Administrative region of France
Region in France
The
Ile-de-France
(
,
French:
[il
d?
f???s]
ⓘ
; literally "Island of France") is the most populous of the eighteen
regions of France
, with an official estimated population of 12,271,794 residents on 1 January 2023.
[1]
Centred on the capital
Paris
, it is located in the north-central part of the country and often called the
Paris Region
[3]
(French:
Region parisienne
,
pronounced
[?e?j??
pa?izj?n]
). Ile-de-France is densely populated and retains a prime economic position on the national stage, but it covers only 12,012 square kilometres (4,638 square miles), about 2% of
metropolitan French territory
. Its 2017 population was nearly one-fifth of the national total.
[4]
The region is made up of eight administrative
departments
: Paris,
Essonne
,
Hauts-de-Seine
,
Seine-Saint-Denis
,
Seine-et-Marne
,
Val-de-Marne
,
Val-d'Oise
and
Yvelines
. It was created as the "District of the Paris Region" in 1961. In 1976, when its status was aligned with the French administrative regions created in 1972, it was renamed after the historic province of Ile-de-France. Residents are sometimes referred to as
Franciliens
, an administrative word created in the 1980s. The GDP of the region in 2019 was nearly one-third of the French,
[5]
: 12
and 5% of the European Union's.
[5]
: 12
It has the highest per capita GDP of any French region and the third highest of any region in the
European Union
.
[
citation needed
]
Beyond the city limits of Paris, the region has many other important historic sites, including the palaces of
Versailles
and
Fontainebleau
, as well as the most-visited tourist attraction in France,
Disneyland Paris
. Although it is the richest French region, a significant number of residents live in poverty. The official poverty rate in the Ile-de-France was 15.9% in 2015. The region has witnessed increasing income inequality in recent decades, and rising housing prices have pushed the less affluent outside Paris.
[6]
Etymology
[
edit
]
Although the modern name Ile-de-France literally means Island of France, its etymology is unclear. The "island" may refer to the land between the rivers
Oise
,
Marne
and
Seine
, or it may also have been a reference to the
Ile de la Cite
, where the French royal palace and cathedral were located.
[
citation needed
]
Alternatively, the name may refer to the
lands that were under the direct rule
of the
Capetian kings
during the
Middle Ages
; thus, the lands were an "island" in a sea of various
feudal territories
ruled by
vassals
of the king.
[7]
Departments
[
edit
]
Department
|
Area km
2
|
Population
|
GDP
[8]
|
GDP per capita
|
Paris
|
105
|
2,133,111
|
€253.101 billion
|
€118,653
|
Hauts-de-Seine
|
176
|
1,635,291
|
€188.333 billion
|
€115,168
|
Seine-Saint-Denis
|
236
|
1,668,670
|
€66.227 billion
|
€39,688
|
Val-de-Marne
|
245
|
1,415,367
|
€56.818 billion
|
€40,144
|
Val-d'Oise
|
1,246
|
1,256,607
|
€38.861 billion
|
€30,925
|
Seine-et-Marne
|
5,915
|
1,438,100
|
€42.983 billion
|
€29,889
|
Essonne
|
1,804
|
1,313,768
|
€58.462 billion
|
€44,500
|
Yvelines
|
2,284
|
1,456,365
|
€60.058 billion
|
€42,238
|
Ile-de-France
|
12,012
|
12,317,279
|
€764.844 billion
|
€62,095
|
History
[
edit
]
The Ile-de-France was inhabited by the
Parisii
, a sub-tribe of the
Celtic
Senones
, from around the middle of the 3rd-century BC.
One of the area's major north?south trade routes crossed the Seine on the
ile de la Cite
; the meeting place of land and water trade routes gradually became an important trading centre.
[11]
The Parisii traded with many river towns (some as far away as the Iberian Peninsula) and minted their own coins for that purpose.
The
Romans
conquered the area in 52 BC and began their settlement on Paris's
Left Bank
.
