a firefighter from Madrid killed in the line of duty, but thousands of families were left homeless and the city was plunged into chaos. The fire destroyed the greater part of the
medieval
town centre and gutted the city's
Romanesque
cathedral
.
[14]
Geography
[
edit
]
The city is located on the northern side of the
Bay of Santander
.
[15]
Bird's eye view of the Bay
Climate
[
edit
]
The city of Santander has an
oceanic climate
(
Koppen climate classification
Cfb
), the annual thermal oscillation of the average monthly temperatures reaching around 10 °C (50 °F).
[
citation needed
]
The maximum temperature reached in Santander Airport was 37.8 °C (100 °F) on 27 June 2009, and the minimum temperature ?5.4 °C (22 °F) on 21 January 1957. The highest maximum daytime average for a month was in August 2003, with 27.1 °C (80.8 °F).
[16]
Warm months (mean above 22 °C (72 °F)) are however rare. The highest temperature recorded in downtown is 40.2 °C (104.4 °F) in August 1940.
[17]
Sunshine hours are very low by comparison with the rest of mainland and southern Spain. Even compared with other areas of northern Spain, such as
Galicia
, which have many more hours of sunshine in coastal cities such as
Vigo
or
Pontevedra
. With annual averages of approximately 1650 hours of sunshine, Santander's southern areas are about as sunny as
London
and
Paris
, and quite a bit less sunny than most of England's south coastal regions. The area closer to the coast has higher sunshine time but lower summer afternoon temperatures.
Climate data for Santander, downtown, 64 m (1991?2020), extremes since 1877
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
23.2
(73.8)
|
26.6
(79.9)
|
30.0
(86.0)
|
33.4
(92.1)
|
35.8
(96.4)
|
37.4
(99.3)
|
36.2
(97.2)
|
40.2
(104.4)
|
36.8
(98.2)
|
32.4
(90.3)
|
26.7
(80.1)
|
23.8
(74.8)
|
40.2
(104.4)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
13.2
(55.8)
|
13.3
(55.9)
|
14.9
(58.8)
|
15.8
(60.4)
|
17.9
(64.2)
|
20.3
(68.5)
|
22.4
(72.3)
|
23.3
(73.9)
|
21.8
(71.2)
|
19.8
(67.6)
|
16.0
(60.8)
|
13.8
(56.8)
|
17.7
(63.9)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
10.7
(51.3)
|
10.5
(50.9)
|
11.9
(53.4)
|
12.9
(55.2)
|
15.1
(59.2)
|
17.7
(63.9)
|
19.8
(67.6)
|
20.6
(69.1)
|
18.9
(66.0)
|
16.8
(62.2)
|
13.4
(56.1)
|
11.3
(52.3)
|
15.0
(59.0)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
8.1
(46.6)
|
7.7
(45.9)
|
9.0
(48.2)
|
9.9
(49.8)
|
12.3
(54.1)
|
15.0
(59.0)
|
17.1
(62.8)
|
17.8
(64.0)
|
16.0
(60.8)
|
13.8
(56.8)
|
10.7
(51.3)
|
8.8
(47.8)
|
12.2
(54.0)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
?2.6
(27.3)
|
?3.8
(25.2)
|
?0.3
(31.5)
|
1.6
(34.9)
|
3.6
(38.5)
|
7.5
(45.5)
|
5.2
(41.4)
|
11.4
(52.5)
|
7.7
(45.9)
|
4.4
(39.9)
|
1.5
(34.7)
|
?2.8
(27.0)
|
?3.8
(25.2)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
108.2
(4.26)
|
74.3
(2.93)
|
76.3
(3.00)
|
86.4
(3.40)
|
71.1
(2.80)
|
61.9
(2.44)
|
48.8
(1.92)
|
60.0
(2.36)
|
89.2
(3.51)
|
115.1
(4.53)
|
152.5
(6.00)
|
130.3
(5.13)
|
1,074.1
(42.28)
|
Average precipitation days
(≥ 1 mm)
|
12.8
|
10.1
|
9.7
|
11.6
|
10.4
|
8.7
|
8.3
|
8.5
|
9.3
|
11.2
|
14.7
|
13.1
|
128.4
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
91
|
121
|
164
|
174
|
209
|
212
|
224
|
202
|
176
|
148
|
93
|
86
|
1,900
|
Source 1: Meteo Climat
[18]
|
Source 2: Meteo Climat (extremes)
[19]
|
Climate data for Santander Airport (1981?2010) Record Temperatures (1954?2016)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
