River in eastern England
This article is about the river in England. For the river in China, see
Nen River
.
The
River Nene
(
or
: see
below
) is a
river
that flows through the east of
England
. At 105 miles (169 km) long,
[1]
it is the
tenth-longest in the United Kingdom
.
The river rises from three sources in
Northamptonshire
[2]
and flows into the North Sea via
The Wash
. From the west, it flows through Northampton, Wellingborough, and Peterborough.
About 3.7 miles (6.0 km) of the Nene forms the border between
Cambridgeshire
and
Norfolk
. It is navigable for 88 miles (142 km), from
Northampton
to The Wash.
Etymology and pronunciation
[
edit
]
Spelling of the river's name has altered over time; it was called the "Nenn" or "Nyn" in an 1810 engraving by
draughtsmen
George Cole and John Roper, while the
Ordnance Survey
of 1885 used what has since become standard spelling, "Nene".
[3]
The origin and meaning of the River Nene's name is unknown. The earliest known examples, which date back to the 10th century AD, have been linked to Indo-European root words for snow, rain, or washing, but a direct connection is purely speculative. According to the British
toponymist
and medieval scholar
Victor Watts
, "The name is certainly pre-English, possibly pre-Celtic'.
[4]
The same name appears in the Neen, the former name of the
River Rea
in Shropshire, which is retained in the hamlet of
Neen Savage
.
The pronunciation of the river's name varies by locality. In Northampton it is usually pronounced
(
NEN
), and around
Peterborough
it is usually pronounced
(
NEEN
).
[5]
The point at which the pronunciation of the Nene changes has been moving further inland for many years; the current edition of the nautical publisher Imray's "Map Of The River Nene" suggests that it now begins at
Thrapston
.
[6]
Course
[
edit
]
The River Nene is the
tenth-longest river
in the United Kingdom. From one of its sources, that near
Arbury Hill
, to
Northampton
, the river falls a total of 300 feet (91 m) in 17 miles (27 km).
[2]
For the remainder of its course, the Nene falls less than 200 feet (61 m).
[7]
It has a catchment area of 631 square miles (1,630 km
2
) and a mean flow of 328 cubic feet per second (9.3 m
3
/s).
[8]
The final 88 miles (142 km) from Northampton to the Wash is navigable.
[9]
The river's most westerly source can be found near the village of
Badby
, near
Daventry
. On the eastern slopes of
Arbury Hill
, and in pools between Arbury Hill and Sharmans Hill, are two tributaries that converge at
Dodford
Mill to form the upper reaches of the Daventry Nene. The northern stream flows by the villages of Badby and
Newnham
to the confluence, whilst the southerly stream runs through
Fawsley Park
and past the village of
Everdon
before the confluence. From Dodford, the river passes through the village of
Weedon
where it flows under the main
west coast railway line
, the
Grand Union Canal
, and
Watling Street
. A little west of Weedon, the river converges with a further northerly tributary arising at Nenmoor Spring to the northwest of
West Haddon
. The river then flows towards Northampton, passing
Flore
and
Nether Heyford
, where it is joined by small streams on either bank. A little past
Bugbrooke
Mill, the Nene passes under the
M1 motorway
and falls over a weir towards
Kislingbury
.
Another tributary merges from the south at Kislingbury. The Nene's course is closely followed by the Grand Union Canal's Northampton arm at
Upton
Mill.
Northampton
[
edit
]
At Upton Mill, another tributary, called
Wootton Brook
, joins the river from the south. The River Nene now approaches Northampton town from the west, passing between the suburbs of
St James
(locally known as Jimmy's End),
Cotton End
and
Far Cotton
. The Nene's third northern source, the
Naseby
Source or Brampton Nene, converges at the
Carlsberg
Brewery. This tributary flows through the north of Northampton where several streams join. Three of these streams supply water for reservoirs at
Pitsford
,
Hollowell
and
Ravensthorpe
, north of Northampton, before joining the Brampton Nene. At Cotton End, the Nene passes under South Bridge, then through Beckett's Park and past the
University of Northampton
's Waterside Campus, which is on the site of the former
Northampton Power Station
, on the south bank of the river opposite Midsummer Meadow on the north bank.
