Capital and largest city of Puerto Rico
Municipality in Puerto Rico, United States
San Juan
Municipio Autonomo de San Juan
|
---|
|
Autonomous Municipality of San Juan
|
|
Flag
Coat of arms
|
Nicknames:
La Llave de las Indias
(The key to the Indies)
La Ciudad Amurallada
(The Walled City)
Ciudad Capital
(Capital City)
|
Map of Puerto Rico highlighting San Juan Municipality
|
Location within Puerto Rico
Show map of Puerto Rico
Location within Caribbean
Show map of Caribbean
Location within North America
Show map of North America
San Juan (Earth)
Show map of Earth
|
Coordinates:
18°24′23″N
66°3′50″W
/
18.40639°N 66.06389°W
/
18.40639; -66.06389
[1]
|
Sovereign state
|
United States
|
---|
Commonwealth
|
Puerto Rico
|
---|
Established
| 1521
[2]
|
---|
Named for
| John the Baptist
|
---|
Barrios
| |
---|
|
?
Mayor of San Juan
| Miguel Romero Lugo
(
PNP
)
|
---|
|
?
Municipality
| 77.0 sq mi (199 km
2
)
|
---|
? Land
| 47.9 sq mi (124 km
2
)
|
---|
? Water
| 29.1 sq mi (75 km
2
) 37.8%
|
---|
? Urban
| 763.60 sq mi (1,977.7 km
2
)
|
---|
Elevation
| 26 ft (8 m)
|
---|
|
?
Municipality
| 342,259
|
---|
? Rank
| 1st
in Puerto Rico
57th
in the United States
|
---|
? Density
| 7,147.1/sq mi (2,759.5/km
2
)
|
---|
?
Urban
| 1,844,410
|
---|
? Urban density
| 2,415.4/sq mi (932.6/km
2
)
|
---|
?
Metro
| 2,350,126
|
---|
Demonym
| Sanjuaneros
|
---|
Time zone
| UTC?4
(
AST
)
|
---|
ZIP Codes
| 00901, 00907, 00909, 00911-00913, 00915, 00917, 00918, 00920, 00921, 00923-00927
|
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Area codes
| 787 and 939
|
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Major routes
| |
---|
Website
| sanjuan
.pr
|
---|
San Juan
(
,
Spanish:
[saŋ
?xwan]
; Spanish for "Saint
John
") is the
capital city
and most populous
municipality
in the
Commonwealth
of
Puerto Rico
, an
unincorporated territory
of the
United States
. As of the
2020 census
, it is the
57th-largest
city under the jurisdiction of the United States, with a population of 342,259. San Juan was founded by
Spanish
colonists in 1521, who called it
Ciudad de Puerto Rico
("City of Puerto Rico"
, Spanish for
rich port city
).
Puerto Rico's capital is the second oldest European-established capital city in the Americas, after
Santo Domingo
, in the
Dominican Republic
, founded in 1496,
[5]
and is the
oldest
European-established city under
United States sovereignty
. Several historical buildings are located in the historic district of
Old San Juan
; among the most notable are the city's former
defensive walls
,
Fort San Felipe del Morro
and
Fort San Cristobal
, and
La Fortaleza
, the oldest
executive mansion
in continuous use in the Americas.
These historic sites
were declared a
UNESCO
World Heritage Site
in 1983.
[6]
Today, San Juan is
Puerto Rico's most important seaport
[7]
and is the island's financial, cultural, and
tourism center
. The population of the
metropolitan statistical area
, including San Juan and the municipalities of
Bayamon
,
Guaynabo
,
Catano
,
Canovanas
,
Caguas
,
Toa Alta
,
Toa Baja
,
Carolina
and
Trujillo Alto
, is about 2.443 million inhabitants; thus, about 76% of the population of Puerto Rico now lives and works in this area.
[8]
San Juan is also a principal city of the
San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area
. The city has been the host of events within the sports community, including the 1979
Pan American Games
; 1966
Central American and Caribbean Games
; events of the 2006, 2009 and 2013
World Baseball Classics
; the
Caribbean Series
and the
Special Olympics
and
MLB
San Juan Series in 2010.
History
[
edit
]
Pre-Columbian era
[
edit
]
The
Taino
people were the original inhabitants of the area before the arrival of the
Europeans
to the island of
Puerto Rico
in 1493. Remains of a small indigenous fishing village have been found in
Puerta de Tierra
where the
Puerto Rico National Guard Museum
stands today, however most archaeological sites in the region have been destroyed and lost throughout the colonial history.
[9]
The area of San Juan used to be the boundary between the tribal regions (yucayeques) of
Guaynabo
and
Haimanio
, led by the chiefs (
caciques
)
Mabo
and
Yuisa
(also known as Loaiza), respectively, at the time of the arrival of the
Spanish conquistadors
.
[10]
[11]
Founding
[
edit
]
In 1508,
Juan Ponce de Leon
founded the original settlement which he called
Caparra
. It was named after a
former Roman city
in the province of
Caceres
in Spain,
[12]
the birthplace of
Nicolas de Ovando
, then the Governor of Spain's Caribbean territories.
[13]
Today, it is part of the
Pueblo Viejo
district of
Guaynabo
, directly to the west of the modern municipality of San Juan. A year later, the settlement was moved to a site then called
Puerto Rico
, Spanish for "rich port" or "good port", after its similar geographical features to the town of
Puerto Rico de Gran Canaria
in the
Canary Islands
.
[14]
The
local Catholic diocese
, the second oldest in the Americas and the oldest in the United States, was founded in the newly built settlement on August 8 of 1511.
[15]
In 1521, the newer settlement was given its formal name:
Ciudad de Puerto Rico de San Juan Bautista
. Many of the oldest European-founded institutions in the Western Hemisphere, such as the Santo Tomas de Aquino Convent and the Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion Hospital, were established during this time in San Juan.
[16]
The ambiguous use of
San Juan Bautista
and
Puerto Rico
for both the city and the island in time led to a reversal in practical use by most inhabitants: by 1746 the name for the city (Puerto Rico) had become that of the entire island, leading to the city being identified as
Puerto Rico de Puerto Rico
on maps of the era.
[17]
[18]
[19]
Spanish Colonial era
[
edit
]
San Juan, as a settlement of the
Spanish Empire
, was used by merchant and military ships traveling from Spain as the first stopover in the
Americas
. Because of its prominence in the Caribbean, a network of fortifications was built to protect the transports of gold and silver from the
New World
to Europe. Because of the rich cargoes, San Juan became a target of the foreign powers of the time.
[20]
San Juan underwent attacks from the English led by
Sir Francis Drake
in 1595 (in what is known as the
Battle of Puerto Rico
) and by
George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland
, in 1598. Artillery from San Juan's fort,
El Morro
, repelled Drake; however, Clifford managed to land troops and lay siege to the city.
[21]
After a few months of English occupation, Clifford was forced to abandon the siege when his troops began to suffer from exhaustion and sickness. In 1625 the city was sacked by Dutch forces led by Captain
Balduino Enrico
(also known as Boudewijn Hendricksz/Bowdoin Henrick), but El Morro withstood the assault and was not taken. The Dutch were counterattacked by Captain
Juan de Amezqueta
and 50 members of the civilian militia on land and by the cannons of the Spanish troops in El Morro castle. The land battle left 60 Dutch soldiers dead and Enrico with a sword wound to his neck which he received from the hands of Amezqueta.
[22]
[
unreliable source?
]
The Dutch ships at sea were boarded by Puerto Ricans who defeated those aboard. After a long battle, the Spanish soldiers and volunteers of the city's militia were able to defend the city from the attack and save the island from an invasion. On October 21, Enrico set
La Fortaleza
and the city ablaze. Captains Amezqueta and Andres Botello decided to put a stop to the destruction and led 200 men in an attack against the enemy's front and rear guard. They drove Enrico and his men from their trenches and into the ocean in their haste to reach their ships.
[23]
The British
attack
in 1797, during the
French Revolutionary Wars
, led by
Sir Ralph Abercromby
(who had just conquered
Trinidad
). His army laid siege to the city but was forced to withdraw in defeat as the Puerto Rican defenses proved more resilient than those of Trinidad. Various events and circumstances, including liberalized commerce with Spain, the opening of the island to immigrants as a direct result of the
Royal Decree of Graces of 1815
, and the colonial revolutions, led to an expansion of San Juan and other Puerto Rican settlements in the late 18th and early 19th century.
Spanish-American War
[
edit
]
On May 8, 1898, United States Navy ships, among them
USS
Detroit
,
USS
Indiana
,
USS
New York
,
USS
Amphitrite
,
USS
Terror
and
USS
Montgomery
, commanded by
Rear Admiral
William T. Sampson
arrived at San Juan Bay.
[24]
[25]
USS
Yale
captured the Spanish freighter
Rita
in San Juan Bay, thus being the first hostile encounter between the warring sides in Puerto Rico. On May 9,
Yale
fought a brief battle with an
auxiliary cruiser
of Spain, name unknown, resulting in a Spanish victory. Around this time, Captain
Angel Rivero Mendez
was assigned the command of the Spanish forces in the fortress of
San Cristobal
in San Juan. On May 10,
Yale
returned to San Juan Bay, Rivero-Mendez ordered his men to open fire upon
Yale
using an Ordonez 15-centimeter cannon, thus becoming the first attack against the Americans in Puerto Rico during the
Spanish?American War
.