25.1
(77.2)
|
29.0
(84.2)
|
31.3
(88.3)
|
30.6
(87.1)
|
36.8
(98.2)
|
37.8
(100.0)
|
37.2
(99.0)
|
37.3
(99.1)
|
37.6
(99.7)
|
33.5
(92.3)
|
28.0
(82.4)
|
25.4
(77.7)
|
37.8
(100.0)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
13.6
(56.5)
|
13.8
(56.8)
|
15.7
(60.3)
|
16.6
(61.9)
|
19.1
(66.4)
|
21.6
(70.9)
|
23.6
(74.5)
|
24.2
(75.6)
|
22.8
(73.0)
|
20.3
(68.5)
|
16.3
(61.3)
|
14.2
(57.6)
|
18.5
(65.3)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
9.7
(49.5)
|
9.8
(49.6)
|
11.3
(52.3)
|
12.4
(54.3)
|
15.1
(59.2)
|
17.8
(64.0)
|
19.8
(67.6)
|
20.3
(68.5)
|
18.6
(65.5)
|
16.1
(61.0)
|
12.5
(54.5)
|
10.5
(50.9)
|
14.5
(58.1)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
5.8
(42.4)
|
5.7
(42.3)
|
7.0
(44.6)
|
8.3
(46.9)
|
11.1
(52.0)
|
13.9
(57.0)
|
16.0
(60.8)
|
16.4
(61.5)
|
14.4
(57.9)
|
11.8
(53.2)
|
8.7
(47.7)
|
6.7
(44.1)
|
10.5
(50.9)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
?5.4
(22.3)
|
?5.2
(22.6)
|
?3.0
(26.6)
|
0.6
(33.1)
|
2.6
(36.7)
|
5.6
(42.1)
|
6.0
(42.8)
|
6.0
(42.8)
|
2.8
(37.0)
|
1.4
(34.5)
|
?3.5
(25.7)
|
?5.2
(22.6)
|
?5.4
(22.3)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
106
(4.2)
|
92
(3.6)
|
88
(3.5)
|
102
(4.0)
|
78
(3.1)
|
58
(2.3)
|
52
(2.0)
|
73
(2.9)
|
83
(3.3)
|
120
(4.7)
|
157
(6.2)
|
118
(4.6)
|
1,129
(44.4)
|
Average precipitation days
(≥ 1 mm)
|
12
|
11
|
10
|
12
|
10
|
8
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
11
|
13
|
12
|
124
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
|
72
|
72
|
71
|
72
|
74
|
75
|
75
|
76
|
76
|
75
|
75
|
73
|
74
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
85
|
104
|
135
|
149
|
172
|
178
|
187
|
180
|
160
|
129
|
93
|
74
|
1,649
|
Source:
Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia
[20]
|
Tourism and sights
[
edit
]
The bars and restaurants of the old town are popular with tourists, as well as the
El Sardinero
beach a couple of kilometres away.
[21]
The
Cathedral of Santander
: The lower temple, called "cripta del Cristo" was built around 1200 on other earlier
Roman
buildings. It is 31 metres (102 ft) long and 18 metres (59 ft) wide, organised into three naves. Its style is a transition from
Romanesque
to
Gothic
.
[22]
The Lighthouse of Cabo Mayor presides over the entrance to the Bay of Santander.
[23]
Parque de la Vaguada de las Llamas is one of the largest parks in northern Spain, covering 11 hectares (27 acres) of the city.
[24]
Santander is pilot for a
smart city
. It is embedded with 12,000 sensors.
[25]
[26]
Politics and government
[
edit
]
The
People's Party
were the leading party in the municipal elections of 1999, 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, and 2019.
[27]
Economy
[
edit
]
Building of
Bank of Santander
, where it originated and where it has its registered office.
As a service centre at the regional level, Santander contains important public institutions and private organisations with a large number of employees, including
Marques de Valdecilla University Hospital
, the
University of Cantabria
and
Grupo Santander
. Activities related to culture, leisure and
tourism
are an important part of the city's economy, and the regional and municipal authorities look to augment the summer tourist trade with additional offerings, including conventions, conferences,
cultural festivals
and cruises.
Banco Santander
, Spain's largest bank and corporation, has had its legal headquarters located in the city since its foundation.
