Political system of Portugal
Politics
in
Portugal
operates as a
unitary
multi-party
semi-presidential
representative democratic
republic
, whereby the
Prime Minister of Portugal
is the
head of government
, and the
President of Portugal
is the non-executive
head of state
with several significant political powers they exercise often.
[1]
Executive power
is exercised by the
Government
, whose leader is the prime minister.
Legislative power
is primarily vested in the
Assembly of the Republic
(the Portuguese
parliament
), although the government is also able to legislate on certain matters.
[2]
The
Judiciary of Portugal
is independent of the executive and the legislature. The President exerts a sort of "moderating power", not easily classified into any of the
traditional three branches of government
.
[1]
Since 1975, the party system has been dominated by the social democratic
Socialist Party
and the liberal-conservative
Social Democratic Party
.
According to the
V-Dem Democracy indices
Portugal was 2023 the 20th most electoral democratic country in the world.
[3]
Political background
[
edit
]
The national and regional governments are dominated by two political parties, the centre-left
Socialist Party
(PS), a
social-democratic
party, and the centre-right,
liberal-conservative
Social Democratic Party
(PSD), which have similar basic policies in some respects: both are
pro-European
, support
NATO
membership,
welfare state
and
market economy
. Other parties with seats in the parliament are
Chega
, the
Portuguese Communist Party
, the
Left Bloc
, the
Ecologist Party "The Greens"
,
LIVRE
, and
People-Animals-Nature
. The Communists and the Greens are in coalition as the
Unitary Democratic Coalition
.
In the
Portuguese legislative election of 2011
, the PSD won enough seats to form a majority government with the CDS-PP. The coalition, led by Prime Minister
Pedro Passos Coelho
, was supported by a majority in the Parliament of 132 MPs. The major opposition party was the Socialist Party (the party of the former prime minister
Jose Socrates
, in office 2005?2011) with 74 MPs. Also represented were the Portuguese Communist Party (14 MPs), "The Greens" (2 MPs) and the Left Bloc (8 MPs), all to the left of the governing coalition.
In the
2015 elections
, which the PSD and
People's Party
(CDS-PP) contested as a coalition,
Portugal Ahead
, the government lost its absolute majority. The
left-wing
parties, the
Socialist Party
,
Portuguese Communist Party
,
Ecologist Party "The Greens"
, and Left Bloc, argued that as they were willing to form a coalition which would have a majority in the assembly, they ought to be invited to form the government, while
Portugal Ahead
, as the largest grouping, argued that they should be invited to form the government. After three weeks of uncertainty, the President designated Passos Coelho as prime minister, which was followed by the formation of a minority government. However, the Government Programmed was rejected by the Parliament. It was the shortest-lived Portuguese national government since the
Carnation Revolution
. Since then, the
left-wing
parties, led by the
Socialist Party
(PS), have formed the government. On 26 November 2015, there was established a PS minority government led by Prime Minister
Antonio Costa
.
In the Portuguese legislative
of 2019
, the centre-left PS of incumbent Prime Minister Costa obtained the largest share of the vote, and the most seats. On 26 October 2019, there was established a new PS minority government led by Prime Minister Antonio Costa. In the snap
2022 election
the ruling PS won an outright majority. Following the
Operation Influencer
police searches, in November 2023, Antonio Costa resigned and snap elections were called for
10 March 2024
, which were won by the
Democratic Alliance
.
History
[
edit
]
The first constitution was created in 1822 (following the
Liberal Revolution of 1820
),
[4]
followed by a second in 1826, followed by a third in 1838 (after the
Liberal Wars
),
[5]
a fourth in
1911
(following the
5 October 1910 revolution
),
[5]
and a fifth 1933 (after the
28 May 1926 coup d'etat
).