[26]
For his actions, Captain Rivero-Mendez was awarded the "Cruz de la Orden de Merito Militar" (The Cross of the Order of the Military Merit) first class.
[26]
The residents of San Juan were furious with Rivero and blamed him for the destruction caused to their city by the American bombardments. Nothing came of those accusations and Capt. Rivero-Mendez was ordered to turn over the keys of all the military installations in San Juan to Captain Henry A. Reed of the U.S. Army after the
Treaty of Paris of 1898
was signed.
[26]
On July 25, General
Nelson A. Miles
landed at
Guanica
(in southwestern Puerto Rico) with 3,300 soldiers in what was known as the
Puerto Rican Campaign
. The American troops found some resistance and engaged the Spanish and Puerto Rican troops in battle, the most notable of these the battles of
Yauco
and
Asomante
. All military actions in Puerto Rico were suspended August 13, 1898, after President
William McKinley
and French Ambassador
Jules Cambon
, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, signed an
armistice
.
[27]
[28]
Spain ceded the island to the United States later the same year by signing the
Treaty of Paris
.
20th-century
[
edit
]
Camp Las Casas
, located in the district of
Santurce
, served as the main training camp for the Puerto Rican soldiers prior to World War I and World War II; the majority of the men trained in this facility were assigned to the "Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry" which was renamed the
65th Infantry Regiment
of the United States Army by the Reorganization Act of June 4, 1920. The 65th Infantry was deactivated in 1956 and became the only unit ever to be transferred from an active Army component to the
Puerto Rico National Guard
.
[29]
Lieutenant
Teofilo Marxuach
(retired as a Lieutenant Colonel), a native of
Arroyo, Puerto Rico
, fired what is considered to be the first shot of World War I fired by the regular armed forces of the United States against any ship flying the colors of the
Central Powers
.
[30]
Marxuach, who was a member of the "Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry" and Officer of the Day, on March 25, 1915, opened fire on the
Odenwald
, an armed German supply vessel, when it was trying to force its way out of San Juan's bay.
[31]
The shots ordered by Lt. Marxuach were the first fired by the United States in World War I.
[32]
In 1919,
Felix Rigau Carrera
, "El Aguila de Sabana Grande" (The Eagle from
Sabana Grande
), the first Puerto Rican pilot, became the first native Puerto Rican to fly an aircraft in the island when he flew his
Curtiss JN-4
from Las Casas. At the time, the area was used by the military as an air base and it was also Puerto Rico's first commercial airport, and Rigau Carrera was allowed to perform his historic flight from the airfield.
[33]
Camp Las Casas was eventually closed down, and in 1950 a public housing project by the name of
Residencial Fray Bartolome de Las Casas
was constructed on its former location.
On January 2, 1947, the people of San Juan elected
Felisa Rincon de Gautier
(also known as Dona Fela) (1897?1994) as their mayor. Thus, she became the first woman to be elected as the mayor of a capital city in any of the Americas.
[34]
During the
Cold War
era, she ordered the establishment of the island's first Civil Defense system under the directorship of Colonel
Gilberto Jose Marxuach
(Teofilo's son).
[35]
Rincon de Gautier served as mayor until January 2, 1969.
On October 30, 1950, San Juan was the scene of the
San Juan Uprising
, one of many uprisings which occurred in various towns and cities in Puerto Rico, by the
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
against the governments of Puerto Rico and the United States. Among the uprising's main objective was to attack La Fortaleza and the
United States Federal Court House Building
in
Old San Juan
. The "La Fortaleza battle", which ensued between the nationalists and the police lasted 15 minutes and ended when four of the five attackers were killed.
[36]
21st-century
[
edit
]
San Juan has experienced periods of both stagnation and development in the recent years.
Gentrification
has been noticeable in areas of the city such as
Loiza Street
in
Santurce
[37]
and
Santa Rita
in Rio Piedras.
[38]
[39]
In recent years the city has been the location of multiple strikes and protests, such as the
2001 protests
against the
United States Navy
in the island municipality of
Vieques
, the
2010 and 2011 University of Puerto Rico strikes
, and the
2019 protests
against Governor
Ricardo Rossello
which resulted in his resignation.
On September 20, 2017,
Hurricane Maria
made a direct impact in Puerto Rico, causing widespread damage and a collapse of the infrastructure in San Juan and the rest of Puerto Rico. The damage caused in 2017 was extensive, affecting the electricity, potable water supplies, transportation, and communication, but significant progress had been made in the capital by April 2019, and particularly by October 2019. This was significant for tourism, which had rebounded by October of that year and was close to the pre-Maria era.
[40]
San Juan today remains an important cultural, financial and industrial center not only of Puerto Rico but of the Caribbean region. As the biggest industrial center of Puerto Rico, it is the home of industries such as tobacco processors, breweries, refining facilities for petroleum and sugar, and distillers of rum as well as manufacturers of metal products, cement, pharmaceuticals, and clothing.
[41]
The
Puerto Rico Convention Center
, opened in 2005, is the largest of its kind in the Caribbean and one of the most advanced in the Americas.
[42]
[43]
Geography
[
edit
]
San Juan is located along the north-eastern coast of Puerto Rico in the Northern Plains region. It lies south of the Atlantic Ocean; north of
Caguas
and
Trujillo Alto
; east of
Guaynabo
; and west of
Carolina
. The city occupies an area of 76.93 square miles (199.2 km
2
), of which, 29.11 square miles (75.4 km
2
) (37.83%) is water. San Juan's main water bodies are
San Juan Bay
and two natural lagoons, the
Condado
and
San Jose
.
[46]
At almost 1,030 feet (314 m) above sea level, the highest point in the municipality of San Juan is located on an unnamed hill on the
Morcelo
sector of
Caimito
, close to the municipal border with
Caguas
.
[47]
The municipality of San Juan is surrounded by the
San Juan metropolitan area
, particularly the highly urbanized municipalities of
Guaynabo
,
Trujillo Alto
and
Carolina
. These municipalities, together with
Bayamon
and
Catano
, form what is locally referred to as the
Area Metro
, the core of the wider San Juan metropolitan area. In total 41 municipalities are included in the entire metropolitan area extends throughout the island's northern coast and central eastern regions.
[48]
[49]
Climate
[
edit
]
San Juan has a
tropical monsoon climate
(
Am
). It has an average temperature of 81.0 °F (27.2 °C). Temperatures of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher are seen on an average 79 days annually, more commonly occurring during the wetter months of the northern summer, especially if the winds come from the south.
[50]
In the winter, temperatures can drop to around 60 °F (16 °C). The average winter low is 71 °F (22 °C). The coolest temperature officially recorded was 60 °F (16 °C) on March 3, 1957, and the hottest was 98 °F (37 °C) on October 9, 1981.
[51]
The record cold daily maximum is 71 °F (22 °C) on February 4, 1935. The record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on August 11, 1995, the most recent of four occasions.
[50]
With a mean minimum of 67 °F (19 C), San Juan is in USDA plant
hardiness zone
13B, which is the highest category. Rainfall is well-distributed throughout the year. The months of January, February, and March are the driest. As March averages just 1.95 inches (49.5 mm) of rain, the city falls under the
tropical monsoon
category.
[52]
Rainfall averages 56.35 inches (1,431.3 mm), falling on an average 198.5 days per year.
[50]
Despite this dampness, the city averages 2,970 hours of sunshine per year, or just over
2
⁄
3
of the possible total.
[53]
Annual rainfall has historically ranged from 35.53 in (902 mm) in 1991 to 89.50 in (2,273 mm) in 2010.
[50]
As with other parts of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean, San Juan is often blanketed by waves of
Saharan dust
coming from the
Sahara
across the Atlantic Ocean in
Northern Africa
. Although beneficial to the tropical environment,
[54]
these dust storms have recently become hazardous to human health causing haze and overheating in urban areas of the island. Due to San Juan's relatively flat geography, the dust often settles in these flat coastal regions of Puerto Rico as its flow is blocked by the higher altitude
Cordillera Central
to the south, causing intense episodes of haze to settle for long periods of time, especially during periods of more scarce rainfall.
[55]
Recent advancements include early warning systems to prepare the population for these intense episodes by both local authorities and the
EPA
.
[56]
Hurricane Maria
[
edit
]
Hurricane Maria
made landfall in southeastern Puerto Rico on September 20, 2017.
[57]
[58]
Gusts of up to 113 mph (182 km/h) were reported in the capital city shortly before landfall in the municipality of
Yabucoa
.
[59]
The municipality of San Juan experienced widespread flooding in most coastal areas, and roofs were blown off from numerous structures.
[60]
[61]
The neighborhood of
La Perla
was largely destroyed.
[62]
In the wider metropolitan area, flooding from
Lake La Plata
produced flash floods that trapped residents of
Toa Baja
, and in
Catano
the Juana Matos neighborhood was estimated to be 80% destroyed.
[63]
At least eight people died from the flooding, while many were unaccounted for.