[10]
Northampton Sea Cadets is based in Nunn Mills, and uses the river for the training of boating skills, following the training schemes of the
Royal Yachting Association
(RYA) and the
British Canoe Union
(BCU).
[11]
A short way downstream, a weir can divert some of the Nene's flow to supply the
Nene Whitewater Centre
.
The River Nene at Northampton was the location of England's first water-powered cotton spinning mill. It was installed on the site of a former corn mill, to the south-west of the town centre, in 1742.
[12]
Nene Valley
[
edit
]
From Northampton, the river flows along a broad valley, formed by the enormous amount of water released by the melting ice during
the Ice Age
,
[13]
towards the east coast. The Nene now meanders through this wide, flat valley with flood plains, lakes, pools and mature gravel pits on either bank, a byproduct of the large glacial deposits in the valley. At
Great Billing
is
Billing Aquadrome
, a popular caravan and camping park with leisure facilities and a funfair, which is based around the river and various mature gravel pits.
[14]
The park is popular with fishermen and water skiers alike. The river's landscape is now dominated by mature gravel pit lakes. Some
gravel
extraction still takes place along the valley's basin. At
Cogenhoe
(pronounced
locally
[15]
) the river passes through a
watermill
. The mill is a red-brick building built in the late nineteenth century, with a slate roof, from which all the machinery has been removed. Adjacent is a Mill House, built of coursed limestone rubble, and dated 1725.
[16]
At
Earls Barton
the river again passes an area of mature gravel pit lakes, and lock gates numbers 9 and 10. Further on, the river passes through Doddington Lock No 11 and the nearby Hardwater Watermill. This watermill, mentioned in the
Domesday Book
, ground wheat into flour for almost 1000 years.
Thomas Becket
,
Archbishop of Canterbury
, used the mill as a hiding place after escaping from
Northampton Castle
in 1164 and fleeing down the Nene to be sheltered by the miller before fleeing to France. The watermill ceased grinding flour after the
Second World War
. The present buildings date from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and have been converted into dwellings.
[17]
Wellingborough
[
edit
]
The river's course turns to the north-east,
passing the town of
Wellingborough
on its north bank and the village of
Little Irchester
to the south. At Wellingborough, the river passes through Victoria Mills. Founded in 1886 by the Whitworth family, they are still run by the firm today, producing fine flours for the bakery trade. In front of the mill, there remains a jetty from the days when the river was used for transportation of goods to and from the mills. A little further on, the river is joined from the north by the
River Ise
. On the opposite bank are the remains of the Roman town of
Irchester
. The river now passes under a viaduct that carries the
Midland Main Line
, which links
London St Pancras
to
Sheffield
in northern England via
Luton
,
Bedford
,
Kettering
,
Leicester
,
Derby
and
Chesterfield
.
Passing
Irthlingborough
on its north-western bank, the Nene now flows past the demolished
Nene Park
, one of the former grounds of
Kettering Town F.C.
Further on, the river is crossed by the disused track bed of the
Northampton and Peterborough Railway
which was constructed in 1845. The river is now characterised by large curving meanders as it passes the villages of Little Addington,
Great Addington
, Woodford and Denford.
Thrapston
[
edit
]
At Denford the river divides into two channels, one of which is used for navigation. The channels approach the town of
Thrapston
, passing under two adjacent viaducts. One carries the busy
A14
trunk road; the other carries the disused railway track bed. Between the town of Thrapston and the village of
Islip
, the Nene is spanned by a low nine-arched bridge. Just north of Thrapston the river forms part of the 180 acres (73 ha) of
Titchmarsh
Nature Reserve.