Transport
[
edit
]
There are ferry services to and from
Portsmouth
and
Plymouth
in the
United Kingdom
and
Cork
in
Ireland
, all operated by
Brittany Ferries
.
[28]
[29]
Santander railway station
serves three million annual passengers.
The city is served by the
Seve Ballesteros?Santander Airport
(SDR), located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of the city centre.
Education
[
edit
]
Centro Botin, cultural centre designed by
Renzo Piano
Culture
[
edit
]
Santander has a great tradition and cultural activity, with events that play an important role in cultural and social life of the city. UIMP is a major international summer university and organizes large
festivals
of
music
and
dance
. The
Festival Internacional de Santander
(FIS), Festival Internacional de Musica de Organo (FiMOC), Encuentro de Musica y Academia and the
Paloma O'Shea International Piano Competition
are main cultural events.
Diet
[
edit
]
Rabas
Santander's
cuisine
is characteristic of Cantabria in that it is based mainly on
seafood
. Popular
shellfish
include
almejas
(
clams
) and
navajas
(
razor clams
); fish include
seabream
,
red mullet
,
anchovies
,
seabass
and
sardines
; and
squid
and
cuttlefish
are also commonly eaten.
Some typical dishes from the city of Santander are the fried calamari called
rabas
, double donuts, bean stew called
cocido montanes
, and
seafood
dishes ranging from
seabass
and
sardine
to products such as
morguera
.
[
citation needed
]
Notable people
[
edit
]
Historical figures
[
edit
]
19th century
[
edit
]
- Jenaro Quesada, 1st Marquis of Miravalles
(1818?1889)
Grandee of Spain
and Spanish soldier
- Jose Antonio Mijares
(1819?1847) a Mexican Army Lieutenant who led the Mexican resistance force against the American garrison of
San Jose del Cabo
in the
Battle of San Jose del Cabo
- Rafael Izquierdo y Gutierrez
(1820?1883) a Spanish Military Officer, politician, and statesman; Governor-General of the Philippines from 1871 to 1873
- Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola
(1831?1888) a Spanish jurist, amateur archaeologist, owned the land of the
Cave of Altamira
- Marcelino Menendez y Pelayo
(1856?1912) a Spanish scholar, historian and literary critic.
- Francisco Iturrino
(1864?1924) a Spanish Post-impressionist painter of Basque ancestry, sometimes called a
Fauvist
- Concha Espina
(c.1877?1955) a Spanish writer nominated for a
Nobel prize in literature
25 times in nine years
- Marcial Solana Gonzalez-Camino
(1880?1958) a Spanish scholar, writer and politician; historian of philosophy
- Maria Gutierrez Blanchard
(1881?1932) a Spanish painter, developed a unique style of
Cubism
- Angel Herrera Oria
(1886?1968) a Spanish journalist, Roman Catholic politician and later a cardinal
- Gerardo Diego
(1896?1987) a Spanish poet, a member of the
Generation of '27
20th century
[
edit
]
- Emilio Botin
(1903?1993), a Spanish banker, the chairman of Santander Group from 1950 to 1986
- Jose Luis Zamanillo
(1903?1980), a
Traditionalist
politician and leader of
Carlist
paramilitary
Requete
structures
- Francisco de Borbon y Borbon
(1912?1995), a Spanish aristocrat, Lieutenant General of the cavalry in the Spanish army
- Matilde Camus
(1919?2012), a Spanish poet who also wrote non-fiction
- Elena Quiroga
(1921?1995), Spanish writer, explored the themes of childhood and adolescence
- Daniel Gil
(1930?2004), one of the leading Spanish
graphic designers
of the 20th century
- Emilio Botin
(1934?2014), a Spanish banker, executive chairman of Spain's
Grupo Santander
- Juan Carlos Calderon
(1938?2012), a Spanish singer-songwriter and musician
- Alvaro Pombo
(born 1939), a Spanish poet, novelist and activist
- Juan Navarro Baldeweg
(born 1939), architect and professor at the
Superior Technical School of Architecture of Madrid
- Alfonso Vallejo
(1943?2021), playwright, poet, painter and neurologist
- German Gullon
(born 1945), literary critic, writer and professor of Spanish literature at the
University of Amsterdam
- Domingo Sarrey
(born 1948), a visual artist and video artist.