[64]
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °F (°C)
|
92
(33)
|
96
(36)
|
96
(36)
|
97
(36)
|
96
(36)
|
97
(36)
|
95
(35)
|
97
(36)
|
97
(36)
|
98
(37)
|
96
(36)
|
94
(34)
|
98
(37)
|
Mean maximum °F (°C)
|
87.5
(30.8)
|
88.2
(31.2)
|
90.0
(32.2)
|
91.7
(33.2)
|
92.3
(33.5)
|
92.7
(33.7)
|
92.0
(33.3)
|
92.8
(33.8)
|
93.7
(34.3)
|
92.7
(33.7)
|
90.3
(32.4)
|
88.0
(31.1)
|
94.3
(34.6)
|
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
|
83.2
(28.4)
|
83.8
(28.8)
|
84.7
(29.3)
|
86.2
(30.1)
|
87.4
(30.8)
|
89.0
(31.7)
|
88.7
(31.5)
|
89.1
(31.7)
|
89.2
(31.8)
|
88.6
(31.4)
|
86.1
(30.1)
|
84.2
(29.0)
|
86.7
(30.4)
|
Daily mean °F (°C)
|
77.6
(25.3)
|
77.8
(25.4)
|
78.6
(25.9)
|
80.1
(26.7)
|
81.6
(27.6)
|
83.1
(28.4)
|
83.1
(28.4)
|
83.5
(28.6)
|
83.4
(28.6)
|
82.7
(28.2)
|
80.5
(26.9)
|
78.8
(26.0)
|
80.9
(27.2)
|
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
|
71.9
(22.2)
|
71.8
(22.1)
|
72.4
(22.4)
|
74.0
(23.3)
|
75.7
(24.3)
|
77.2
(25.1)
|
77.6
(25.3)
|
77.8
(25.4)
|
77.5
(25.3)
|
76.7
(24.8)
|
74.9
(23.8)
|
73.3
(22.9)
|
75.1
(23.9)
|
Mean minimum °F (°C)
|
68.3
(20.2)
|
68.7
(20.4)
|
69.2
(20.7)
|
70.7
(21.5)
|
72.1
(22.3)
|
74.0
(23.3)
|
74.1
(23.4)
|
74.2
(23.4)
|
74.3
(23.5)
|
73.7
(23.2)
|
71.7
(22.1)
|
70.0
(21.1)
|
67.8
(19.9)
|
Record low °F (°C)
|
61
(16)
|
62
(17)
|
60
(16)
|
64
(18)
|
66
(19)
|
66
(19)
|
69
(21)
|
68
(20)
|
69
(21)
|
67
(19)
|
65
(18)
|
62
(17)
|
60
(16)
|
Average
precipitation
inches (mm)
|
4.07
(103)
|
2.58
(66)
|
2.18
(55)
|
4.60
(117)
|
5.54
(141)
|
4.66
(118)
|
6.02
(153)
|
6.29
(160)
|
6.50
(165)
|
5.21
(132)
|
7.37
(187)
|
4.85
(123)
|
59.87
(1,521)
|
Average precipitation days
(≥ 0.01 in)
|
18.4
|
15.3
|
13.1
|
14.3
|
16.5
|
15.1
|
19.0
|
19.8
|
18.3
|
17.7
|
20.6
|
20.2
|
208.3
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
|
74.0
|
72.4
|
71.0
|
71.3
|
74.9
|
75.5
|
75.9
|
76.4
|
76.4
|
76.9
|
76.2
|
74.7
|
74.6
|
Average
dew point
°F (°C)
|
67.1
(19.5)
|
66.6
(19.2)
|
66.7
(19.3)
|
68.2
(20.1)
|
71.1
(21.7)
|
72.9
(22.7)
|
73.4
(23.0)
|
73.6
(23.1)
|
73.2
(22.9)
|
72.7
(22.6)
|
70.9
(21.6)
|
68.5
(20.3)
|
70.4
(21.3)
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
237.4
|
231.2
|
282.0
|
268.3
|
255.2
|
259.4
|
280.8
|
267.8
|
234.7
|
227.2
|
202.4
|
217.4
|
2,963.8
|
Percent
possible sunshine
|
69
|
72
|
76
|
71
|
63
|
65
|
69
|
68
|
64
|
63
|
60
|
64
|
67
|
Average
ultraviolet index
|
8
|
10
|
12
|
12
|
12
|
12
|
12
|
12
|
12
|
10
|
9
|
8
|
11
|
Source 1:
NOAA
(relative humidity and sun 1961?1990)
[50]
[66]
[53]
|
Source 2:
The Weather Channel
[51]
, Weather Atlas (UV)
[67]
|
See or edit
raw graph data
.
Beaches
[
edit
]
San Juan is home to numerous
beaches
, all of which are open to the public.
[68]
All beaches of San Juan face the Atlantic Ocean. The
Islet of San Juan
hosts Los Cables Beach and La Perla Beach next to the
Old San Juan
district of
La Perla
, the Capitolio Beach located immediately north of the Puerto Rico Capitol, Puerta de Tierra Beach along the
Paseo de Puerta de Tierra
, and
El Escambron Beach
at the northeastern edge of the islet. The latter is the most popular beach in the islet due to its shore being protected from the strong Atlantic Ocean waves by reefs that serve as natural
breakwaters
.
[69]
From east to west, the beaches in Santurce include
Ocean Park Beach
(also known as Ultimo Trolley Beach),
Condado Beach
and
Playita del Condado
. Ocean Park Beach and El Condado Beach are the largest in the city and they host a large number of hotels and businesses that cater to tourists and beachgoers.
[70]
[71]
Beach erosion
[
edit
]
As with other beaches across Puerto Rico and the Caribbean,
[72]
the beaches of San Juan are currently under the threat of
coastal erosion
, particularly that of Ocean Park.
[73]
The threat has become more evident recently and there are currently no state reports dedicated to the documentation or mitigation planning, according to oceanographer and geologist Maritza Barreto.
[74]
Parks
[
edit
]
The municipality of San Juan contains numerous parks, including public parks, historic and heritage parks, nature reserves, protected natural areas, and recreational parks. These parks are managed by a number of entities such as the Municipality, the
Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources
, the
National Park Service
, the
University of Puerto Rico
and
conservation easements
.
San Juan Ecological Corridor
[
edit
]
The
San Juan Ecological Corridor
is a conservation project by the
Government of Puerto Rico
consisting in 6 different units found within the municipality of San Juan: the Cupey Arboretum, which protects the
riparian
ecosystems along the
Rio Piedras
; the
Dona Ines Mendoza Urban Forest
, a small urban forest located next to the Luis Munoz Marin Foundation in
Sabana Llana Sur
;
Los Capuchinos Forest
, a forest which covers a small
karst
area also in Sabana Llana Sur; the
New Millennium State Forest
, one of the 20
state forests of Puerto Rico
; the
San Juan Waterworks
, consisting of the Old Piedras River Aqueduct and adjacent
historic district
; and the University of Puerto Rico Botanical Garden, also known as the
San Juan Botanical Garden
.
[75]
Historical parks
[
edit
]
The
San Juan National Historic Site
is home to
El Morro Esplanade
, a large open area located between
El Morro
and
Ballaja
in
Old San Juan
. The esplanade is located in the
promontory
which gives
El Morro
its name and it offers views of the
San Juan Bay
and the rest of San Juan. It is very popular for activities such as picnics,
stargazing
[76]
and
kite flying
.
[77]
The district of the
Capitol of Puerto Rico
is home to the Iglesias Pantin and Rafael Hernandez Marin parks, and a line of monuments located along Constitucion Avenue which includes the
Walkway of the Presidents
, the
Puerto Rico Police
Memorial Monument and
The Holocaust
Memorial Monument. The
Loma de los Vientos
, or
Loma del Viento
(Spanish for "hill of winds"), is a small open green area located northwest of the Capitol, next to
Castle San Cristobal
, and it often hosts events such as the
Epiphany
celebrations.
[78]
Luis Munoz Rivera Park
is a 27.2 acre recreational and historic park located in
Puerta de Tierra
, between Luis Munoz Rivera,
Ponce de Leon
and Constitucion avenues. It is the largest public square in Puerto Rico, and it is home to several historic sites such as the
Polvorin San Geronimo de Boqueron
, which used to supply gunpowder to the nearby
Fortin de San Geronimo
. The park used to host a small zoo, and currently hosts gazebos, gardens, restaurants and access to the beach. The park has been listed on the
National Register of Historic Places
since November 14, 2007.
[79]
The
Polvorin de Miraflores
is a historic district and park located next to the
Puerto Rico Convention Center
in
Isla Grande
,
Santurce
. The ammunition storage house dates to the mid-18th century and it is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
[80]
Another historic district currently under revitalization is the
San Juan Waterworks
historic district which contains the Old Piedras River Aqueduct. There are plans to revitalize the old aqueduct structures and its surroundings to create a historic park open to visitors and researchers.
[81]
Municipal parks
[
edit
]
Some of the recreational parks of the municipality include
Bahia Urbana
, a waterfront park located in Old San Juan and Puerta de Tierra by the San Juan Bay; the
Paseo de Puerta de Tierra
, a recreational walkway along the Atlantic Ocean cliffs of Puerta de Tierra that connects the Puerto Rico Capitol with
El Escambron Beach
and Luis Munoz Rivera Park.
Ventana al Mar
,
Laguna del Condado
Jaime Benitez Park, Parque del Indio are some of the parks located in
El Condado
district of Santurce. Dr. Jose Celso Barbosa Park is located in
Ocean Park
, also in Santurce.