[18]
The reserve, designated in 1989, consists of two lakes, a woodland, river banks and areas of grass and scrub in which some ponds have been dug. The reserve is operated by
Northamptonshire County Council
, with the approval of the
Nature Conservancy Council
. At
Aldwincle
another tributary, called
Harpers Brook
, joins the Nene from the north-west. Harpers Brook flows between gravel pit lagoons before converging with the river. The river flows south of
Oundle
passing
Barnwell Country Park
and
Oundle Marina
under a bridge of the
A605 road
. At
grid reference
TL116976
, the
Romans
bridged
the river with
Ermine Street
in the first century. Between Oundle marina and Peterborough the Nene falls towards Peterborough, navigation passing through 11 locks on the way.
Peterborough
[
edit
]
Having passed among the gentle hills of Northamptonshire the river enters the rural part of the
City of Peterborough
, passing the
Nene Valley Railway
and through the
Nene Park
.
1
⁄
2
mile (800 m) upstream of the city centre is Woodston Wharf—the site of the old sea lock—originally the extent of the tidal River Nene until the Dog-in-a-Doublet lock at
Whittlesey
was opened in 1937. To the east of Peterborough city centre a branch of the river passes under the former Great Eastern Railway, now connected to the main East Coast main line and running through to Cambridge via Whittlesey and Ely. The branch terminates, for navigation, at
Stanground
Lock, a connection to the Middle Levels, the drainage system of the Fens through which access is possible to the River Great Ouse. Below Peterborough, the river forms the border between Cambridgeshire and
Norfolk
for about 3.7 miles (6.0 km).
Continuing downstream leads to the 'Embankment' area and after the
cathedral
city itself, passing through
Whittlesey
the landscape changes to the
Nene Washes
in
The Fens
and their vast horizons. Beyond
Flag Fen
the river flows under the A47 bridge at
Guyhirn
, through the
port
of
Wisbech
, then
Sutton Bridge
in
Lincolnshire
, and it finally enters
The Wash
between two towers known as "the lighthouses".
The Nene links the
Grand Union Canal
to the
River Great Ouse
, via the
Middle Level Navigations
. Much of its route has been upgraded to a wide canal with locks at regular intervals. Some sections where artificial cuts run adjacent to the course of the river are known as the "Nene Navigation".
Navigation
[
edit
]
The Nene is navigable from just above its junction with the Northampton Arm of the Grand Union Canal to the sea. Most leisure use is between Northampton and Peterborough, where it makes a junction with the Middle Level Navigations at Stanground Sluice, which give access to the River Ouse. There is no longer any significant commercial traffic above the
Port of Wisbech
.
[19]
Above Peterborough
[
edit
]
United Kingdom legislation
River Nene (Northampton to Peterborough) Navigation Act 1713
|
---|
|
|
Long title
| An Act for making the River Nine, or Nen, running from Northampton to Peterborough, navigable.
|
---|
Citation
| 13 Ann. c. 19
(Ruffhead: 12 Ann. St. 2. c. 7)
|
---|
|
Royal assent
| 28 May 1714
|
---|
|
United Kingdom legislation
The first recorded attempts to improve the upper river for navigation occurred in 1567 and 1606, when the people of Northampton commissioned surveys. In 1653, a printed pamphlet suggested that 33 locks to bypass the mills could be built for £8,000, to make the river navigable. Eventually, an
Act of Parliament
(
13 Ann.
c. 19) was obtained in 1713, which appointed large numbers of Commissioners, but stated that work could only proceed if any nine of them could find someone to make the entire river navigable. No-one was prepared to take on the task, although it appears from the Act that the river was navigable from Peterborough to
Alwalton
at the time. The Act was superseded by a second one obtained in 1724 (
11 Geo. 1
. c. 19), which allowed the river to be improved in stages, the work to be carried out at the contractor's expense, with the cost to be recouped from tolls. Robert Wright and Thomas Squire agreed to these terms for the section from Peterborough to the bridge at
Oundle
North in September 1726, and completed the work by 1730. Squire then agreed to the same terms for the next section to Thrapston in 1736, and completed it by late 1737. This part of the river was then designated as the Eastern Division.