It became a prosperous city with a forum, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre.
Christianity
was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD by
Saint Denis
, the first Bishop of Paris. According to legend, when Denis refused to renounce his faith before Roman authorities, he was beheaded on the hill that became known as
Mons Martyrum
(Latin "Hill of Martyrs"), later "
Montmartre
". The legend further states that Denis walked headless from this hill to the north of the city. The place that he finally fell and was buried became an important religious shrine, the
Basilica of Saint-Denis
.
Clovis the Frank
, the first king of the
Merovingian dynasty
, made the city his capital in 508. As the Frankish domination of Gaul began, there was a gradual immigration by the
Franks
to Paris and the Parisian
Francien
dialects were born. Fortification of the Ile de la Cite failed to avert
sacking by Vikings in 845
, but Paris's strategic importance?with its bridges preventing ships from passing?was established by successful defence in the
Siege of Paris (885?86)
. In 987,
Hugh Capet
,
Count of Paris
(
comte de Paris
) and
Duke of the Franks
(
duc des Francs
), was elected
King of the Franks
(
roi des Francs
). Under the rule of the
Capetian
kings, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.
The Kings of France enjoyed getting away from Paris and hunting in the game-filled forests of the region. They built palatial hunting lodges, most notably
Palace of Fontainebleau
and the
Palace of Versailles
. From the time of Louis XIV to the French Revolution, Versailles was the official residence of the Kings and the seat of the French government. Ile-de-France became the term used for the territory of Paris and the surrounding province, which was administered directly by the King.
During the
French Revolution
, the royal provinces were abolished and divided into departments, and the city and region were governed directly by the national government. After World War II, as Paris faced a major housing shortage, hundreds of massive apartment blocks for low-income residents were built around the edges of Paris. In the 1950s and the 1960s, thousands of immigrants settled in the communes bordering the city. In 1959, under President
Charles De Gaulle
, a new region was created out of six departments, which corresponded approximately with the historic region, with the name
District de la region de Paris
("District of the Paris Region"). On 6 May 1976, as part of the process of
regionalisation
, the district was reconstituted with increased administrative and political powers and renamed the Ile-de-France region.
Geography
[
edit
]
Ile-de-France is in the north of France, neighboring
Hauts-de-France
to the north,
Grand Est
to the east,
Bourgogne-Franche-Comte
to the southeast,
Centre-Val-de-Loire
to the southwest, and
Normandy
to the west.
Departments
[
edit
]
Ile-de-France has a land area of 12,011 km
2
(4,637 sq mi). It is composed of eight
departments
centred on its innermost department and capital, Paris. Around the department and municipality of Paris, urbanisation fills a first concentric ring of three departments commonly known as the
petite couronne
("small ring"); it extends into a second outer ring of four departments known as the
grande couronne
("large ring"). The
former department of Seine
, abolished in 1968, included the city proper and parts of the
petite couronne
.
The
petite couronne
consists of the departments of
Hauts-de-Seine
,
Seine-Saint-Denis
and
Val-de-Marne
; the
grande couronne
consists of those of
Seine-et-Marne
,
Yvelines
,
Essonne
and
Val-d'Oise
. Politically, the region is divided into 8 departments, 25 arrondissements, 155 cantons and 1,276 communes, out of the total of 35,416 in
metropolitan France
.
[4]
Topography
[
edit
]
The outer parts of the Ile-de-France remain largely rural. Agricultural land, forest and natural spaces occupy 78.9 percent of the region, and 28 percent of the region's land is in urban use.
[16]
The River
Seine
flows through the middle of the region, which is crisscrossed by its tributaries and sub-tributaries, including the Rivers
Marne
,
Oise
and
Epte
. The River
Eure
does not cross the region but receives water from several rivers in the Ile-de-France, including the Drouette and the Vesgre. The major rivers are navigable, and, because of the modest variations of altitude in the region (between 10 metres (33 ft) and 200 metres (660 ft)), they have a tendency to meander and curve. They also create many lakes and ponds, some of which have been transformed into recreation areas, including Moisson-Mousseaux, Cergy-Neuville and
Villeneuve-Saint-Georges
.