Parque Central
, also known as the San Juan Municipal Central Park, is a large park and recreational complex located in southern Santurce near the mouth of the
Puerto Nuevo River
and the
Martin Pena Channel
. The Enrique Marti Coll Linear Park connects the Central Park to
Hato Rey
through the
Cano Martin Pena Nature Reserve
.
[82]
Luis Munoz Marin Park
, La Merced Park, Dr. Jose N. Gandara Park, Santiago Iglesias Pantin Park are some of the parks located in Hato Rey.
[83]
Luis Munoz Marin Park is one of the largest in the municipality. It is located in the
Gobernador Pinero
district between Hato Rey and
Puerto Nuevo
. The park has gazebos that can be rented for events, green areas for strolls, biking and picnics, an artificial lake with paddleboats for rent ($6), and a number of playgrounds for children. Its main attraction is the
cableway
that crosses the park and offers scenic views of the
Piedras River
and the city while providing transportation to the
Roberto Clemente Coliseum
and the
Hiram Bithorn Stadium
.
[84]
Nature reserves
[
edit
]
The municipality of San Juan is home to various important ecosystems and preserved natural areas. Some of the ecosystems of the
San Juan Bay National Estuary
, which is the only tropical estuary in the
National Estuary Program
network, are protected by numerous nature reserves and protected areas such as the
Cano Martin Pena Nature Reserve
. Other areas protected under the San Juan Bay National Estuary include
El Condado Lagoon
, the
San Jose Lagoon
and
El Boqueron
where the San Antonio Creek and the Condado Lagoon connect with the Atlantic Ocean.
[85]
Two of the 20
state forests
of Puerto Rico are located in the municipality of San Juan: the
New Millennium Urban Forest
, which is also part of the San Juan Ecological Corridor, and the
San Patricio Urban Forest
, a
secondary forest
located next to a
mogote
. The Hermanas Sendra and San Juan Park Protected Natural Areas are located inland within the municipality of San Juan in the barrios of
Caimito
and
Cupey
.
[86]
Cityscape
[
edit
]
General view of harbor at San Juan, Puerto Rico looking South to San Juan Bay, 1927. The clock tower building at center was the
San Juan Rail Terminal
.
Architecture
[
edit
]
The architecture of San Juan is very diverse, due to its size and all the cultural influences received during its existence. The oldest part of the city, known as
Old San Juan
, mostly features the influence of
Spanish architecture
. This part of the city is comprised by a network of
"setted" roads
usually surrounded by colonial, two-storied houses built on
masonry
. Some colonial structures have been restored and serve either as government offices or museums.
[87]
Some examples are the
Ballaja Barracks
, which now serve as museum and headquarters of several cultural organizations;
La Fortaleza
, which has served as the residence of the
Governor of Puerto Rico
since the 16th Century; and the Ancient Welfare Asylum, which now houses the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, among others. Old San Juan also features several public squares, like the
Plaza de Armas
, located in front of San Juan City Hall; and cathedrals, like the
Cathedral of San Juan Bautista
.
[87]
Old San Juan is also notable for being partly enclosed by
massive walls
and fortifications built by the
Spanish government
. The colonial Walls of the city of San Juan had five gates. The main was the Puerta de San Juan, today preserved, built in 1635. It also had the Puerta de San Jose, the Puerta de Santa Rosa, the Puerta de San Justo and the Puerta de Santiago, the latter built between 1635 and 1641 by Spanish Captain General Inigo de la Mota Sarmiento.
The architecture is more varied in other districts of the city, and the different
Spanish
,
American
and
Puerto Rican
construction styles that reflect the historic architecture trends are most evident in the districts of
Puerta de Tierra
,
Santurce
,
Hato Rey
and
downtown Rio Piedras
, with
Gothic
,
Baroque
,
Art Deco
, and
Mid-Century Modern
being the most popular styles.
[88]
Many of the buildings that best exemplify these architectural trends in San Juan are also inscribed in the
United States National Register of Historic Places
(NRHP), such as the
Nuestra Senora de Lourdes Chapel
(
Gothic Revival
, 1907),
[89]
the
Antiguo Casino de Puerto Rico
(
Beaux-Arts
, 1917),
[90]
the
Normandie Hotel
(
Art Deco
, 1942),
[91]
and the
Puerto Rico Supreme Court Building
(
Modern
, 1955).
[92]
The University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus is also home to a rich variety of buildings that showcase the history of Puerto Rican architecture throughout the past 120 years, with buildings designed by notable architects such as
Frank Lloyd Wright
's student
Henry Klumb
,
Edward H. Bennett
,
William E. Parsons
,
[93]
and
Rafael Carmoega
who designed the distinctive
clock tower
and the
university quadrangle
, both of which were inscribed in the NRHP in 1984.
[94]
Barrios
[
edit
]
As with the other Puerto Rican municipalities, San Juan is administratively divided into
barrios
.
What is now known as
Old San Juan
occupied the western end of a rocky islet, the
Isleta de San Juan
, at the mouth of San Juan Bay. During the 20th century, the main population centers surged well beyond the walls of the old city and onto Puerto Rico's main island and merged with the existing settlements east and south of Old San Juan. Together with
Puerta de Tierra
, Old San Juan comprises the barrio of
San Juan Antiguo
.
With the annexation of
Rio Piedras
in 1951, the municipality of San Juan grew to four times its previous size. As a result, the municipality also went from 2 to 18 barrios (barrios),
[95]
16 of which fall within the former municipality of
Rio Piedras
. Eight of the 18 barrios are further subdivided into subbarrios, including the two barrios (
San Juan Antiguo
and
Santurce
) that belonged to the original municipality of San Juan.
The 18 barrios are:
San Juan Antiguo
[
edit
]
During the Spanish colonial times most of the urban population resided in what is today known as
Old San Juan
. This sector is located on the western half of a small island called the
Isleta de San Juan
, which is connected to the mainland by two bridges and a
causeway
. The small island, which comprises an area of 47 square miles (120 km
2
), also hosts the working-class neighborhood of
Puerta de Tierra
and most of Puerto Rico's
central government
buildings, including the
Commonwealth's Capitol
. This is also the largest and most populated
subbarrio
of San Juan Antiguo.
[96]
The main central part of the old city is characterized by narrow streets made of blue
cobblestone
and picturesque colonial buildings, some of which date back to the 16th and 17th century. Sections of the old city are surrounded by massive walls and several defensive structures and notable forts. These include the 16th-century
Fort San Felipe del Morro
and the 17th-century
Fort San Cristobal
, both part of
San Juan National Historic Site
, and the 16th-century
El Palacio de Santa Catalina
, also known as
La Fortaleza
, which serves as the governor's mansion.
[97]
Other buildings of interest predating the 18th century are the
Ayuntamiento or Alcaldia
(
San Juan City Hall
), the
Diputacion Provincial
and the
Real Intendencia
buildings, which house the
Puerto Rico Department of State
,
[98]
the
Casa Rosa
, the
San Jose Church
(1523) and the adjacent
Hotel El Convento
, the former house of the Ponce de Leon family known as
Casa Blanca
, the
Teatro Tapia
, the former Spanish barracks (now
Museum of Ballaja
),
La Princesa
(former municipal jail, now headquartering the
Puerto Rico Tourism Company
), and the
Santa Maria Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery
, located just outside the city walls.
[99]
[100]
[101]
The
Cathedral of San Juan Bautista
(construction began in the 1520s) is also located in Old San Juan and contains the tomb of the Spanish explorer and settlement founder
Juan Ponce de Leon
.
[102]
Old San Juan, also known as the "old city", is the main cultural tourist attraction in Puerto Rico; its bayside is lined by dock slips for large
cruise ships
.
Santurce
[
edit
]
Santurce is the largest and most populated barrio in the municipality of San Juan, and one of the most densely populated areas of the island (13,257.4 persons per square mile).
[103]
Santurce, originally named
San Mateo de Cangrejos
(Saint Matthew of the Crabs), was a settlement for
freed African slaves
during the early days of the city. After Pablo Ubarri Capetillo, a Spanish railroad developer and
Count of San Jose de Santurce
under the Spanish colonial period, sought permission to link San Juan with Rio Piedras proper via steam tramway in 1878, the time it took to travel between both points were shortened and thereby stimulated the colonization and growth of the district. At the beginning of the twentieth century an electric trolley was installed, the township was split into three parts, and its main settlement, merged with the city, was renamed using the Spanish spelling of
Santurtzi
(
Saint George
in Basque), Ubarri's birthplace in
Vizcaya
, Spain. The "Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico" (
Puerto Rico Museum of Art
)
[104]
and other important cultural venues are located in Santurce.
This barrio is further divided into subbarrios such as the tourist-oriented neighborhood of
Condado
, which occupies land that used to be owned by Ubarri Capetillo. Beaches such as nearby
Ocean Park
, popular with swimmers,
surfers
and
kitesurfers
, are found all along the district's Atlantic coastline which is also the locus of numerous hotels.
[105]
Miramar
is mainly a residential area rising south of the Condado Lagoon. It comprises the former
barrio
of Miraflores, as well as drained marshland and landfill over which was built San Juan's first airport, the Isla Grande airport, which was renamed
Fernando Luis Ribas Dominicci Airport
in honor of Major
Fernando Luis Ribas-Dominicci
(USAF). Miramar now hosts the
Puerto Rico Convention Center
as well as some of San Juan Harbor's cruise ship piers. In 2005 Miramar was designated an historical district of Puerto Rico.