[5]
Portugal
's 25 April 1976 constitution reflected the country's 1974?76 move from authoritarian rule to provisional military government to a
representative democracy
with some initial
Communist
and
left-wing
influence. The military coup in 1974, which became known as the
Carnation Revolution
, was a result of multiple internal and external factors like the colonial wars that ended in removing the dictator,
Marcelo Caetano
, from power. The prospect of a communist takeover in Portugal generated considerable concern among the country's
NATO
allies. The revolution also led to the country abruptly abandoning its colonies overseas and to the return of an estimated 600,000 Portuguese citizens from abroad. The 1976 constitution, which defined Portugal as a "Republic... engaged in the formation of a classless society," was revised in 1982, 1989, 1992, 1997, 2001, and 2004.
The 1982 revision of the constitution placed the military under strict
civilian control
, trimmed the powers of the president, and abolished the
Revolutionary Council
(a military body with legislative veto and quasi-judicial powers). The country
joined the European Union
in 1986, beginning a path toward greater economic and political integration with its richer neighbors in
Europe
. The 1989 revision of the constitution eliminated much of the remaining
Marxist
rhetoric of the original document, abolished the communist-inspired "agrarian reform", and laid the groundwork for further privatization of nationalized firms and the government-owned communications media. The 1992 revision made it compatible with the
Maastricht Treaty
.
The current Portuguese constitution provides for progressive administrative decentralization and calls for future reorganization on a regional basis. The
Azores
and
Madeira
archipelagos have constitutionally mandated autonomous status. A regional autonomy statute promulgated in 1980 established the Government of the Autonomous Region of the
Azores
; the Government of the Autonomous Region of
Madeira
operates under a provisional autonomy statute in effect since 1976. Apart from the Azores and Madeira, the country is divided into 18 districts, each headed by a governor appointed by the Minister of Internal Administration.
Macau
, a former dependency, reverted to Chinese sovereignty in December 1999.
I and II Constitutional Governments (1976?1978)
[
edit
]
The
Socialist Party
, under the leadership of
Mario Soares
, rose to power after the
1976 legislative elections
and formed the I Constitutional Government. However, this government faced a lot of problems due to the country's economic situation, and in 1978, the II Constitutional Government, a coalition between the Socialists and the
Democratic and Social Centre
, was sworn in. The coalition only lasted eight months and Mario Soares resigned.
[6]
III, IV and V Constitutional Governments (1978?1980)
[
edit
]
President
Eanes
then nominated the III Constitutional Government, under the leadership of
Alfredo Nobre da Costa
, which was sworn in on late August 1978, but lasted just three months as it failed to gain Parliamentary support.
[7]
The IV Constitutional Government, under the leadership of
Carlos Mota Pinto
, was sworn in on late November 1978, but, like the previous government, lasted very little, eight months, due to its failure to pass policies in Parliament.
[8]
The president then swore in the V Constitutional Government, under the leadership of
Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo
, the first and still only female prime minister in Portuguese history. The government managed the country until the early elections of
December 1979
.
[9]
VI, VII, VIII Constitutional Governments (1980?1983)
[
edit
]
The
Democratic Alliance
, under the leadership of
Francisco Sa Carneiro
, won the
1979 legislative elections
by a big margin and the VI Constitutional Government was sworn in on January 1980. Sa Carneiro's tenure was short lived as he died in a tragic
plane crash
in December 1980.
[10]
In January 1981, the
Social Democratic Party
, the main party within the Democratic Alliance, elected
Francisco Pinto Balsemao
as leader and the VII Constitutional Government was sworn in.
[11]
Internal issues within the Alliance forced a new government to take office, the VIII Constitutional Government, in September 1981, also led by Pinto Balsemao. Balsemao resigned in late 1982.
[12]
IX Constitutional Government (1983?1985)
[
edit
]
The
Socialist Party
, under the leadership of
Mario Soares
, returned to power after the
1983 legislative election
and formed a
Central Bloc
government, the IX Constitutional Government, between the two main parties, the Socialists and the Social Democrats. Soares resigned in June 1985 after the Social Democrats withdrew from government.
[13]
X, XI and XII Constitutional Governments (1985?1995)
[
edit
]
The
Social Democratic Party
, under the leadership of
Anibal Cavaco Silva
, rose to power after the
1985 legislative elections
and formed a minority government. However, the government lost the confidence of Parliament in April 1987 after losing a non-confidence vote.