Economy
[
edit
]
Paris region (Ile-de-France) produced €742 billion (
Gross domestic product
)
[5]
or around 1/3 of the
economy of France
in 2019.
[5]
: 12
The regional economy has gradually shifted toward high-value-added service industries (finance, IT services, etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.).
[18]
In 2014, industry represented just under five percent of active enterprises in the region, and 10.2 percent of salaried workers. Commerce and services account for 84 percent of the business establishments in the region, and have 83.3 percent of the salaried employees.
[19]
Financial services and insurance are important sectors of the regional economy; the major French banks and insurance companies, including
BNP Paribas
,
Societe Generale
, and
Credit Agricole
, all have their headquarters in the region. The region also hosts the headquarters of the top French telecom companies and utilities, including
Orange S.A.
,
Veolia
, and
EDF
. The French stock market, the
Bourse de Paris
, now known as
Euronext Paris
, occupies a historical building in the center of Paris and is ranked fourth among global stock markets, after New York, Tokyo and London.
[20]
Other major sectors of the regional economy include energy companies (
Orano
,
Engie
,
Electricite de France
, and
Total S.A.
). The two major French automobile manufacturers,
Renault
at
Flins-sur-Seine
and
Groupe PSA
at
Poissy
, do much of their assembly work outside of France but still have research centre and large plants in the region. The leading French and European aerospace and defense companies, including
Airbus
,
Thales Group
,
Dassault Aviation
,
Safran Aircraft Engines
, the
European Space Agency
,
Alcatel-Lucent
, and
Arianespace
, have a large presence in the region.
[20]
The energy sector is also well established in the region. The nuclear power industry, with its major firm
Orano
, has its headquarters in Ile-de-France, as does the main French oil company
Total S.A.
, the top French company in the Fortune Global 500, and the main electric utility,
Electricite de France
. The energy firm
Engie
also has its main offices in the region at
La Defense
.
Employment
[
edit
]
In 2018 just 7.2 percent of employees in the region were engaged in industry; 62.3 percent were engaged in commerce and market services; 25.5 percent in non-market services, including government, health and education; 4.8 percent in construction; and 0.2 percent in agriculture.
[21]
The largest non-government employers in the region as of the end of 2015 were the airline
Air France
(40,657); the
SNCF
(French Railways, 31,955); the telecom firm
Orange S.A.
(31,497); the bank
Societe Generale
(27,361); the automotive firm
Groupe PSA
(19,648);
EDF
(Electricite de France, 18,199); and
Renault
(18,136).
[22]
While the Petite Couronne, or departments closest to Paris, previously employed the most industrial workers, the largest number is now in the Grande Couronne, the outer departments.
[21]
The unemployment rate in the region stood at 8.6% at the end of 2016. It varied within the region from 7.8 percent in the city of Paris, to a high of 12.7 percent in
Seine-Saint-Denis
, and 10 percent in
Val-d'Oise
; to regional lows of 7.4 percent in
Yvelines
; 7.5 percent in
Hauts-de-Seine
; 7.7 percent in
Essonne
; 7.9 percent in
Seine et Marne
, and 8.8 percent in
Val de Marne
.
[23]
Agriculture
[
edit
]
In 2018, 48 percent of the land of the Ile-de-France was devoted to agriculture; 569,000 hectares were cultivated. The most important crops are grains (66 percent), followed by beets (7 percent), largely for industrial use, and grass for grazing. In 2014, 9,495 hectares were devoted to bio-agriculture. However, the number of persons employed in agriculture in the region dropped 33 percent between 2000 and 2015 to just 8,460 persons in 2015.
[24]
Tourism
[
edit
]
The Ile-de-France is one of the world's top tourist destinations, with a record 23.6 million hotel arrivals in 2017, and an estimated 50 million visitors in all types of accommodation. The largest number of visitors came from the United States, followed by England, Germany and China.