[106]
Rio Piedras
[
edit
]
South of Santurce is
Hato Rey
, part of the former municipality of Rio Piedras. Hato Rey was grazing ground for cattle owned by the royal government (hence its name, the
King's Herd
in Spanish) as early as the 16th century,
[107]
and is now considered the financial center of the island. A section of this district is often referred to as
Milla de Oro
(actually 0.47 miles or 0.76 kilometers long) due in part to the many banks and businesses located there.
[107]
In the southern part of the city is the socially diversified community of
Rio Piedras
. Founded in the mid-1850s, Rio Piedras was a separate town which hosted sugar cane plantations and the estates of some of San Juan's wealthiest inhabitants (as well as their working-class staff). The Spanish colonial governors also had their summer home there on land which eventually gave way to the main campus of the
University of Puerto Rico
. In 1951 the municipalities of San Juan and Rio Piedras were merged to redefine San Juan's current city limits. Today Rio Piedras comprises the largest area of the municipality of San Juan.
[108]
and is home to the "Plaza del Mercado" (Rio Piedras
Marketplace
), the main campus and the Medical Sciences campus of the
University of Puerto Rico
and the
San Juan Botanical Garden
.
Demographics
[
edit
]
Population of San Juan
Year
| Pop.
| ±%
|
---|
1899
| 32,048
| ?
|
---|
1910
| 48,716
| +52.0%
|
---|
1920
| 69,733
| +43.1%
|
---|
1930
| 114,715
| +64.5%
|
---|
1940
| 169,247
| +47.5%
|
---|
1950
| 224,767
| +32.8%
|
---|
1960
| 451,658
| +100.9%
|
---|
1970
| 463,242
| +2.6%
|
---|
1980
| 434,849
| ?6.1%
|
---|
1990
| 437,745
| +0.7%
|
---|
2000
| 434,374
| ?0.8%
|
---|
Source: Census
[110]
|
Population of Rio Piedras
Year
| Pop.
| ±%
|
---|
1899
| 13,760
| ?
|
---|
1910
| 18,880
| +37.2%
|
---|
1920
| 24,745
| +31.1%
|
---|
1930
| 40,853
| +65.1%
|
---|
1940
| 68,290
| +67.2%
|
---|
1950
| 134,989
| +97.7%
|
---|
2000
| 332,344
| +146.2%
|
---|
The municipality of San Juan has a population of 342,259 as of the 2020 US Census, making it the
largest in Puerto Rico
,
[111]
and the
57th largest in the United States and its territories
.
[112]
From 1899 to 1950 the municipality of San Juan excluded the township of Rio Piedras. For this reason, population data and land area for the period make reference only to the Antiguo San Juan and Santurce
barrios
, or subdivisions, of San Juan. The old municipality of Rio Piedras constituted the third most populated city of Puerto Rico at the time of its annexation in 1951. Its strategic location south of the capital served as a junction for all the principal ways of transportation of the island and as a geographical entry to San Juan, which are factors that prompted Rio Piedras's dramatic urban development in the 20th century.
[113]
According to the
2010 Census
, the racial composition of San Juan was as follows:
Among the Hispanic and Latino population,
Puerto Ricans
are the largest group; they make up 87.5% of San Juan's Hispanic population. People of
Dominican
descent make up 7.6% of the Hispanic population, while those of
Cuban
descent form 1.7% of the Hispanic populace. Other Hispanic and Latino groups collectively form 3.2% of San Juan's Hispanic population.
There are 4,822 whites and 1,187 blacks of non-Hispanic origin living in San Juan. Non-Hispanic whites and blacks form 1.2% and 0.3% of San Juan's population respectively. There are also approximately 673 Asians of non-Hispanic origin in San Juan; they make up less than 0.1% of the population. However, Asians of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin together number at 6,342.
[114]
The vast majority of Asians in San Juan are of
Chinese
descent; of the 6,342 Asians, 4,928 are Chinese. Chinese comprise 1.4% of the population. The only other sizable Asian group in San Juan are
Indian Americans
; there are 698 people of Indian descent in the city, forming 0.2% of the population. There are very small numbers of people of
Filipino
,
Japanese
, and
Vietnamese
ancestry; none of these groups number more than 100 members.
[114]
According to the 2006?2008 American Community Survey, 87.5% of San Juan's population was native and 12.5% were foreign-born. Of the native population, 86.9% were born in Puerto Rico or the U.S. proper, of which 75.6% were born in Puerto Rico and 8.9% were born in the U.S. The other 0.7% were born in a different U.S. territory or born abroad to American parents. The remaining 11.9% of the population were born outside the United States and U.S. territories.
In recent years, an increasing number of Americans not of Hispanic ancestry (both of
African American
and of
White American
descent) have moved to San Juan. In addition, a large number of
Stateside Puerto Ricans
have settled in the city upon their return to Puerto Rico. There is also a growing
West Indian
population, both of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin.
San Juan today is home to the largest
Jewish community in Puerto Rico
, and one of the largest Jewish communities in the Caribbean,
[115]
with more than 2,000 people attending two local synagogues in
Santurce
(the
Conservative
Shaare Zedeck Synagogue and the
Reform
Temple Beth Shalom)
[116]
and an additional synagogue (the
Chabad
Jewish Center of Puerto Rico) in
Isla Verde
in neighboring
Carolina
.
[117]
In terms of ancestry, 23,875 people claimed American ancestry, which is equivalent to 5.8% of San Juan's population. Other sizable ancestry groups included those of
Italian
descent,
French
descent, and
West Indian
descent. People of Italian descent numbered at 1,694, forming 0.4% of the population; people of French descent numbered at 1,064, forming 0.2% of the population. Finally, those of West Indian descent numbered at 1,393, forming 0.3% of San Juan's population. Approximately 1,026 people claimed
Sub-Saharan African
ancestry; 719 claimed
Irish
ancestry; 646 claimed
German
ancestry; 431 claimed
Arab
ancestry, and 346 claimed
English
ancestry. There are many other ancestry groups in San Juan, but they are very scant.
[118]
As of 2000, speakers of
English
as a first language accounted for 12,93% of the population.
[119]
Economy
[
edit
]
San Juan experienced significant economic growth following
World War II
. During this period the city underwent an
industrial revolution
, although as of 1984 it had never generated its own economic region.
[120]
[121]
The city's economy relies mostly on companies dedicated to the manufacture of several products, including:
chemical substances
(bleach and house cleaning products); pharmaceuticals; rum and other beverages;
fertilizers
; electric tools;
electronic devices
; plastics,
textiles
, and food-based products.
[121]
Tourism is also a key industry, based on San Juan's proximity to Puerto Rico's main airport, the
Luis Munoz Marin International Airport
.
[121]
The tourism focus of the city is located in the district of Condado Beach where there are luxurious hotels.
[121]
Historical locations such as El Morro, Old San Juan and El Cuartel de Ballaja are promoted in tourism campaigns. The district of Hato Rey contains a corporate sector known as
Milla de Oro
(Golden Mile) which serves as the headquarters of local and international banks. San Juan's Hato Rey district is often referred to as the "Wall Street of the Caribbean", due to the influence of the area on Puerto Rico and the Caribbean's economy.
[107]
San Juan is also home to the
Popular, Inc.
, parent company of
Banco Popular de Puerto Rico
,
Popular Bank
,
E-Loan
, and a
Fortune 1000
company as of 2022.
[122]
Other companies based in San Juan include
ATH Network
,
First BanCorp
,
Liberty Puerto Rico
,
The Cervantes Group
, and
Triple-S Management Corporation
.
Seaborne Airlines
is headquartered on the ninth floor of the World Plaza Building in Hato Rey.
[123]
Tourism
[
edit
]
Technological advances after World War II in the development of the airliner, coupled with the island's climate and natural setting, have transformed San Juan into the springboard for tourism around the island, and has made the rest of the Caribbean known throughout the world during the last fifty years.
[124]
Today the capital features hotels, museums, historical buildings, restaurants, parks, beaches and shopping centers.
Old San Juan is often emphasized in tourism campaigns, promoting the historic nature of its colonial buildings and narrow streets covered by cobblestones, a blue stone cast from furnace slag; they were brought over as ballast on Spanish ships.
[121]
This includes the city's ancient defensive wall and forts, most notably
El Morro
and the
Castillo San Cristobal
.
[121]
On January 23, 1984, both of these edifices together with
La Fortaleza
and
El Canuelo
(in nearby
Toa Baja
) were included as a
UNESCO
World Heritage Site
,
[6]
catalogued as being part of humanity's cultural patrimony as part of the
National Park Service
-administered
San Juan National Historic Site
.
[125]
The restaurants and art galleries in the zone are visited by tourists and locals alike.
[121]
Outside of Old San Juan, the Puerto Rico Convention Center District (PRCC) includes the
Puerto Rico Convention Center
, which hosts a number of local and international events throughout the year such as the
Puerto Rico Comic Con
, the biggest of its kind in the Caribbean.
[126]
The
PRCC District
also hosts a number of hotels, nightclubs, shops, cinemas, bars and restaurants,
[127]
the
Coca-Cola Music Hall
, and the Toro Verde Eco Adventure Park.