- Jose Antonio Rodriguez Vega
(1957?2002), nicknamed
El Mataviejas
(The Old Lady Killer), was a Spanish serial killer who raped and killed at least 16 elderly women in and around Santander between August 1987 and April 1988
- Paco San Jose
(born 1958), Cantabrian music composer
- Alvaro Longoria
(born 1968), a film director, executive producer and actor
Athletes
[
edit
]
- Francisco "Paco" Gento Lopez
(21 October 1933 - 18 January 2022), nicknamed Paco, was a Spanish footballer or Spanish soccer player, 437 appearances between Racing Santander and Real Madrid and scored a total of 129 goals in his senior career. He played for the National Spanish team in 43 aapearances. and scored 5 goals.
- Marcos Alonso Imaz
(1933?2012), nicknamed Marquitos, was a Spanish footballer, 272 pro appearances
- Jose Perez Frances
(1936?2021), a Spanish former professional road racing cyclist
- Francisco Javier Aguilar Garcia
(1949?2020), a Spanish retired professional footballer 300 pro appearances
- Seve Ballesteros
(1957?2011), a Spanish professional golfer and World No. 1
- Quique Setien
(born 1958), a Spanish retired footballer, 518 pro appearances, former coach of
FC Barcelona
- Marcos Alonso Pena
(1959?2023), a Spanish retired footballer, and a coach, 309 pro appearances
- Ivan Helguera
(born 1975), a Spanish football player, 326 pro appearances
- Pedro Munitis
(born 1975), a Spanish football player, 475 pro appearances
- Ivan de la Pena
(born 1976), a Spanish football player, 331 pro appearances
- Mario Bermejo
(born 1978), a Spanish retired professional footballer, 546 pro appearances
- Ruth Beitia
(born 1979), high jumper, gold medallist at the 2016 Olympic Games
- Gonzalo Colsa
(born 1979), a Spanish retired footballer 394 pro appearances
- Mateo Joseph
(born 2003), a Spanish footballer for
Leeds United
and the
Spain national under-21 football team
.
[30]
Sports
[
edit
]
Racing de Santander
is the main
football
team in the city, playing their home games at the
Campos de Sport de El Sardinero
.
Some elite teams of Santander:
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- Citations
- ^
Municipal Register of Spain 2018
.
National Statistics Institute
.
- ^
"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions"
.
ec.europa.eu
.
- ^
Wells, John C.
(2008).
Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
(3rd ed.). Longman.
ISBN
978-1-4058-8118-0
.
- ^
Jones, Daniel
(2011).
Roach, Peter
;
Setter, Jane
;
Esling, John
(eds.).
Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-0-521-15255-6
.
- ^
"Cifras Oficiales de Poblacion de los Municipios Espanoles: Revision del Padron Municipal ? Poblacion a 1 de enero de 2017"
.
Instituto Nacional de Estadistica
.
- ^
Fernandez Gonzalez, Lorena (2002).
Santander una ciudad Medieval
. Estvdio.
ISBN
9788495742056
.
- ^
"Catholic Encyclopedia: Santander"
. Newadvent.org. 1 February 1912
. Retrieved
14 April
2011
.
- ^
Ringrose, David R. (2005).
Toward a contemporary city: Santander, 1755?1910
. Ed. Universidad de Cantabria. p. 7.
ISBN
9788481029772
.
- ^
a
b
Jar Torre, Luis (November 2009).
"Un Desastre a la Espanola"
.
Revista General de Marina
(in Spanish)
. Retrieved
14 September
2022
– via paginas personales de Juan Manuel Grijalvo.
- ^
Aupi, Vicente (2005).
El Incendio de 1941 en Santander
. Guia del Clima en Espana. Omega. p. 75. Consultado el 16 de mayo de 2013.
ISBN
84-282-1370-4
- ^
"Asi ocurrio"
,
El Diario Montanes
(in Spanish), 12 February 2011
, retrieved
14 December
2014
- ^
"Balance de la tragedia"
,
El Diario Montanes
(in Spanish), 13 February 2011
, retrieved
14 December
2014
- ^
"Santander"
.
Lonely Planet
. Retrieved
15 February
2019
.
- ^
"Extreme values for Santander"
. Aemet.es
. Retrieved
22 July
2015
.
- ^
"Meteo climat stats Station Santander"
(in French)
. Retrieved
3 June
2022
.