[20]
A failure to find anyone prepared to work on the Western Division from Thrapston to Northampton resulted in a third Act (
29 Geo. 2
. c. 69) being obtained in 1756, which allowed the Commissioners to borrow money to finance the work. Lenders would become Proprietors of the Navigation, and the work was to begin at
Thrapston
and extend the navigable section towards Northampton. It took the Commissioners two years to agree who should carry out the work, but on 22 June 1758, John Smith jnr from Attercliffe, Yorkshire was contracted to construct 20 pound locks, 20 horse haling bridges and various other works at a cost of £14,070. The river opened to navigation in stages over the next three years, with a great celebration being held at Northampton on 7 August 1761 when the work was completed.
[21]
The proprietors had the right to use tolls as they saw fit, and the Commissioners found that they had no powers to ensure the navigation was maintained in good order. They obtained another Act of Parliament (
34 Geo. 3
. c. 85) in 1794, which aimed to rectify the situation, but it was not until 1801 that Thomas Wright replied to their requests, and some repairs were made. There was little traffic and income from tolls was low, at just £488 per year between 1801 and 1804. The commissioners were also keen to see a link constructed from Northampton to the
Grand Junction Canal
, but the canal company argued that there was an insufficient supply of water. It was agreed that a link would be built in two halves, but that there would be 1 mile (1.6 km) of railway in the middle. When built, the canal company constructed the entire link as a railway, which opened in 1805. In a bid to get a navigable link, the Commissioners opposed the bill to build a link between the Grand Junction Canal and the Old Union Canal, but relented when they had a firm agreement that a navigable link to Northampton would be built. The link cost £35,000, was supervised by
Benjamin Bevan
, and was built between 1812 and 1815. It was nearly 5 miles (8.0 km) long, and dropped 107 feet (33 m) through 17 locks.
[22]
Tolls rose to a little over £1,000 per year, but the Commissioners decided that the canal boats damaged the locks, and all traffic had to be transferred to river barges. This order was withdrawn in 1827, but the condition of the river gradually deteriorated, and the arrival of the Blisworth to Peterborough Railway in 1845 further reduced profitability. Flooding was also a problem, but the Commissioners had no powers to act as Commissioners of Sewers, to address the problems of drainage. With serious flooding in December 1848, a public meeting was held, and a committee was elected to consider Nene drainage. The main problem was a restriction at Wisbech, and the engineer
James Rendel
estimated that £120,000 was required to reconstruct the river below Peterborough. The Nene Valley Drainage and Improvement Act 1852 was obtained to allow this work to be completed.
[23]
Below Peterborough
[
edit
]
Below Peterborough, the river meandered to
Tydd Gote
, where it shared an outfall to the Wash with the
River Great Ouse
. Once the latter was diverted to
Bishop's Lynn
in 1236, the Nene outfall deteriorated. Navigation was improved in the 1470s when Morton's
Leam
, a straight channel between Peterborough and Wisbech, was constructed by
Bishop Morton
. It was improved in 1570 and 1631.
In 1631 a sluice was built at Wisbech by
Vermuyden
.
[24]
Morton's Leam was largely superseded by Smith's Leam, a straight cut from Peterborough to
Guyhirn
made by the Bedford Level Corporation in 1728. In order to improve the mouth of the river, which followed a tortuous route through salt marshes, the construction of a new channel was proposed by Nathaniel Kinderley, and work started on it in 1721. It was nearly completed when Wisbech Corporation's support turned to opposition, and they destroyed the work. The cut was eventually completed in 1773, but was not long enough to be a complete success.