[25]
[26]
[27]
The top tourist attraction in the region in 2017 was
Disneyland Paris
, which received 14.8 million visitors in 2017, followed by the
Cathedral of Notre-Dame
(est. 12 million) and the
Basilica of Sacre-Coeur
at Montmartre (est. 11.1 million visitors).
[28]
Notable historic monuments in the Region outside of Paris include the
Palace of Versailles
(7,700,000 visitors), the
Palace of Fontainebleau
(500,000 visitors), the chateau of
Vaux-le-Vicomte
(300,000 visitors), and the
Chateau de Malmaison
, Napoleon's former country house; and the
Basilica of Saint-Denis
, where the Kings of France were interred before the
French Revolution
.
[29]
Regional government and politics
[
edit
]
The Regional Council is the legislative body of the region. Its seat is in
Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine
, at 2 rue Simone-Veil. On 15 December 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and
right-wing
parties, led by
Valerie Pecresse
, narrowly won the regional election, defeating the Union of the Left, a coalition of socialists and ecologists. The socialists had governed the region for the preceding 17 years.
Since 2016 the regional council has 121 members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the
far-right
National Front.
[30]
Holders of the executive office
[
edit
]
- Delegates General for the District of the Paris Region
- 1961?1969:
Paul Delouvrier
(civil servant) ? Very influential term. Responsible for the creation of the
RER
express subway network in the Ile-de-France and beyond.
- 1969?1975: Maurice Doublet (civil servant)
- 1975?1976: Lucien Lanier (civil servant)
- Presidents of the Regional Council of Ile-de-France
Demographics
[
edit
]
Population density
[
edit
]
As of 1 January 2017
[update]
, the population density of the region was 1010.9 inhabitants per square kilometer. The densest department is Paris itself, with 21,066 inhabitants per square kilometer. The least dense departement is
Seine-et-Marne
with 239 residents per square kilometer.
[31]
Wealth and poverty
[
edit
]
As of 2015
[update]
according to the official government statistics agency INSEE, 15.9 percent of residents of the region had an income below the poverty level; for residents of the city of Paris, this proportion was 16.2 percent. Poverty was highest in the departments of
Seine-Saint-Denis
(29 percent),
Val-d'Oise
(17.1 percent), and
Val-de-Marne
(16.8 percent). It was lowest in
Yvelines
(9.7 percent);
Seine-et-Marne
(11.8 percent),
Essonne
(12.9 percent), and
Hauts-de-Seine
(12.4 percent). The department of Hauts-de-Seine is the wealthiest in France in terms of per capita GDP.
[32]
Immigration
[
edit
]
2019 Census Paris Region
|
---|
|
Country/territory
of birth
| Population
|
---|
Metropolitan France
| 9,215,134
| Algeria
| 330,935
| Morocco
| 253,518
| Portugal
| 234,399
| Tunisia
| 127,827
| Guadeloupe
| 81,269
| Martinique
| 75,959
| China
| 71,500
| Turkey
| 67,982
| Mali
| 66,085
| Cote d'Ivoire
| 63,810
| Senegal
| 60,124
| Italy
| 58,141
| Romania
| 53,848
| Democratic Republic of Congo
| 52,449
| Spain
| 45,828
| Sri Lanka
| 45,786
| Cameroon
| 45,370
|
|
Other countries/territories
|
---|
Republic of the Congo
| 38,651
| Haiti
| 36,685
| Poland
| 35,871
| Vietnam
| 35,251
| Cambodia
| 30,321
|
Reunion
| 30,077
| India
| 29,623
| Serbia
| 25,632
| Lebanon
| 21,066
| Madagascar
| 21,002
| Germany
| 20,523
| Pakistan
| 20,178
| Russia
| 19,019
| Mauritius
| 18,840
| Guinea
| 18,709
| Brazil
| 17,887
| United Kingdom
| 17,789
| United States
| 17,583
| Other countries and territories
| 857,720
|
|
At the 2019 census, 75.1% of the inhabitants of Ile-de-France were natives of
Metropolitan France
, 1.7% were born in
Overseas France
, and 23.1% were born in foreign countries.