- ^
"Meteo climat stats Moyennes 1991/2020 Espagne (page 3)"
(in French)
. Retrieved
3 June
2022
.
- ^
"Meteo climat stats Station Santander/Donnees Meteorologiques Gratuites"
(in French)
. Retrieved
3 June
2022
.
- ^
"Valores Climatologicos Normales. Santander / Aeropuerto"
. July 2011.
- ^
"Santander"
.
Spain: Cantabria and Asturias
. Rough Guides
. Retrieved
24 December
2015
.
- ^
David de la Garma.
"Catedral de Santander"
(in Spanish). Arteguias.com
. Retrieved
14 April
2011
.
- ^
"Lighthouse of Cabo Mayor"
. Puertosantander.es
. Retrieved
14 April
2011
.
- ^
"Parque de la Vaguada de Las Llamas en Santander, Cantabria"
(in Spanish).
El Mundo
. Retrieved
16 February
2019
.
- ^
Santander: The Smartest Smart City.
Governing, May 2014
- ^
"SmartSantander"
.
www.smartsantander.eu
.
- ^
"Resultados Electorales en Santander: Elecciones Municipales 2019"
.
EL PAIS
(in Spanish)
. Retrieved
2 January
2023
.
- ^
Isabella Noble (14 October 2015).
"36 Hours...in Santander"
.
The Telegraph
.
Archived
from the original on 12 January 2022
. Retrieved
13 February
2019
.
- ^
"Sail to Santander: Hop on board Ireland's first direct ferry to Spain"
.
Independent.ie
.
- ^
"Mateo Joseph Makes Switch To Represent Spain's U21s"
.
www.leedsunited.com
. 15 March 2024
. Retrieved
17 March
2024
.
- Bibliography
Bibliography
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Santander
.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for
Santander
.
Capitals of European states and territories
|
---|
|
Sovereign states
|
- Amsterdam
, Netherlands
1
- Andorra la Vella
, Andorra
- Ankara
, Turkey
3
- Astana
, Kazakhstan
3
- Athens
, Greece
- Baku
, Azerbaijan
3
- Belgrade
, Serbia
- Berlin
, Germany
- Bern
, Switzerland
- Bratislava
, Slovakia
- Brussels
, Belgium
2
- Bucharest
, Romania
- Budapest
, Hungary
- Chi?in?u
, Moldova
- Copenhagen
, Denmark
- Dublin
, Ireland
- Helsinki
, Finland
- Kyiv
, Ukraine
- Lisbon
, Portugal
- Ljubljana
, Slovenia
- London
, United Kingdom
- Luxembourg
, Luxembourg
- Madrid
, Spain
- Minsk
, Belarus
- Monaco
5
- Moscow
, Russia
- Nicosia
, Cyprus
3
- Oslo
, Norway
- Paris
, France
- Podgorica
, Montenegro
- Prague
, Czech Republic
- Reykjavik
, Iceland
- Riga
, Latvia
- Rome
, Italy
- San Marino
, San Marino
- Sarajevo
, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Skopje
, North Macedonia
- Sofia
, Bulgaria
- Stockholm
, Sweden
- Tallinn
, Estonia
- Tbilisi
, Georgia
3
- Tirana
, Albania
- Vaduz
, Liechtenstein
- Valletta
, Malta
- Vatican City
5
- Vienna
, Austria
- Vilnius
, Lithuania
- Warsaw
, Poland
- Yerevan
, Armenia
3
- Zagreb
, Croatia
|
---|
States with
limited recognition
| |
---|
Dependencies
| |
---|
Federal states
| Austria
| |
---|
Belgium
| |
---|
Bosnia and Herzegovina
| |
---|
Germany
|
- Berlin
, Berlin
- Bremen
, Bremen
- Dresden
, Saxony
- Dusseldorf
, North Rhine-Westphalia
- Erfurt
, Thuringia
- Hamburg
, Hamburg
- Hanover
, Lower Saxony
- Kiel
, Schleswig-Holstein
- Magdeburg
, Saxony-Anhalt
- Mainz
, Rhineland-Palatinate
- Munich
, Bavaria
- Potsdam
, Brandenburg
- Saarbrucken
, Saarland
- Schwerin
, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
- Stuttgart
, Baden-Wurttemberg
- Wiesbaden
, Hesse
|
---|
Russia
| Republics
|
- Cheboksary
, Chuvashia
- Cherkessk
, Karachay-Cherkessia
- Elista
, Kalmykia
- Grozny
, Chechnya
- Izhevsk
, Udmurtia
- Kazan
, Tatarstan
- Magas
, Ingushetia
- Makhachkala
, Dagestan
- Maykop
, Adygea
- Nalchik
, Kabardino-Balkaria
- Petrozavodsk
, Karelia
- Saransk
, Mordovia
- Simferopol
, Crimea (
disputed
)
- Syktyvkar
, Komi
- Ufa
, Bashkortostan
- Vladikavkaz
, North Ossetia?Alania
- Yoshkar-Ola
, Mari El
|
---|
Autonomous okrugs
| |
---|
Krais
| |
---|
Oblasts
|
- Arkhangelsk
, Arkhangelsk Oblast
- Astrakhan
, Astrakhan Oblast
- Belgorod
, Belgorod Oblast
- Bryansk
, Bryansk Oblast
- Ivanovo
, Ivanovo Oblast
- Kaliningrad
, Kaliningrad Oblast
- Kaluga
, Kaluga Oblast
- Kirov
, Kirov Oblast
- Kostroma
, Kostroma Oblast
- Krasnogorsk
and
Moscow
, Moscow Oblast (de facto)
- Kursk
, Kursk Oblast
- Lipetsk
, Lipetsk Oblast
- Murmansk
, Murmansk Oblast
- Nizhny Novgorod
, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
- Orenburg
, Orenburg Oblast
- Oryol
, Oryol Oblast
- Penza
, Penza Oblast
- Pskov
, Pskov Oblast
- Rostov-on-Don
, Rostov Oblast
- Ryazan
, Ryazan Oblast
- Saint Petersburg
, Leningrad Oblast (de facto)
- Samara
, Samara Oblast
- Saratov
, Saratov Oblast
- Smolensk
, Smolensk Oblast
- Tambov
, Tambov Oblast
- Tula
, Tula Oblast
- Tver
, Tver Oblast
- Ulyanovsk
, Ulyanovsk Oblast
- Veliky Novgorod
, Novgorod Oblast
- Vladimir
, Vladimir Oblast
- Volgograd
, Volgograd Oblast
- Vologda
, Vologda Oblast
- Voronezh
, Voronezh Oblast
- Yaroslavl
, Yaroslavl Oblast
|
---|
Federal cities
| |
---|
|
---|
Switzerland
|
- Aarau
, Aargau
- Altdorf
, Uri
- Appenzell
, Appenzell Innerrhoden
- Basel
, Basel-Stadt
- Bellinzona
, Ticino
- Chur
, Grisons
- Delemont
, Jura
- Frauenfeld
, Thurgau
- Fribourg
, Canton of Fribourg
- Geneva
, Canton of Geneva
- Herisau
, Appenzell Ausserrhoden
- Lausanne
, Vaud
- Liestal
, Basel-Landschaft
- Lucerne
, Canton of Lucerne
- Neuchatel
, Canton of Neuchatel
- Sarnen
, Obwalden
- Schaffhausen
, Canton of Schaffhausen
- Schwyz
, Canton of Schwyz
- Sion
, Valais
- Solothurn
, Canton of Solothurn
- Stans
, Nidwalden
- St. Gallen
, Canton of St. Gallen
- Glarus
, Canton of Glarus
- Zug
, Canton of Zug
- Zurich
, Canton of Zurich
|
---|
|
---|
Autonomous
entities
| Italy
| |
---|
Portugal
| |
---|
Spain
|
- Barcelona
, Catalonia
- Las Palmas
&
Santa Cruz de Tenerife
, Canary Islands
- Logrono
, La Rioja
- Madrid
, Community of Madrid
- Merida
, Extremadura
- Murcia
, Region of Murcia
- Oviedo
, Asturias
- Palma de Mallorca
, Balearic Islands
- Pamplona
, Navarre
- Santander
, Cantabria
- Santiago de Compostela
, Galicia
- Seville
, Andalusia
- Toledo
, Castilla?La Mancha (de facto)
- Valencia
, Valencian Community
- Valladolid
, Castile and Leon (de facto)
- Vitoria-Gasteiz
, Basque Country (de facto)
- Zaragoza
, Aragon
|
---|
Other
| |
---|
|
---|
|
|
---|
International
| |
---|
National
| |
---|
Geographic
| |
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Other
| |
---|