[25]
The
Wisbech Canal
, opened in 1797, joined the river at Wisbech, the canal was filled in during the 1960s.
[26]
Various proposals for improvements near Wisbech were made, notably in 1814 by
John Rennie
and again in 1821 by
Thomas Telford
, but all were opposed by Wisbech Corporation. An Act of Parliament was obtained in 1827 to enable the works and Wisbech contributed £30,000 to the project. The contractors for the new cut below Wisbech were Jolliffe and Banks, who charged £149,259 for the channel. Once the old channel was dammed up, the tidal scour in the new channel was sufficient to remove silt deposits, and large volumes of stone were needed to stabilise the banks. The effects on the
Port of Wisbech
were immediate, with tonnage rising from 63,180 long tons (64,190 t) in 1830 to 159,678 long tons (162,240 t) in 1845.
[27]
The 1852 Drainage and Improvement Act gave the Commissioners wide powers to manage the river, but created an administrative structure that was too complex to be workable. With the river in a poor state, James Rendel was appointed as engineer, and began dredging the channel and raising the banks, which cost £124,000. Another Act of Parliament was obtained in 1854, to allow the Commissioners to borrow £325,000 to pay for the work. A new iron swing bridge was built in Wisbech, to replace a narrow stone bridge which restricted the flow of the river, and although it was tested on installation, it was not operated subsequently. In 1856 a very high tide came within two feet of the newly installed pilings. Dams across the river were built at Waldersea and Guyhirn, and an underwater weir was constructed below the bridge at Wisbech. Wisbech Corporation took the Commissioners to court in 1859 for obstructing the river, and when an initial judgement was made in their favour, gangs of men destroyed most of the Waldersea dam overnight. An appeal to the
Court of Chancery
by the Commissioners also failed, and the dams were removed, as was the Wisbech weir, after an accident involving a train of lighters.
[28]
Navigation was always hampered by the Northey Gravel shoal near Dog-in-a-Doublet. Together with a sluice, this prevented salt water from entering the Thorney River, and the Duke of Bedford had obtained an injunction in 1865 to prevent interference with it. An appeal to have the injunction removed in 1880 failed. A dock covering 13 acres (5.3 ha) was built at Sutton Bridge at this time, but the outer wall collapsed on 9 June 1881, a few days before it was officially opened, and the estimated repair costs of £160,000 resulted in the project failing. Sporadic traffic managed to use the river, but its condition continued to deteriorate.
[29]
In 1893, a boating tragedy occurred near Sutton Bridge, in which 9 people died.
[30]
Reconstruction
[
edit
]
By the time the Nene Catchment Board took control of the river, as a result of the passing of the Land Drainage Act (1930), the river was "in unparalleled decay and dilapidation". They rebuilt all of the locks, and replaced the remaining staunches with locks. A new lock and sluice were built at Dog-in-a-Doublet, to prevent salt water passing up the river, and to maintain water levels to Peterborough. The Thorney River was closed for navigation, arrangements were made for the supply of fresh water to the Thorney Estate, and the Northey Gravel shoal was blown up with dynamite. The banks of the river at Wisbech were protected with piling for a distance of 2 miles (3.2 km), and a new quay was built. A new concrete bridge was built at Wisbech, at the time it was the largest portal bridge in the country, the span being 92.5 feet.
[31]
The benefits of the new works were proved in the floods of 1947, when land bordering the Nene was not inundated.
[32]
The new locks resulted in some commercial traffic returning to the river.
[32]
The
Port of Wisbech
can handle ships up to 260 by 40 feet (79 by 12 m) long and with a draught of 17 feet (5.2 m),
[33]
and remains a commercial port in 2021. It also caters for smaller boats, with a major expansion of the facilities at the yacht harbour completed in May 2000.