[14]
After this, President
Mario Soares
called an early election for July 1987.
The
1987 early elections
were held on 19 July and resulted in a landslide majority government for the Social Democrats, the first time a party won a majority on its own in democracy.
[15]
The XI Constitutional Government, the first one to finish a full 4-year term in democracy, was sworn in on 17 August 1987. During this term, the PSD government initiated a big program of liberalization and privatization of several sectors of the economy.
[16]
In the
1991 election
the Social Democrats were returned again to power and, also, with an absolute majority. It was the third consecutive election victory for the PSD, a record in democracy. The XII Constitutional Government was sworn in on 31 October 1991. After 1992, the economy fell into a recession and despite the recession being over by mid 1994, the government was badly hit and Cavaco Silva decided to not run for a fourth term as prime minister.
[17]
Cavaco Silva's 10-year tenure as prime minister is the longest, so far, in democracy.
[18]
XIII and XIV Constitutional Governments (1995?2002)
[
edit
]
The
Socialist Party
, under the leadership of
Antonio Guterres
, came to power following the
October 1995 legislative elections
. The Socialists later won a new mandate by winning exactly half the parliamentary seats in the
October 1999 election
, and constituting then the XIV Constitutional Government. Socialist
Jorge Sampaio
won the February 1996 presidential elections with nearly 54% of the vote. Sampaio's election marked the first time since the 1974 revolution that a single party held the prime ministership, the presidency, and a plurality of the municipalities. Local elections were held in December 1997.
Prime Minister
Guterres continued the privatization and modernization policies initiated by his predecessor,
Anibal Cavaco Silva
(in office 1985?1995) of the
Social Democratic Party
. Guterres was a vigorous proponent of the effort to include Portugal in the first round of countries to collaborate and put into effect the
euro
in 1999. In international relations, Guterres pursued strong ties with the United States and greater Portuguese integration with the European Union while continuing to raise Portugal's profile through an activist foreign policy. One of his first decisions as prime minister was to send 900 troops to participate in the
IFOR
peacekeeping mission in
Bosnia
. Portugal later contributed 320 troops to
SFOR
, the follow-up
Bosnia
operation. Portugal also contributed aircraft and personnel to
NATO
's Operation Allied Force in
Kosovo
. Guterres resigned in December 2001 after a disappointing result in the
local elections
.
[19]
XV Constitutional Government (2002?2004)
[
edit
]
Following the results of the
2002 early election
, the XV Constitutional Government, led by
Jose Manuel Durao Barroso
, leader of the Social Democratic Party, in coalition with the People's Party, whose leader,
Paulo Portas
, became Minister of Defence, was sworn in on April 2002. This government lasted two years because, in June 2004, Durao Barroso announced his resignation in order to become
President of the European Commission
.
[20]
XVI Constitutional Government (2004?2005)
[
edit
]
After
Jose Manuel Durao Barroso
accepted the invitation to be the next
European Commission
President, a new government had to be formed. Though opposition parties called for general elections, President
Jorge Sampaio
named
Pedro Santana Lopes
, the new Social Democratic Party leader, as prime minister, who thus formed a new government, in coalition with the
People's Party
. However, in December 2004, due to several controversies involving the government, the President dissolved the parliament and called for
early elections
. Santana Lopes resigned after the announcement of the President's decision.
XVII and XVIII Constitutional Governments (2005?2011)
[
edit
]
In the
elections
on 20 February, the
Socialist Party
obtained its largest victory ever, achieving an absolute majority for the first time in the party's history. Prime Minister
Jose Socrates
was sworn in by President
Jorge Sampaio
on 12 March. To many's surprise, Socrates formed a cabinet made up of roughly half senior members of the Socialist Party and half independents, notably including
Diogo Freitas do Amaral
, founder of the right wing
People's Party
, who assumed office as Ministry of Foreign Affairs (he later resigned due to personal issues).