[35]
A quarter of the immigrants living in the Ile-de-France were born in Europe (38% of whom in Portugal), 29% were born in the
Maghreb
and 22% in the rest of Africa (in particular
West
and
Central Africa
), 3% were born in Turkey and 15% in the rest of Asia, 5% were born in the Americas (not counting those born in the
French overseas departments
in the Americas, who are not legally immigrants), and 0.1% in Oceania (not counting those born in the French territories of the South Pacific, who are not legally immigrants).
[36]
In 2013, roughly 2,206,000 residents of the Ile-de-France were immigrants, born outside of France. This amounted to 18.5% of the population of the region, twice the national average. Four out of ten immigrants living in France reside in the region. The immigrant population of the Ile-de-France has a higher proportion of non-Europeans, as well as a higher proportion of immigrants with an advanced level of education, than the rest of France. The population of immigrants is more widely distributed throughout the region than it was in the early 2000s, but the concentrations remain high in certain areas, particularly Paris and the department of Seine-Saint-Denis. The proportion of residents born outside of Metropolitan France rose between the 1999 (19.7%) and 2019 censuses (24.9%).
[37]
[35]
Place of birth of residents of Ile-de-France
(at the 1968, 1975, 1982, 1990, 1999, 2008, 2013, and 2019 censuses)
Census
|
Born in
Metropolitan France
|
Born in
Overseas France
|
Born in foreign
countries with French
citizenship at birth
[a]
|
Immigrants
[b]
|
2019
|
75.1%
|
1.7%
|
3.4%
|
19.8%
|
from Europe
|
from the Maghreb
[c]
|
from Africa (excl. Maghreb)
|
5.0%
|
5.8%
|
4.4%
|
from Turkey
|
from Asia (excl. Turkey)
|
from the Americas & Oceania
|
0.6%
|
3.0%
|
1.1%
|
2013
|
76.3%
|
1.7%
|
3.5%
|
18.5%
|
from Europe
|
from the Maghreb
[c]
|
from Africa (excl. Maghreb)
|
5.0%
|
5.4%
|
3.8%
|
from Turkey
|
from Asia (excl. Turkey)
|
from the Americas & Oceania
|
0.6%
|
2.8%
|
1.0%
|
2008
|
77.4%
|
1.7%
|
3.5%
|
17.4%
|
from Europe
|
from the Maghreb
[c]
|
from Africa (excl. Maghreb)
|
4.9%
|
5.1%
|
3.3%
|
from Turkey
|
from Asia (excl. Turkey)
|
from the Americas & Oceania
|
0.6%
|
2.5%
|
0.9%
|
1999
|
80.3%
|
1.8%
|
3.2%
|
14.7%
|
1990
|
80.4%
|
1.9%
|
3.7%
|
14.0%
|
1982
|
81.1%
|
1.7%
|
3.9%
|
13.3%
|
1975
|
82.9%
|
1.0%
|
3.9%
|
12.2%
|
1968
|
85.3%
|
0.5%
|
4.0%
|
10.2%
|
^a
Persons born abroad of French parents, such as
Pieds-Noirs
and children of French expatriates.
^b
An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who did not have French citizenship at birth. An immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.
^c
Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria
|
Source: INSEE
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
[39]
|
Petite Couronne
[
edit
]
"Petite Couronne" redirects here. For the municipality in Upper Normandy, see
Petit-Couronne
.
The
Petite Couronne
[40]
(literally "Little Crown" or inner ring) is formed by the three
departments
bordering Paris, forming a geographical
crown
around it. These departments, until 1968 part of the disbanded
Seine
department, are
Hauts-de-Seine
,
Seine-Saint-Denis
and
Val-de-Marne
. The most populated towns of the
Petite Couronne
are
Boulogne-Billancourt
,
Montreuil
,
Saint-Denis
,
Nanterre
and
Creteil
.