[34]
Eagre
[
edit
]
In a lecture at
Wisbech & Fenland Museum
John Gardiner recalled seeing the rush of the tide below, and an 'eagre' or '
tidal bore
', which was a great wave that came rolling up on the tide from the mouth of the Nene, one to four feet high in height. This ceased after the opening of a new cut.
[35]
Operation
[
edit
]
There are canal locks at fairly regular intervals which will accommodate boats up to 78 by 13 feet (23.8 by 4.0 m), with a draught of 4 feet (1.2 m), although most of the boats on the upper river are canal-type narrowboats and river cruisers. Below Peterborough, boats are restricted by the size of Dog-in-a-Doublet lock, which is 130 by 20 feet (39.6 by 6.1 m) (a measured width of 7.937 metres (26.04 ft)) with 6.7 feet (2.0 m) draught, while below Wisbech, small ships can be accommodated. All but a handful of the locks have conventional mitre gates at the upstream end and a single vertically lifting guillotine gate at the downstream end. This arrangement permits the use of the locks as additional weirs in time of flood, when the mitre gates are chained open and the guillotines lifted to allow the water to flow straight through. This precludes navigation at these times.
[33]
Traditionally the guillotines were manually operated by turning a large wheel some 150 times to raise or lower the gate; since the locks have to be left empty this operation will always have to be done twice to pass through. In recent years the Environment Agency, who are the navigation authority for the river, have been installing electric operation of the guillotines
[33]
and in some cases replacing them altogether with mitre gates.
Flooding
[
edit
]
January 1978 floods
[
edit
]
On 11 and 12 January, the
1978 North Sea storm surge
caused extensive
coastal flooding
. Higher water levels were reached than during the devastating
North Sea flood of 1953
.
Flooding affected both banks of the river at
Wisbech
. A 70-year-old woman was reported drowned in her flooded home in Wisbech after the Nene burst its banks forcing 1000 people to evacuate their homes.
[36]
[37]
Clarkson Geriatric Day Hospital
[38]
was closed for weeks as repairs were made.
[39]
[40]
Easter 1998 floods
[
edit
]
On 8 and 9 April 1998, constant torrential rain caused flooding across large parts of the
English Midlands
. On
Good Friday
, 10 April 1998, the floods peaked and many rivers burst their banks. The Nene was badly affected, flooding low-lying parts of Northampton, Wellingborough, Earls Barton and other settlements on its banks.
[41]
The town centre of Northampton lies on the northern slope of the Nene Valley and escaped the river's flooding. However, the Cotton End, Far Cotton and
St James End
areas of the town occupy the flood plain and have borne the brunt of severe flooding over the years, culminating in the 1998 Easter floods.
[42]
In 2002, a siren warning system was installed in Northampton to warn residents in the event of further flooding, and embankments and flood walls were bolstered to protect the town.
[43]
In
Kislingbury
village, a flood alleviation scheme was completed in 2004.
[44]
In 2007, the Government announced it would spend £6 million on flood defences at Upton Mill in the west of Northampton; wetland areas and embankments were to be constructed along the river.
[45]
2013 flood
[
edit
]
In December 2013, the 2010 £12 million project to protect 10,590 residents and 1,200 businesses with an improved flood defence regime prevented another major incursion of water. The water came within inches of reaching the top of the flood walls and water poured across the roads near flood gates, bringing traffic on North End Road,
Wisbech
to a standstill.
[46]
The Nene in the arts
[
edit
]
In 2016, composer,
Benjamin Till
was commissioned by
NMPAT (Northamptonshire Music and Performing Arts Trust)
to create a major orchestral and choral work about the Nene.
[47]
The composition was scored for 800 musicians and premiered at the
Royal Albert Hall
in 2017, before being performed at Northampton's
Derngate Theatre
and
Peterborough Cathedral
. The piece quotes tradition folk melodies from towns and villages along the river, and explores ghost stories, myths and legends associated with the Nene.