In the
elections
on 27 September 2009, The Socialist Party, led by incumbent Prime Minister Jose Socrates, won the largest number of seats, but did not repeat the overall majority they gained in 2005. Socrates was reconducted but lost his majority. The
2010 European debt crisis
led Portugal to ask for a bailout from the IMF and the European Union. This situation led to the resignation of Jose Socrates as prime minister and the President dissolved parliament and called an
early election for June 2011
.
XIX and XX Constitutional Governments (2011?2015)
[
edit
]
In the
elections
held on 5 June 2011, the Social Democratic Party won enough seats to form a majority government with the People's Party. The Government was led by
Pedro Passos Coelho
. It had 11 ministers and was sworn in on 21 June.
The Portuguese
legislative election of 2015
was held on 4 October. The results display a relative victory of the right-wing coalition, but they also display a combined victory of the left-wing parties (including the Socialist Party), with a hung parliament (a right-wing single winner and a left-wing majority parliament). After the election, the XX Constitutional Government of Portugal had Pedro Passos Coelho (PSD) as the prime minister and lasted from 30 October 2015 to 26 November 2015. However, the Government Programme was rejected by the Parliament. It was the shortest-lived Portuguese national government since the Carnation Revolution.
XXI, XXII and XXIII Constitutional Governments (2015?2024)
[
edit
]
The 21st
cabinet
of the
Portuguese government
since the establishment of the current constitution. It was established on 26 November 2015 as a
Socialist Party
(PS)
minority government
led by Prime Minister
Antonio Costa
.
The Portuguese legislative
election of 2019
was held on 6 October 2019. The centre-left Socialist Party (PS) of incumbent Prime Minister Costa obtained the largest share of the vote, and the most seats. The
XXII Constitutional Government of Portugal
was sworn in on 26 October 2019 as a Socialist Party (PS) minority government led by Prime Minister Antonio Costa. In October 2021, the budget proposed by the government was rejected by Parliament, leading President
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
to call an early election for January 2022.
[21]
The
2022 early elections
were held on 30 January 2022. The election resulted in an absolute majority for the Socialist Party, the second in its history.
[22]
However, the government swearing in was postponed because of a rerun in the overseas constituency of Europe, and the
XXIII Constitutitional Government
, led by Prime Minister Antonio Costa, was only sworn in on 30 March 2022.
[23]
Antonio Costa resigned on 7 November 2023, following the
Operation Influencer
police searches into government contracts surrounding lithium and hydrogen businesses.
[24]
The President dissolved parliament and called
early elections
.
[25]
XXIV Constitutional Government (2024?)
[
edit
]
In the
elections
held on 10 March 2024, the
Democratic Alliance
, alliance between the Social Democratic Party, People's Party and the People's Monarchist Party, won enough seats to form a minority government. The Government led by
Luis Montenegro
has 17 ministers and was sworn in on 2 April 2024.
Political powers
[
edit
]
Government in Portugal is made up of three branches originally envisioned by
enlightenment
philosopher
Baron de Montesquieu
:
executive
,
legislative
, and
judicial
. Each branch is
separate
and is designed to keep
checks and balances
on the others. The
President
's powers, however, do not fall into either of the traditional three, forming instead a sort of "moderating power" over the legislature and the government.
[1]
The four main organs of the national government are the presidency, the
prime minister
and
Council of Ministers
(the
government
), the
Assembly of the Republic
(the parliament), and the judiciary.
President
[
edit
]
The President, elected to a 5-year term by direct,
universal suffrage
, is also commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Presidential powers include appointing the prime minister and Council of Ministers, in which the President must be guided by the assembly election results; dismissing the prime minister; dissolving the assembly to call early elections; vetoing legislation, which may be overridden by the assembly; and declaring a state of war or siege.
The
Council of State
, a presidential advisory body, is composed of:
[26]
The president, according to the election results, names the party that shall form a government, whose leader is appointed prime minister. The prime minister names the Council of Ministers, and the ministers name their
Secretaries of State
. A new government is required to define the broad outline of its policy in a program and present it to the assembly for a mandatory period of debate. Failure of the assembly to reject the program by a majority of deputies confirms the government in office.