The
Metropole du Grand Paris
is an administrative structure that comprises Paris and the three departments of the
Petite Couronne
, plus seven additional communes in the
Grande Couronne
.
The table below shows some statistical information about the area including Paris:
Grande Couronne
[
edit
]
The
Grande Couronne
[42]
(Large Crown, i.e. outer ring) includes the outer four departments of Ile-de-France not bordering Paris. They are
Seine-et-Marne
(77),
Yvelines
(78),
Essonne
(91) and
Val-d'Oise
(95). The last three departments formed the
Seine-et-Oise
department until this was disbanded in 1968. The city of
Versailles
is part of this area.
Historical population
[
edit
]
Population of Ile-de-France
Year
| Pop.
| ±% p.a.
|
---|
1801
| 1,352,280
| ?
|
---|
1806
| 1,407,272
| +0.80%
|
---|
1821
| 1,549,811
| +0.65%
|
---|
1826
| 1,780,900
| +2.82%
|
---|
1831
| 1,707,181
| ?0.84%
|
---|
1836
| 1,882,354
| +1.97%
|
---|
1841
| 1,998,862
| +1.21%
|
---|
1846
| 2,180,100
| +1.75%
|
---|
1851
| 2,239,695
| +0.54%
|
---|
1856
| 2,552,980
| +2.65%
|
---|
1861
| 2,819,045
| +2.00%
|
---|
1866
| 3,039,043
| +1.51%
|
---|
1872
| 3,141,730
| +0.56%
|
---|
| Year
| Pop.
| ±% p.a.
|
---|
1876
| 3,320,162
| +1.39%
|
---|
1881
| 3,726,118
| +2.33%
|
---|
1886
| 3,934,314
| +1.09%
|
---|
1891
| 4,126,932
| +0.96%
|
---|
1896
| 4,368,656
| +1.14%
|
---|
1901
| 4,735,580
| +1.63%
|
---|
1906
| 4,960,310
| +0.93%
|
---|
1911
| 5,335,220
| +1.47%
|
---|
1921
| 5,682,598
| +0.63%
|
---|
1926
| 6,146,178
| +1.58%
|
---|
1931
| 6,705,579
| +1.76%
|
---|
1936
| 6,785,750
| +0.24%
|
---|
1946
| 6,597,758
| ?0.28%
|
---|
| Year
| Pop.
| ±% p.a.
|
---|
1954
| 7,317,063
| +1.30%
|
---|
1962
| 8,470,015
| +1.85%
|
---|
1968
| 9,248,631
| +1.48%
|
---|
1975
| 9,878,565
| +0.95%
|
---|
1982
| 10,073,059
| +0.28%
|
---|
1990
| 10,660,554
| +0.71%
|
---|
1999
| 10,952,011
| +0.30%
|
---|
2007
| 11,598,866
| +0.72%
|
---|
2012
| 11,898,502
[43]
| +0.51%
|
---|
2017
| 12,174,880
[43]
| +0.46%
|
---|
2019
| 12,262,544
[44]
| +0.36%
|
---|
2020
| 12,271,794
| +0.08%
|
---|
|
Census returns from INSEE
|
International relations
[
edit
]
Twin regions
[
edit
]
Ile-de-France is
twinned
with:
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
"Populations legales des regions en 2020"
.
insee.fr
(in French). Institut national de la statistique et des etudes economiques. 19 December 2022. Populations legales des regions en vigueur au 1er janvier 2023.
Archived
from the original on 23 January 2023
. Retrieved
27 March
2023
.
- ^
"EU regions by GDP, Eurostat"
. Retrieved
18 September
2023
.
- ^
"Region Ile-de-France - The Essentials in English (June 2018)"
. Region Ile-de-France. 2018. idf_essential_2018.pdf p3.
Archived
from the original on 19 October 2021
. Retrieved
17 October
2022
.