[128]
Other notable tourist attractions in San Juan include the
Condado
and
Ocean Park Beaches
,
El Escambron
and the
Fortin de San Geronimo
,
La Placita de Santurce
, the
Luis A. Ferre Performing Arts Center
, the
Luis Munoz Marin
and
Luis Munoz Rivera Parks
,
Plaza Las Americas
,
The Outlets at Montehiedra
,
Senorial Plaza
, and
The Mall of San Juan
, the
Museum of Art of Puerto Rico
, the
Puerto Rico Museum of Contemporary Art
, the
San Juan Wildlife Museum
, and the
University of Puerto Rico Botanical Garden
, among others. The University of Puerto Rico's main campus in Rio Piedras is also of interest with its
historic quadrangle
and
clock tower
, its number of theaters and venues which host events such as the
Casals Festivals
, and a museum. San Juan is also used by tourists as a base to explore other attractions within and outside the San Juan metropolitan area, such as the
Bacardi
Cathedral of Rum
and
boardwalk
in
Catano
, the "Pork Highway" of
Guavate
in
Cayey
, the
bioluminiscent bay
in
Fajardo
, the beaches and street food of
Pinones
in
Loiza
, and
El Yunque National Forest
recreational areas in the municipalities of
Luquillo
and
Rio Grande
.
[129]
[130]
[131]
Post Hurricane Maria
[
edit
]
An April 2019 report indicated that, by that time, repairs after Hurricane Maria were moving rapidly. Only a few hotels were still closed in San Juan and that life for tourists in and around the capital had, for the most part, returned to normal.
[132]
By October 2019, nearly all of the popular amenities for tourists, in the major destinations such as San Juan, Ponce and Arecibo, were in operation on the island and tourism was rebounding. This was important for the economy, since tourism provides up 10% of Puerto Rico's GDP, according to Discover Puerto Rico.
[133]
In late November 2019, reports indicated that 90 calls to San Juan by
Royal Caribbean
ships would be cancelled during 2020 and 2021. This step would mean 360,000 fewer visitors, with a loss to the island's economy of $44 million. As well, 30 ship departures from San Juan were being canceled.
[134]
Arts and culture
[
edit
]
San Juan is the birthplace of artists and musicians who have significantly influenced Puerto Rican culture. During the 20th century, the musical aspect of the city was influenced by performers including
Afro-Caribbean
dancer and choreographer
Sylvia del Villard
and
Jose Enrique Pedreira
who became a composer of Puerto Rican
Danzas
. International musicians such as opera singer
Justino Diaz
and
Grammy Award
winners
Ramon Ayala
(Daddy Yankee) and
Ricky Martin
were born in the city. Other notable residents include writers
Giannina Braschi
and
Tomas Blanco
, award-winning actors
Raul Julia
and
Benicio del Toro
, and comedian
Jose Miguel Agrelot
. Teacher
Rafael Cordero
(1790?1868), was influential in the development of Puerto Rican education and began the process of beatification in 2013, if accepted as a saint he will become only the second black saint from the Americas.
[135]
Performing arts
[
edit
]
The
Luis A. Ferre Performing Arts Center
(Spanish:
Centro de Bellas Artes Luis A. Ferre
) hosts some of the most important musical and artistic events in Puerto Rico. It is home to the
Puerto Rico Symphony Orchestra
(PRSO) and hosts the
Casals Festival
, the most important classical music festival in the Caribbean. The venue also hosts theater and musical performances such as
Hamilton
, which it hosted in 2019.
[136]
The Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico is a public music conservatory that hosts Puerto Rican and international students has a longstanding relationship with the classical music movement in the island. The
Ateneo Puertorriqueno
and the theater of the
University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras
also host important music events.
Museums
[
edit
]
The city is also the home of contemporary and classic art museums. The
Puerto Rico Museum of Art
hosts the largest collection of art in Puerto Rico, housing over 1,100 permanent art pieces and displaying temporary exhibitions containing artwork from various locations through Latin America.
[137]
The
Puerto Rico Museum of Contemporary Art
, located in Santurce, specializes in contemporary artwork from Latin America and the Caribbean. The paintings displayed in the permanent exhibition are either acquired by the museum's administrative personnel or donated by artists and collectors. They are judged by a panel of painters, art critics, and scholars before being displayed.
[138]
Other museums such as the
Pablo Casals Museum
, the San Juan Book Museum, the
Museum of the Americas
, and the
National Gallery
display historic items and artwork alongside contemporary art.
[139]
[140]
Miscellaneous museums such as the Children's Museum, the
San Juan Wildlife Museum
, and the
Bacardi
Distillery (also known as the "Rum Cathedral") in nearby
Catano
appeal to different audiences through interactive exhibitions.
[141]
[142]
The
Casa Dra. Concha Melendez Ramirez
in Santurce is a
National Historic Landmark
and museum and research center that showcases the life and work of
one of the most important figures
in the literary culture of Puerto Rico.
[143]
Old San Juan
is also home to important art museums, such as the
Puerto Rico National Gallery
, and numerous private art galleries.
Government
[
edit
]
Structure
[
edit
]
As one of Puerto Rico's 78
municipalities
, San Juan's government consists of two branches, the executive and the legislative. Those citizens eligible to vote directly elect the
Mayor of San Juan
and the municipal assembly for four-year terms. The municipal government is housed in
City Hall
or
Casa Alcaldia
, which is located at 153 San Francisco Street, facing the
Plaza de Armas
at the center of
Old San Juan
.
[144]
City Hall was constructed based on
Madrid
's City Hall starting in 1604 and finally completed in 1789.
[144]
The executive branch is headed by a popularly elected mayor. The office is held by
Miguel Romero Lugo
who won in the
2020 general election
.
[145]
Miguel Romero Lugo
took over from
Carmen Yulin Cruz
, who was elected at the
2012 general election
. Before her,
Jorge A. Santini
held the position for 12 years. In addition to running the city's day-to-day operations and supervising associated departments, the mayor is responsible for appointing a secretary-auditor and a treasurer. San Juan's Municipal Legislature is made up of 17 municipal legislators, elected at-large, which represent the city's population.
[146]
Coat of arms and flag
[
edit
]
The
municipio
has an official flag and coat of arms.
[147]
On March 8, 1948, the city government of San Juan officially adopted as the city's first flag an orange field, in the center of which is the coat of arms of the city. The orange color was based and taken from Father
Diego de Torres Vargas
' text and it reads:
"
Escudo de armas dado a Puerto Rico por los Reyes Catolicos en el ano de 1511, siendo Procurador un vecino llamado Pedro Moreno. Son : un cordero blanco con su banderilla colorada, sobre un libro, y todo sobre una isla verde, que es la de Puerto Rico, y por los lados una F y una I, que quiere decir Fernando e Isabel, los Reyes Catolicos que se las dieron, y hoy se conservan en el estandarte real, que es de damasco anaranjado, con que se gano la ciudad
".
[148]
("Coat of arms given to Puerto Rico by the
Catholic Monarchs
in the year 1511 being Procurator a
vecino
(citizen) named Pedro Moreno. They are a white lamb with a red flag, on top of a book, and everything above a green island, which is Puerto Rico...which is of orange damask, with which the city was won"). It appears that the color was changed from orange to white at some point.
[149]
[148]
Territorial and federal government
[
edit
]
San Juan is the territorial capital of the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
, and it is home to the
executive
,
legislative
and
judicial
branches of the
Puerto Rican government
. San Juan is also the seat of the
Puerto Rico Senatorial district I
, which is represented by two Senators.
[150]
The
United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico
is located in
Hato Rey
. There are two additional federal offices in the San Juan metropolitan area: the
Jose V. Toledo U.S. Post Office and Courthouse
in Old San Juan and the GSA Federal Center in Guaynabo.
[151]
The
Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI), along with other federal organisms, has also had regional offices at the
Federico Degetau Federal Building
also in Hato Rey.
[152]
Safety
[
edit
]
Law enforcement in San Juan is the joint responsibility of the Department of Police and Public Safety, also known as the
San Juan Police Department
and the
Puerto Rico Police Department
.
[153]
The Municipal Police, originally known as the "San Juan Municipal Guard", was created in 1521 and had active military and law enforcement functions until 1980, when Act #77 created municipal law enforcement agencies in Puerto Rico. It employs over 1,000 sworn officers plus civilian staff.
[154]
Crime
[
edit
]
In 2010 there were 201 homicides in San Juan, a rate of around 50 per 100,000 residents. In 2019 they were 172 homicides a rate of 53 per 100,000 residents.
[155]
In the 2019 bulletin ranking of the 50 most violent cities in the world San Juan ranked as the 16th most violent in the world with a rate of 54.01 murders per 100,000 inhabitants,
[156]
and the 3rd most violent in the United States and its territories after
St. Louis
and
Baltimore
.
[157]
Media
[
edit
]
Newspapers
[
edit
]
Most of Puerto Rico's major newspapers are published in San Juan:
El Nuevo Dia
,
Primera Hora
,
El Vocero
and the English-language
San Juan Star
.
[158]
[159]
Other newspapers published in San Juan are
Metro Puerto Rico
, Indice and
Caribbean Business News
.
[160]
Radio
[
edit
]
San Juan is also home to several of Puerto Rico's major radio stations:
WKAQ 580 AM
and
105 FM
, WPRM Salsoul 99.1 FM, WODA La Nueva 94 FM, Fidelity 95.7 FM, WSKN Radio Isla 1320 AM, WORO Radio Oro 92.5 FM, Salsa Hits Radio, WAPA Radio, WOYE Magic 97.3, WRTU Radio Universidad FM, WIPR 940 AM, Mix 107.7 FM, WTOK Hot 102, AZ Rock, Radio Antillas, etc.