Presidential elections
[
edit
]
Summary of the 24 January 2021
Portuguese
presidential
election results
Candidates
|
Supporting parties
|
First round
|
Votes
|
%
|
|
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
|
Social Democratic Party
,
People's Party
|
2,531,692
|
60.66
|
|
Ana Gomes
|
People?Animals?Nature
,
LIVRE
|
540,823
|
12.96
|
|
Andre Ventura
|
CHEGA
|
497,746
|
11.93
|
|
Joao Ferreira
|
Portuguese Communist Party
,
Ecologist Party "The Greens"
|
179,764
|
4.31
|
|
Marisa Matias
|
Left Bloc
,
Socialist Alternative Movement
|
165,127
|
3.96
|
|
Tiago Mayan Goncalves
|
Liberal Initiative
|
134,991
|
3.23
|
|
Vitorino Silva
|
React, Include, Recycle
|
123,031
|
2.95
|
Total valid
|
4,173,174
|
100.00
|
Blank ballots
|
47,164
|
1.11
|
[a]
Invalid ballots
|
38,018
|
0.89
|
Total
|
4,258,356
|
|
Registered voters/turnout
|
10,847,434
|
39.26
|
Source:
Comissao Nacional de Eleicoes
|
Legislative branch
[
edit
]
Legislative power is exercised by the
Assembly of the Republic
, which is the
parliament
of Portugal, although the Government also has a more limited ability to legislate on some matters (on others, Parliament has exclusive legislative competence). It is also the body which holds the Government accountable and has the means to remove it from office at any time, as described earlier, primarily through a
motion of no confidence
, although alternative methods exist.
[2]
The Assembly of the Republic is a
unicameral
body composed of 230
deputies
(that is,
members of parliament
). Elected by universal suffrage according to a system of proportional representation, deputies serve terms of office of 4 years, unless the president dissolves the assembly and calls for new elections.
[2]
According to the constitution, members of the assembly represent the entire country, not the constituency from which they are elected.
Political parties in legislative elections
[
edit
]
Summary of the 10 March 2024
Assembly of the Republic
elections results
|
Parties
|
Votes
|
%
|
±
pp
swing
|
MPs
|
MPs %/
votes %
|
2022
|
2024
|
±
|
%
|
±
|
|
|
Democratic Alliance
(
PSD
/
CDS?PP
/
PPM
)
[b]
|
1,814,002
|
28.01
|
1.8
|
74
|
77
|
3
|
33.48
|
1.3
|
1.20
|
|
Madeira First
(
PSD
/
CDS?PP
)
[c]
|
52,989
|
0.82
|
0.1
|
3
|
3
|
0
|
1.30
|
0
|
1.59
|
|
People's Monarchist
[d]
|
451
|
0.01
|
0.0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.00
|
0
|
0.0
|
Total Democratic Alliance
[e]
|
1,867,442
|
28.83
|
1.9
|
77
|
80
|
3
|
34.78
|
1.3
|
1.21
|
|
Socialist
|
1,812,443
|
27.98
|
13.4
|
120
|
78
|
42
|
33.91
|
18.3
|
1.21
|
|
CHEGA
|
1,169,781
|
18.06
|
10.9
|
12
|
50
|
38
|
21.74
|
16.5
|
1.20
|
|
Liberal Initiative
|
319,877
|
4.94
|
0.0
|
8
|
8
|
0
|
3.48
|
0
|
0.70
|
|
Left Bloc
|
282,314
|
4.36
|
0.0
|
5
|
5
|
0
|
2.17
|
0
|
0.50
|
|
Unitary Democratic Coalition
|
205,551
|
3.17
|
1.1
|
6
|
4
|
2
|
1.74
|
0.9
|
0.55
|
|
LIVRE
|
204,875
|
3.16
|
1.9
|
1
|
4
|
3
|
1.74
|
1.3
|
0.55
|
|
People?Animals?Nature
|
126,125
|
1.95
|
0.4
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
0.43
|
0
|
0.22
|
|
National Democratic Alternative
|
102,134
|
1.58
|
1.4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.00
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
React, Include, Recycle
|
26,092
|
0.40
|
0.0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.00
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
Together for the People
|
19,145
|
0.30
|
0.1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.00
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
New Right
|
16,456
|
0.25
|
?