Namesakes
[
edit
]
The river gave its name to a boat
Nene
of Wisbech, one of whose crew was drowned in the river in 1830,
[48]
the former football team Wisbech Nene Rovers,
[49]
the former Nene College of Higher Education in Northampton, now the
University of Northampton
, the
Nene derby
, and also to the
Rolls-Royce Nene
turbojet
engine,
Rolls-Royce
's practice being to name their
gas turbine
designs after British rivers. The river may also be linked to the fact that Sir
Henry Royce
was born in
Alwalton
,
[50]
a village which is by the river, near Peterborough.
The former Nene Inn, Nene Parade, Wisbech were both named after the river.
[51]
Nene Pet Supplies, Nene Quay, Wisbech are also both named after the river.
[52]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Clayton, Phil (2012).
Headwaters: Walking to British River Sources
(First ed.). London: Frances Lincoln Limited. p. 48.
ISBN
9780711233638
.
- ^
a
b
OS Explorer Map sheet 223, Northampton & Market Harborough, Brixworth & Pitsford Water.
ISBN
978-0-319-23735-9
- ^
"Northampton"
.
Maps
. Retrieved
14 February
2019
.
- ^
Watts 2004
, p. 431
- ^
"Croquet face-off hammers home message river Nene is pronounced 'Nen'
". The Daily Telegraph. 17 May 2021.
- ^
Smith 2006
, p. 28
- ^
OS Explorer Map 249 Spalding & Holbeach, Long Sutton & Kirton.
ISBN
978-0-319-46418-2
- ^
Owen 2005
, p. 230
- ^
Smith 2006
, p. 3
- ^
Author Unknown (
c.
1988)
Barnett's Northampton Street Plan with Index
. Barking, Essex: G.I. Barnett and Son Ltd.
- ^
Northampton Sea Cadets
- ^
"Northampton ? Home Of The First Water Driven Cotton Mill | Northamptonshire Family History Society"
. Retrieved
1 January
2023
.
- ^
Smith 2006
, p. 10
- ^
Smith 2006
, p. 19
- ^
Butler & Eaton 1998
- ^
Historic England
.
"Mill House Cogenhoe (1189993)"
.
National Heritage List for England
. Retrieved
24 June
2011
.
- ^
Historic England
.
"Hardwater Mill, Gt Doddington (1189935)"
.
National Heritage List for England
. Retrieved
24 June
2011
.
- ^
Titchmarsh Nature Reserve
- ^
Smith 2006
, pp. 3?5
- ^
Boyes & Russell 1977
, pp. 196?198
- ^
Boyes & Russell 1977
, pp. 198?201
- ^
Boyes & Russell 1977
, pp. 202?207
- ^
Boyes & Russell 1977
, pp. 207?210
- ^
"Cambridgeshire HER"
.
www.heritagegateway.org.uk
. Retrieved
6 October
2019
.
- ^
Boyes & Russell 1977
, pp. 211?212
- ^
"Wisbech Canal".
Stamford Mercury
. 27 June 1794. p. 3.
- ^
Boyes & Russell 1977
, pp. 212?215
- ^
Boyes & Russell 1977
, pp. 215?218
- ^
Boyes & Russell 1977
, pp. 218?220
- ^
"Grantham Journal"
. Retrieved
6 October
2019
– via
British Newspaper Archive
.
- ^
Arthur Artis Oldham (1933).
A History of Wisbech River
. Arthur Artis Oldham. p. 112.
- ^
a
b
Boyes & Russell 1977
, pp. 220?222
- ^
a
b
c
Smith 2006
, pp. 4?6
- ^
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Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Boyes, John; Russell, Ronald (1977).
The Canals of Eastern England
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Oxford Dictionary of English Place Names
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978-0-19-869103-7
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A Dictionary of English Place-Names
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- Owen, Sue; et al. (2005).
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.
- Smith, Iain (2006).
The River Nene
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ISBN
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.
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
River Nene
.