[161]
Television
[
edit
]
Some of the television stations based in San Juan are
WKAQ-TV
Telemundo
/
NBC Puerto Rico
,
WORA Univision Puerto Rico
,
WAPA-TV
,
WIPR-TV
,
WTCV Mega TV
, WJPX
America TeVe
, etc.
[162]
Movies and filming
[
edit
]
San Juan has been the setting of numerous movies and the city has also been used as a stand-in or substitute for other cities and countries where filming is more expensive, more dangerous or more restrictive. Some of the most popular movies filmed in San Juan are:
Woody Allen
's
Bananas
(1971),
Captain Ron
(1992),
Assassins
(1995),
Amistad
(1997),
Bad Boys II
(2003) standing-in as
Havana
,
Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights
(2004) also as
Havana
,
The Men Who Stare at Goats
(2009) standing-in as
Iraq
,
The Losers
(2010),
Fast Five
(2011) standing-in as
Miami
and
Rio de Janeiro
,
Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
(2011) standing-in as
Cadiz, Spain
,
The Rum Diary
(2011),
22 Jump Street
(2014) standing-in as a Mexican resort,
Captain America: Civil War
(2016) standing-in as
Lagos, Nigeria
,
Force of Nature
(2020),
Black Panther: Wakanda Forever
(2022), and
Blue Beetle
(2023).
[163]
[164]
[165]
[166]
Education
[
edit
]
Colleges and universities
[
edit
]
San Juan is home to many of Puerto Rico's institutions of higher learning. The
University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus
is located in San Juan, along with the
University of Puerto Rico's Medical Sciences Campus
. Other colleges located in San Juan are the
University of the Sacred Heart
, the
Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico
, the Ana G. Mendez University System's
Metropolitan University
, the Metropolitan Campus of the
Inter American University of Puerto Rico
, the
Carlos Albizu University
, the
Evangelic Seminary of Puerto Rico
and the
Center for Advanced Studies on Puerto Rico and the Caribbean
. There are smaller colleges located in the city, including the ICPR Junior College, the
Instituto de Banca y Comercio
and the International Junior College, located in Santurce.
[167]
There are also several technical schools based in San Juan, including the Technological College of San Juan, the
Liceo de Artes y Ciencias
, Ramirez College of Business and Technology, and the Puerto Rico Technical Junior College. The
Puerto Rico Conservatory of Music
and the
School of Fine Arts
in Old San Juan specialize in education that promotes the fine arts and music.
[167]
Public and private schools
[
edit
]
As of the 2022?23 school year, there are 83 public schools serving 24,494 students in San Juan,
[168]
all of which are operated by the
Puerto Rico Department of Education
. Most of the specialized schools operated by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico are located in San Juan. These schools emphasize topics such as Science and Math, Radio and Television, Arts, Trade, Music, and Sports, but also include other subjects such as Spanish, English, and Social Studies in their curriculum.
In addition to dozens of state-run elementary, intermediate, and high schools, the government of the city of San Juan operates two bilingual schools, including one sports-magnet school, the first municipal-run schools in Puerto Rico.
[169]
Several private schools are located in San Juan, including Robinson and St. John's schools in the
Condado
, Perpetuo Socorro in
Miramar
, St. John's Episcopal, Santa Monica and
Academia San Jorge
in
Santurce
, Commonwealth High School, La Merced and Espiritu Santo in
Hato Rey
, Escuela Josefita Monserrate de Selles, San Antonio,
Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola
, San Jose in
Rio Piedras
and
Cupeyville
, St. Mary's, Boneville and Cupey Maria Montesory School in Cupey.
Transportation
[
edit
]
Airports
[
edit
]
The
San Juan Metropolitan Area
is served by two airports:
The
Luis Munoz Marin International Airport
(SJU), San Juan's primary commercial airport, is located eight miles (12.9 km) from
Old San Juan
in the neighboring municipality of
Carolina
. The airport accommodates more than 30 domestic and international airlines and is the busiest airport in the
Caribbean
. It is often referred to as
The Gateway to the Caribbean
because it serves as the main connection to the island and the rest of the Caribbean for the United States and vice versa.
[170]
The area's secondary airport is the
Fernando Ribas Dominicci Airport
(SIG), located directly across the
San Antonio Channel
(
Cano San Antonio
) from Old San Juan in the
Isla Grande
district.
[171]
Dominicci Airport is used mainly by general aviation aircraft, charter flights and some domestic commercial flights. It used to be the city's and also the island of Puerto Rico's main international gateway until the opening of Luis Munoz Marin International Airport. It is now also widely used by the Isla Grande Flight School and Caribbean Flight Center, the only flight school on the island.
Highways and roads
[
edit
]
Some of the major highways and roads of San Juan include:
- Puerto Rico Highway 52
(PR-52), also known as
Luis A. Ferre Highway
, runs from
Santurce
to
Ponce
through
Caguas
.
- Puerto Rico Highway 1
(PR-1), also known as
Carretera Central
,
Antigua Carretera Militar
and
La Muda
between
Rio Piedras
and Caguas, runs from Santurce to Ponce through
Cayey
and the
Cordillera Central
.
- Puerto Rico Highway 2
(PR-2), also known as
Kennedy Expressway
between San Juan and
Guaynabo
, runs from Santurce to Ponce through
Mayaguez
.
- Puerto Rico Highway 3
(PR-3), also known as
65 de Infanteria Avenue
between Rio Piedras and Carolina, runs from
Hato Rey
to
Salinas
through
Humacao
.
- Puerto Rico Highway 22
(PR-22), also known as
Jose de Diego Expressway
, runs from Santurce to
Hatillo
.
- Puerto Rico Highway 8
(PR-8) runs from Sabana Llana Norte to barrio Oriente and the
Luis Munoz Marin International Airport
.
- Puerto Rico Highway 16
(PR-16) runs parallel to PR-1 from the
Port of San Juan
in Hato Rey to the
Fernando Luis Ribas Dominicci Airport
in
Isla Grande
.
- Puerto Rico Highway 18
(PR-18), also known as
Las Americas Expressway
, runs from
Hato Rey Norte
to
Monacillo Urbano
.
- Puerto Rico Highway 20
(PR-20), also known as
Rafael Martinez Nadal Expressway
, runs from
Guaynabo Pueblo
through Monacillo Urbano and
Gobernador Pinero
to
Caparra
.
- Puerto Rico Highway 26
(PR-26), also known as
Roman Baldorioty de Castro Expressway
, runs from Santurce to the Luis Munoz Marin International Airport and
Carolina
.
- Puerto Rico Highway 28
(PR-28), also known as
Francisco Jose de Goya Avenue
, runs from the Port of San Juan to
Bayamon
.
There are 193 bridges in San Juan.
[172]
Public transport
[
edit
]
At 4,300 vehicles per paved mile, San Juan has by far the highest density of vehicles on the road of any city in the world.
[173]
The city is served by five limited-access expressways and highways and numerous arterial avenues and boulevards but continues to suffer from severe traffic congestion.
[174]
The
Metropolitan Bus Authority
(
Autoridad Metropolitana de Autobuses
or
AMA
in Spanish) provides daily bus transportation to residents of San Juan, Guaynabo, Bayamon, Toa Baja, Trujillo Alto, Catano and Carolina through 30 fixed routes. Its fleet consists of 277 regular buses and 35 handicap-accessible buses. AMA's ridership is estimated at 112,000 on weekdays.
[175]
In an attempt to decrease vehicle dependency and road congestion, the city built a
metro
system dubbed "
Tren Urbano
" ("Urban Train"). The 10.7-mile (17.2 km) line connects to 16 stations.
[176]
The project, which opened in late 2004, cost $2.25 billion and was more than $1 billion over budget and four years late. The Tren Urbano has received less ridership than was originally projected and has not significantly reduced the city's automobile traffic, despite a reported 7.5% ridership increase in 2006 over 2005. There is a planned project to build an "interurban light rail system" connecting the cities of
San Juan and Caguas
.
[177]
Increased investment in public transportation, however, has not changed the fact that San Juan is an
automobile-reliant
city and its fast growth has sparked
urban sprawl
. As of mid-2010, the government has approved plans for a redesign of this Puerto Rican city, featuring a new
mass transit
system, new roads and intersections, and more beach-access points.
No cars
will be allowed inside the oldest part of city (Old San Juan). The plans hope to remedy previous poor urban planning in the oldest section of the city, the Isleta, while curbing reliance on motor vehicles. The plans for redevelopment also hope to make the city more appealing in order to attract new residents, as San Juan has suffered from a shrinking population over the past 60 years.
[178]
Port
[
edit
]
The
Port of San Juan
is the fourth busiest seaport in the Western Hemisphere, ranked among the top 17 in the world in terms of container movement. It is also the largest home-based cruise port in the world with over a dozen cruise ships. It is the second busiest port in cruise volume after Miami.
[
citation needed
]
It is managed by the
Puerto Rico Ports Authority
.
AcuaExpreso
is a
ferry
service in the
San Juan Bay
, consisting of the
Catano Ferry
(
Lancha de Catano
) service between
downtown Catano
and
Old San Juan
, and the
AquaExpress
which connects Old San Juan to
Hato Rey
and the
Tren Urbano
.