|
?
|
0
|
?
|
0.00
|
?
|
0.0
|
|
Portuguese Workers' Communist
|
15,491
|
0.24
|
0.0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.00
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
Volt Portugal
|
11,854
|
0.18
|
0.1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.00
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
Rise Up
|
6,030
|
0.09
|
0.0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.00
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
Alternative 21
(
Earth Party
/
Alliance
)
|
4,265
|
0.07
|
0.1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.00
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
Labour
|
2,435
|
0.04
|
0.1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.00
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
We, the Citizens!
|
2,399
|
0.04
|
0.1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.00
|
0
|
0.0
|
|
Socialist Alternative Movement
[27]
[f]
|
0
|
0.00
|
0.1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.00
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
Total valid
|
6,194,709
|
95.64
|
1.8
|
230
|
230
|
0
|
100.00
|
0
|
?
|
Blank ballots
|
89,847
|
1.39
|
0.3
|
|
Invalid ballots
|
192,396
|
2.97
|
1.5
|
Total
|
6,476,952
|
100.00
|
|
Registered voters/turnout
|
10,813,643
|
59.90
|
8.4
|
Source: Comissao Nacional de Eleicoes
[28]
|
Executive branch
[
edit
]
Executive power is exercised by the
Government of Portugal
. The Government is formed after the President appoints the prime minister based on election results, as described earlier ? traditionally, the leader of the most voted party.
The Government can only remain in place for as long as the Parliament allows: the Parliament can remove the Government at the beginning by approving a motion of rejection to the introductory Government programme, or at any time by approving a
motion of no confidence
, either of which is achieved by a
simple majority
; the Government may also, of its own initiative, choose to present at any time a
motion of confidence
, which acts as the opposite of a motion of no confidence: if rejected, the Government is removed. Finally, the Government also relies on Parliament to approve the
state budget
, which also allows Parliament to indirectly force the Government to resign by rejecting its budget proposal. Thus, the Government, although not directly elected, is held accountable before Parliament, which is proportionally representative of the people.
[2]
Typically, once the Government is removed from office, the President will call a
snap election
(also known as an early election).
Judicial branch
[
edit
]
Supreme Court of Justice's seat.
Administrative Supreme Court's seat.
Ratton Palace, the Constitutional Court's seat.
The national
Supreme Court
is the court of last appeal in civil and criminal matters, which is described by the Constitution as "the senior organ in the hierarchy of the courts of law". There is a separate system of courts for administrative and fiscal matters, for which the court of last appeal is the
Supreme Administrative Court
. During war time, the law provides for there being military courts. A thirteen-member
Constitutional Court
reviews the constitutionality of legislation. There is also a
Court of Auditors
.
Administrative divisions
[
edit
]
There are two
autonomous regions
(
regioes autonomas
, singular
regiao autonoma
) with limited legislative powers besides the administrative ones:
Azores
and
Madeira
.
As purely administrative divisions, there are 18
districts
(
distritos
), 308
municipalities
(
municipios
) and 3,091
civil parishes
(
freguesias
).
The districts are
Aveiro
,
Acores (Azores)
*,
Beja
,
Braga
,
Braganca
,
Castelo Branco
,
Coimbra
,
Evora
,
Faro
,
Guarda
,
Leiria
,
Lisboa
,
Madeira
*,
Portalegre
,
Porto
,
Santarem
,
Setubal
,
Viana do Castelo
,
Vila Real
and
Viseu
.
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
Includes votes for candidate Eduardo Baptista.
- ^
PSD/CDS?PP/PPM list in mainland Portugal, Azores and Overseas.
- ^
In Madeira, the PSD and the CDS?PP contested the elections in a coalition called Madeira First (
Madeira Primeiro
).
- ^
PPM list only in Madeira
- ^
Democratic Alliance results are compared to the combined totals of the
Social Democratic Party
, the
Democratic and Social Centre
and the
People's Monarchist Party
in the 2022 election.