Paris Region (Ile-de-France)
- ^
a
b
"Ile-de-France - Portrait of the Region - Key figures (in French)"
. Regional Council of the Ile-de-France.
Archived
from the original on 17 June 2022
. Retrieved
24 November
2018
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Paris Region Facts & Figures 2022 (Version anglaise)"
(PDF)
.
Paris Ile-de-France Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry
. 4 April 2022. pp. 6, 12.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 1 November 2022
. Retrieved
1 November
2022
.
(
web page
Archived
27 January 2023 at the
Wayback Machine
)
- ^
"En quinze ans, Paris s'est enrichi, mais sa region s'est appauvrie, revele une etude"
.
France Info
(in French). 3 June 2019.
Archived
from the original on 3 June 2019
. Retrieved
3 June
2019
.
- ^
Bloch, Marc (1971).
The Ile-de-France, the country around Paris
. Cornell University Press.
ISBN
0-8014-0640-4
.
- ^
"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions"
.
ec.europa.eu
.
- ^
Lawrence & Gondrand 2010
, p. 25.
- ^
"Territoire et population | La prefecture et les services de l'Etat en region Ile-de-France"
.
www.prefectures-regions.gouv.fr
. Retrieved
18 May
2024
.
- ^
Paris Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Contribution des CCI de Paris - Ile-de-France a la revision du SDRIF, page 110.
"TEM Paris ? La Defense ? QCA"
(PDF)
(in French). Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2 March 2007
. Retrieved
1 September
2007
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
"L'Industrie en Ile-de-France, Principaux Indicateurs Regionaux"
(PDF)
. INSEE.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 23 February 2015
. Retrieved
24 November
2014
.
- ^
"Top 100 des usines dans la region Ile-de-France - Industrie Explorer"
.
industrie.usinenouvelle.com
.
Archived
from the original on 3 December 2018
. Retrieved
3 December
2018
.
- ^
a
b
"Key figures on economy of Ile-de-France (2018) (in French)"
(PDF)
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 1 December 2018
. Retrieved
30 November
2018
.
- ^
a
b
"Key Figures 2018: Employment statistics from Government of the Ile-de-France, retrieved December 1, 2018"
(PDF)
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 1 December 2018
. Retrieved
30 November
2018
.
- ^
"Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Ile-de-France, retrieved 12-2-2018)"
(PDF)
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 3 December 2018
. Retrieved
3 December
2018
.
- ^
"INSEE report, Unemployment in Ile-de-France, by department, end of 2016"
.
Archived
from the original on 19 December 2018
. Retrieved
3 December
2018
.
- ^
"Ile-de-France- une region plus agricole que on ne le croit"
. Regional Council of the Ile-de-France.
Archived
from the original on 26 November 2018
. Retrieved
24 November
2018
.
- ^
"Tourism statistics, Paris Region tourism office"
.
Archived
from the original on 1 December 2018
. Retrieved
1 December
2018
.
- ^
Key Figures: Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau Key
- ^
Vers une frequentation touristique record a Paris en 2017
Archived
17 January 2018 at the
Wayback Machine
on
Les Echos
- ^
Key Figures 2017: Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau
- ^
Annual Report of the Regional Committee on Tourism of the Ile-de-France Region, cited in
La Croix
, 22 February 2018.
- ^
Ile-de-France Region official site.
"Results of 2015 Regional Elections"
.
Archived
from the original on 19 December 2015
. Retrieved
16 December
2015
.
- ^
"Site of Ile-de-France Region"
(PDF)
.
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on 29 November 2018
. Retrieved
29 November
2018
.
- ^
"Level of poverty according to age and fiscal reference in 2015"
(in French).
INSEE
.
Archived
from the original on 30 November 2018
. Retrieved
29 November
2018
.
- ^
INSEE
.
"Individus localises a la region en 2019 - Recensement de la population - Fichiers detail"
(in French)
. Retrieved
15 February
2023
.
- ^
INSEE
.
