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Open-mid central unrounded vowel - Wikipedia Jump to content

Open-mid central unrounded vowel

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Open-mid central unrounded vowel
?
IPA Number 326
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɜ
Unicode (hex) U+025C
X-SAMPA 3
Braille ⠲ (braille pattern dots-256)⠜ (braille pattern dots-345)

The open-mid central unrounded vowel , or low-mid central unrounded vowel , [1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ ? ⟩ (formerly ⟨ ? ⟩). The IPA symbol is not the digit ⟨3⟩ or the Cyrillic small letter Ze (з). The symbol is instead a reversed Latinized variant of the lowercase epsilon , ? . The value was specified only in 1993; until then, ⟨ ? ⟩ was an alternative symbol for the mid central unrounded vowel [?] .

The ⟨ ? ⟩ letter may be used with a raising diacritic ⟨ ?? ⟩, to denote the mid central unrounded vowel . It may also be used with a lowering diacritic ⟨ ?? ⟩, to denote the near-open central unrounded vowel .

Conversely, ⟨ ? ⟩, the symbol for the mid central vowel may be used with a lowering diacritic ⟨ ?? ⟩ to denote the open-mid central unrounded vowel, although that is more specifically written with an additional unrounding diacritic ⟨ ??? ⟩ to explicitly denote the lack of rounding (the canonical value of IPA ⟨ ? ⟩ is undefined for rounding).

Features [ edit ]

Occurrence [ edit ]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard [2] l i g [l??χ] 'light' Also described as mid [ ? ] , [3] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ ? ⟩. See Afrikaans phonology
Cotabato Manobo [4] [bat??] 'child' Allophone of /a/ before glottal consonants; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ ? ⟩. [4]
Dutch [5] grapp i g [?χ??p??χ] 'funny' Possible realization of /?/ . [5] See Dutch phonology
Emilian Bolognese mett e r [?met?ː?r] 'to put' [ citation needed ]
English Received Pronunciation [6] b ir d [b?ːd] 'bird' Sulcalized (the tongue is grooved like in [?] ). "Upper Crust RP" speakers pronounce a more open vowel [ ?ː ] , but for most other speakers it is actually mid ( [ ??ː ] ). This vowel corresponds to rhotacized [ ? ] in rhotic dialects .
Ohio [7] b u d [b?d] 'bud' One realization of the vowel transcribed in IPA with ⟨ ? ⟩ in American English , typical of Midland or Southern American English . It is not a standard pronunciation throughout the whole country. [6] [7]
Most Texas speakers [7]
Northern Wales [8] Some speakers. [8] Corresponds to / ? / in other Welsh dialects. [9]
Scottish [10] [b??d] Somewhat retracted; may be more back / ? / instead.
German Chemnitz dialect [11] p a sse [?b??s?] '[I] pass' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ a ⟩.
Many speakers [12] h err lich [?h?ːl?c] 'fantastic' Common alternative to the diphthong [???] . [12] See Standard German phonology
Hausa [13] [ example needed ] Possible allophone of /a/ , which can be as close as [ ? ] and as open as [ a ] . [13]
Jebero [14] [?k?nm??] 'indigenous person' Allophone of /a/ in closed syllables. [14]
Kaingang [15] [???] 'mark' Varies between central [?] and back [ ? ] . [16]
Kalagan Kaagan [17] [m??t?as] 'tall' Allophone of /a/ ; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ ? ⟩. [17]
Kallahan [18] [ example needed ]
Ladin Gherdeina Urtij e i [u?ti???i?] Urtijei When stressed usually spelled with the letter e .
Neapolitan Central Basilicatan varieties (Appennine Area) pes a re [p??s?r?] or [p??s??r?] 'to weigh' Nasalization [??] occurs in dialects such as Accetturese. [19]
Paici [20] r e [??] 'they' (prefix) May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ ? ⟩.
Romanian Standard [21] m ? r [m??r] 'apple' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ ? ⟩. See Romanian phonology
Transylvanian varieties of Romanian [22] a? a [a???] 'such' Corresponds to [ a ] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Sama Sibutu [23] [?sap?w] 'roof' Allophone of /a/ ; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ ? ⟩. [23]
Sindhi [24] [s??r??] 'funeral' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ ? ⟩.
Temne [25] p ? s [p??s] 'brew' Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ ? ⟩. [25]
Yiddish Standard [26] ????? [??nl?χ] 'similar' Unstressed vowel. [26] See Yiddish phonology

See also [ edit ]

Notes [ edit ]

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height , many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ Wissing (2012) , p. 711.
  3. ^ Wissing (2016) , section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels".
  4. ^ a b Kerr (1988) , pp. 110, 113.
  5. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003) , p. 129.
  6. ^ a b Ladefoged (1993) , p. 82.
  7. ^ a b c Thomas (2001) , pp. 27?28.
  8. ^ a b Tench (1990) , p. 135.
  9. ^ Wells (1982) , pp. 380?381.
  10. ^ Lodge (2009) , p. 167.
  11. ^ Khan & Weise (2013) , p. 236.
  12. ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knobl (2015) , p. 52.
  13. ^ a b Schuh & Yalwa (1999) , pp. 90?91.
  14. ^ a b Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013) , p. 101.
  15. ^ Jolkesky (2009) , pp. 676?677, 682.
  16. ^ Jolkesky (2009) , pp. 676, 682.
  17. ^ a b Wendel & Wendel (1978) , p. 198.
  18. ^ Santiago (2010) , pp. 1, 8?10.
  19. ^ Volpe, Luigi (2011). La lingua dei masciaioli : dizionario del dialetto di Accettura, cittadina lucana in provincia di Matera / Luigi Volpe ; presentazione [di] Patrizia Del Puente (in Italian). Potenza: EditricErmes.
  20. ^ Gordon & Maddieson (1996) , p. 118.
  21. ^ Sarlin (2014) , p. 18.
  22. ^ Pop (1938) , p. 30.
  23. ^ a b Allison (1979) , p. 82.
  24. ^ Nihalani (1999) , p. 132.
  25. ^ a b Kanu & Tucker (2010) , p. 249.
  26. ^ a b Kleine (2003) , p. 263.

References [ edit ]

External links [ edit ]

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