- ^
Votes counted as invalid.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
Duties of the President ? Head of State
.
Official Page of the Presidency of the Portuguese Republic
. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
- ^
a
b
c
d
The
Assembleia da Republica
as a body that exercises sovereign power
.
Assembleia da Republica
. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
- ^
V-Dem Institute (2023).
"The V-Dem Dataset"
. Retrieved
14 October
2023
.
- ^
"The Constitutional Monarchy"
. Assembly of the Republic of Portugal. Archived from
the original
on 22 October 2013
. Retrieved
12 December
2013
.
- ^
a
b
c
"The Constitutional Monarchy"
. Assembly of the Republic of Portugal. Archived from
the original
on 22 October 2013
. Retrieved
12 December
2013
.
- ^
"Mario Soares exonerado por Ramalho Eanes da lideranca do II Governo Constitucional"
(in Portuguese). RTP. 25 August 1977
. Retrieved
8 September
2015
.
- ^
"Programa de Governo de Nobre da Costa alvo de mocao de rejeicao"
(in Portuguese). RTP. 23 October 2015
. Retrieved
15 January
2024
.
- ^
"Razoes da demissao de Mota Pinto"
(in Portuguese). RTP. 8 September 2015
. Retrieved
15 January
2024
.
- ^
"Tomada de posse do V Governo Constitucional"
(in Portuguese). RTP. 1 August 1979
. Retrieved
15 January
2024
.
- ^
"Sa Carneiro morre em acidente de aviacao"
(in Portuguese). RTP. 8 September 2015
. Retrieved
8 October
2022
.
- ^
"Tomada de posse do VII Governo Constitucional"
(in Portuguese). RTP. 9 January 1981
. Retrieved
8 October
2022
.
- ^
"Demissao Pinto Balsemao"
(in Portuguese). RTP. 8 September 2015
. Retrieved
15 January
2024
.
- ^
"Mario Soares (1924-2017), o homem que nunca desistiu"
(in Portuguese). Publico. 7 January 2017
. Retrieved
15 January
2024
.
- ^
1987. Da mocao de censura a primeira maioria de Cavaco
Jornal i
, 30 August 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^
1987 ? Maioria absoluta do PSD
RTP
, 4 July 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^
A "decada de betao" do cavaquismo
RTP
, 7 March 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^
Bloqueio da ponte. O principio do fim do cavaquismo foi ha 25 anos
Diario de Noticias
, 22 July 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^
Cavaco Silva: os 10 anos como primeiro-ministro
Diario de Noticias
, 8 March 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^
"A noite que mudou a vida de Guterres "
,
Expresso
, 13 October 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
- ^
"Durao Barroso apresenta demissao para ser presidente da Comissao Europeia "
,
RTP
, 8 September 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
- ^
As 3 razoes de Marcelo para convocar eleicoes antecipadas
Eco
, 4 November 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^
Resultados eleitorais das Legislativas 2022. Da maioria absoluta do PS ao desaparecimento do CDS
Radio Renascenca
, 31 January 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^
Tomada de posse do Governo vai ser a 30 de marco
Jornal de Negocios
, 18 March 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
- ^
"Antonio Costa demite-se: "Obviamente"
"
.
CNN Portugal
(in Portuguese)
. Retrieved
7 November
2023
.
- ^
Renascenca (9 November 2023).
"Marcelo marca eleicoes para 10 de marco - Renascenca"
.
Radio Renascenca
(in European Portuguese)
. Retrieved
9 November
2023
.
- ^
Constituicao da Republica Portuguesa
- ^
"MAS de Renata Cambra esta impedido de concorrer as legislativas de 10 de marco"
Archived
14 February 2024 at the
Wayback Machine
,
Visao
, 9 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^
"Comissao Nacional de Eleicoes Mapa Oficial n.º 2-A/2024"
(PDF)
.
Comissao Nacional de Eleicoes
. 23 March 2024
. Retrieved
23 March
2024
.
External links
[
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]
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Sovereign states
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States with limited
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Dependencies and
other entities
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Other entities
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