"IMG1B - Population immigree par sexe, age et pays de naissance en 2019 - Region d'Ile-de-France (11)"
(in French)
. Retrieved
15 February
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
Institut national de la statistique et des etudes economiques.
"Individus localises a la region en 2019 - Recensement de la population - Fichiers detail"
(in French).
Archived
from the original on 10 February 2023
. Retrieved
19 February
2022
.
- ^
a
b
Institut national de la statistique et des etudes economiques.
"IMG1B - Population immigree par sexe, age et pays de naissance en 2019 Region d'Ile-de-France (11)"
(in French).
Archived
from the original on 19 February 2023
. Retrieved
19 February
2022
.
- ^
a
b
Institut national de la statistique et des etudes economiques.
"Donnees harmonisees des recensements de la population 1968-2018"
(in French).
Archived
from the original on 4 February 2022
. Retrieved
19 February
2022
.
- ^
Institut national de la statistique et des etudes economiques.
"IMG1B - Population immigree par sexe, age et pays de naissance en 2013 Region d'Ile-de-France (11"
(in French).
Archived
from the original on 19 February 2023
. Retrieved
19 February
2022
.
- ^
Institut national de la statistique et des etudes economiques.
"IMG1B - Population immigree par sexe, age et pays de naissance en 2008 Region d'Ile-de-France (11)"
(in French).
Archived
from the original on 19 February 2023
. Retrieved
19 February
2022
.
- ^
"CIG "Petite Couronne" website (
Centre Interdepartemental de Gestion
)"
.
Archived
from the original on 22 September 2013
. Retrieved
21 September
2013
.
- ^
INSEE
.
"Estimation de population au 1er janvier, par departement, sexe et grande classe d'age ? Annee 2011"
(in French).
Archived
from the original on 8 April 2016
. Retrieved
20 February
2014
.
- ^
(in French)
CIG "Grande Couronne" website (
Centre Interdepartemental de Gestion
)
Archived
22 September 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
a
b
"Population legale de l'Ile-de-France12 174 880 habitants au 1er janvier 2017"
.
insee.fr
(in French). INSEE. 30 December 2019.
Archived
from the original on 10 September 2022
. Retrieved
17 October
2022
.
- ^
"Populations legales des regions en 2019"
.
insee.fr
(in French). INSEE. 12 January 2022.
Archived
from the original on 22 September 2022
. Retrieved
17 October
2022
.
- ^
"Yerevan - Partner Cities"
.
Yerevan Municipality Official Website
. Technology Management Center of Yerevan. Archived from
the original
on 5 November 2013
. Retrieved
4 November
2013
.
- ^
"Hanoi strengthens ties with Ile-de-France"
. Voice of Vietnam. Archived from
the original
on 29 May 2021
. Retrieved
4 May
2018
.
Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Arbois de Jubainville, Henry; Dottin, George (1889).
Les premiers habitants de l'Europe
(in French). E. Thorin
. Retrieved
25 October
2015
.
- Cunliffe, Barry (2004).
Iron Age communities in Britain : an account of England, Scotland and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest
(4th ed.). London: Routledge.
ISBN
978-0-415-34779-2
.
- Fierro, Alfred (1996).
Histoire et dictionnaire de Paris
. Lafont.
ISBN
978-0-7859-9300-1
.
- Lawrence, Rachel; Gondrand, Fabienne (2010).
Paris (City Guide)
(12th ed.). London: Insight Guides.
ISBN
978-981-282-079-2
.
- Schmidt, Joel (2009).
Lutece: Paris, des origines a Clovis
. Perrin.
ISBN
978-2-262-03015-5
.
- Bloch, Marc (1971).
The Ile-de-France, the country around Paris
. Cornell University Press.
ISBN
0-8014-0640-4
.
External links
[
edit
]
|
---|
International
| |
---|
National
| |
---|
Geographic
| |
---|
48°30′N
2°30′E
/
48.500°N 2.500°E
/
48.500; 2.500