[179]
[180]
Healthcare
[
edit
]
San Juan has an elaborate system of
triage
, hospital, and preventive care health services. The municipal government sponsors regular health fairs in different areas of the city focusing on health care for the elderly and the disabled. There are 20 hospitals in San Juan, half of them operated by the government. The largest hospital in San Juan and most important of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean
[
citation needed
]
is the
Rio Piedras Medical Center
, or
Centro Medico de Rio Piedras
in Spanish. This hospital, founded in 1956, is operated by the Medical Services Administration of the Department of Health of Puerto Rico. It is made up of eight other hospitals.
- San Juan Municipal Hospital: This hospital is operated by the San Juan municipal government.
- Industrial Hospital: This is the hospital for Puerto Rico government employees, whether municipal or Commonwealth government employees. Normally, injured police officers and firefighters are cared for here.
- San Juan Pediatric Hospital - Also operated by the San Juan municipal government.
- Pediatric Hospital: Operated by the government of the Commonwealth, this is the main trauma hospital for pediatric cases.
- Centro Medico: This is the main hospital for trauma cases for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean.
- Centro Cardiovascular del Caribe (Caribbean Cardiovascular Center): This is the main hospital for open heart surgery in the Caribbean. It features a hotel for the patients' families.
- Psychiatric Hospital: The main psychiatric hospital in Puerto Rico. Operated by the government of Puerto Rico.
- Psychiatric Correctional Hospital: It is both a hospital and correctional facility. It is operated jointly by the Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and the Medical Services Administration.
The city of San Juan operates 10 hospitals. Of these, nine are Diagnostic and Treatment Centers located in communities throughout San Juan. The main hospital is located at Centro Medico. These 10 hospitals are:
- La Perla
- Puerta de Tierra
- Llorens Torres
- Puerto Nuevo
- San Jose
- Rio Piedras
- Sabana Llana
- Hoare
- Santurce Parada 19
- General Hospital (Centro Medico)
Also, there are 10 private hospitals in San Juan. These are:
- Hospital Metropolitano
- Hospital Auxilio Mutuo
- Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Expreso
- Hospital de Veteranos: The main Veterans hospital in the Caribbean. Operated by the U.S. Veteran Healthcare System.
- Ashford Presbyterian Hospital
- Hospital Pavia Hato Rey
- Hospital Pavia Santurce
- San Jorge Children's Hospital: The most well-known children's hospital in the San Juan Metropolitan Area.
- Hospital San Gerardo: Located at the Cupey neighborhood, is a small hospital but is also specialized in psychiatry and elderly.
- Hospital del Maestro (Teachers Hospital): Located in Hato Rey, this hospital is operated by the Puerto Rico Teachers Association.
Sports
[
edit
]
Teams based in San Juan have been notably successful in athletic competition. The
Santurce Crabbers
won the
National Superior Basketball League
championship in 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2003 during this period being recognized as a dynasty. The San Juan Senators and the
Santurce Crabbers
were the two major baseball teams in the city, winning the championship of the
Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League
a total of 17 times. The Santurce Crabbers are located third among teams with more championships in the
Caribbean Series
, winning championships in the 1951, 1953, 1955, 1993 and 2000 editions of the tournament. The city has also been the host of events within the sports community; some examples include:
The $28 million San Juan Natatorium attracts island-wide and regional swim meets, as well as winter training by top-rated mainland U.S. colleges and universities, including the
United States Military Academy
at
West Point
and the
United States Naval Academy
at
Annapolis
.
In July 2007, the San Juan Golf Academy and its driving range began operating atop the city's former sanitary landfill in
Puerto Nuevo
, and will eventually include the city's first and only 9-hole golf course.
Professional teams
[
edit
]
International relations
[
edit
]
Diplomatic missions
[
edit
]
Consulate-General
|
Honorary Consulates
|
|
Twin towns ? Sister cities
[
edit
]
San Juan is
twinned
with:
[209]
Notable people
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^
Official records for San Juan were kept at downtown from November 1898 to December 1955 and at Luis Munoz Marin International Airport since January 1956.
[65]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990"
.
United States Census Bureau
. February 12, 2011.
Archived
from the original on August 24, 2019
. Retrieved
July 5,
2015
.
- ^
San Juan, Ciudad Capital
Archived
October 3, 2020, at the
Wayback Machine
. SanJuan.pr. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
- ^
"US Board on Geographic Names"
.
United States Geological Survey
. July 5, 2015.
Archived
from the original on February 12, 2012
. Retrieved
January 31,
2008
.
- ^
"PUERTO RICO: 2020 Census"
.
The United States Census Bureau
. Retrieved
August 25,
2021
.
- ^
Magaly Rivera.
"San Juan Capital City"
. Welcome to Puerto Rico.
Archived
from the original on April 17, 2019
. Retrieved
May 2,
2007
.
- ^
a
b
Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
"La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico"
.
UNESCO World Heritage Centre
. Retrieved
December 23,
2022
.
- ^
"the San Juan Port"
(in Spanish). Puerto Rico Port Authority. 2007
. Retrieved
May 9,
2007
.
[
dead link
]
- ^
"About Puerto Rico"
. Puerto Rico Tourism Company. 2007.
Archived
from the original on April 17, 2019
. Retrieved
May 8,
2007
.
- ^
"Historia de Puerta de Tierra (San Juan)"
.
www.puertadetierra.info
. Retrieved
February 12,
2022
.
- ^
Rico, Histopedia de Puerto (July 19, 2019).
"Caciques y Yucayeques de Boriken"
.
Histopedia de Puerto Rico
(in Spanish)
. Retrieved
February 12,
2022
.
- ^
"Cacicazgos de los tainos: Antecedentes y desarrollo"
.
EnciclopediaPR
. Archived from
the original
on February 12, 2022
. Retrieved
February 12,
2022
.
- ^
Rio-Miranda Alcon, J. La ciudad romana de Caparra - Municipium Flavium Caparense. 2011
- ^
"
Guaynabo
-- Encyclopædia Britannica" (with history of Puerto Rico),
Encyclopædia Britannica
, 2006,
Britannica.com
webpage:
EB-Guaynabo-Puerto-Rico
Archived
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Wayback Machine
:names:
Caparra
, the first Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico (1508).
- ^
"Historic places in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands"
. National Park Service.
Archived
from the original on May 13, 2007
. Retrieved
May 2,
2007
.
- ^
"American Latino Theme Study: Religion (U.S. National Park Service)"
.
www.nps.gov
. Retrieved
November 15,
2021
.
- ^
Marley, David (2005).
Historic Cities of the Americas
. Santa Barbara, CA: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 185+.
ISBN
1576070271
.
- ^
"Nueva Espana documents and transcripts, ca. 1700-ca. 1799"
.
New York Public Library
.
Archived
from the original on January 2, 2016
. Retrieved
November 21,
2015
.
- ^
"Historia de San Juan de Puerto Rico"
(in Spanish). Vive San Juan. 2006. Archived from
the original
on May 1, 2007
. Retrieved
May 2,
2007
.
- ^
Puerto Rico
. Russell Schimmer, Genocide Studies Program, Yale University.
Archived
March 30, 2010, at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"San Juan National Historic Site"
. National Park Service. 2000.
Archived
from the original on March 13, 2012
. Retrieved
May 29,
2007
.
- ^
William Figueroa (2000).
"History of Puerto Rico"
(in Spanish). Sol Boricua.
Archived
from the original on March 6, 2012
. Retrieved
May 2,
2007
.
- ^
"DON JUAN DE HARO Y LOS HOLANDESES" (24 de Septiembre de 1625)
Archived
February 2, 2015, at the
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- ^
The History of Puerto Rico From the Spanish Discovery to the American Occupation / Middeldyk, R.A. Van Identifier: etext12272 The History of Puerto Rico From the Spanish Discovery to the American Occupation
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Jose Oquendo.
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(in Spanish). Historia de Adjuntas, Puerto Rico.
Archived
from the original on March 30, 2012
. Retrieved
October 10,
2006
.
- ^
Miguel J. Hernandez.
"Erwin Letter from US Marine Alden Morse, at the USS New York, relating the bombing of San Juan del 12 Mayo 1898"
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Bibliography
[
edit
]
External links
[
edit
]
Places adjacent to San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Nation:
States:
Territories:
|
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- Basseterre
, St. Kitts and Nevis
- Belmopan
, Belize
- Bridgetown
, Barbados
- Castries
, St. Lucia
- Charlotte Amalie
, U.S. Virgin Islands (US)
- Cockburn Town
, Turks and Caicos (UK)
- George Town
, Cayman Islands (UK)
- Guatemala City
, Guatemala
- Hamilton
, Bermuda (UK)
- Havana
, Cuba
- Kingston
, Jamaica
- Kingstown
, St. Vincent and the Grenadines
| |
- Road Town
, British Virgin Islands (UK)
- Roseau
, Dominica
- San Jose
, Costa Rica
- San Juan
, Puerto Rico (US)
- San Salvador
, El Salvador
- Santo Domingo
, Dominican Republic
- St. George's
, Grenada
- St. John's
, Antigua and Barbuda
- Tegucigalpa
, Honduras
- The Valley
, Anguilla (UK)
- Washington, D.C.
, United States
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International
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National
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Geographic
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Other
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