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Open-mid back unrounded vowel - Wikipedia Jump to content

Open-mid back unrounded vowel

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Open-mid back unrounded vowel
?
IPA Number 314
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ʌ
Unicode (hex) U+028C
X-SAMPA V
Braille ⠬ (braille pattern dots-346)
Spectrogram of ?

The open-mid back unrounded vowel or low-mid back unrounded vowel [1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ ? ⟩, graphically a rotated lowercase "v" (called a turned V but created as a small-capital ⟨?⟩ without the crossbar, even though some vendors display it as a real turned v ). Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as a "wedge", " caret " or "hat". In transcriptions for English , this symbol is commonly used for the near-open central unrounded vowel and in transcriptions for Danish , it is used for the open back rounded vowel .

Features [ edit ]

Occurrence [ edit ]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Ajie [2] k e [ k?? ] 'pot' Distinct from /?/
Catalan Solsones [3] tard a [?ta?ð???ː] 'afternoon' Realization of final unstressed /?/
Emilian most Emilian dialects [4] Bul a ggna [bu?l??ː?] ' Bologna ' It corresponds to a sound between /?/ to /a/ ; written o in some spellings
English Cape Town [5] l o t [l?t] 'lot' It corresponds to a weakly rounded [ ?? ] in all other South African dialects. See South African English phonology
Natal [5]
Cardiff [6] th ough t [θ?ːt] 'thought' For some speakers it may be rounded and closer. See English phonology
General South African [7] n o [n?ː] 'no' May be a diphthong [???] instead. [8] See South African English phonology
General American [9] g u t [??t] ⓘ 'gut' In some dialects, fronted to [ ? ] , or fronted and lowered to [ ? ] . In Standard Southern British English, [?] is increasingly heard in place of [ ? ] to avoid the trap-strut merger . [10] See English phonology and Northern Cities Vowel Shift
Inland Northern American [11]
Multicultural London [12]
Newfoundland [13]
Northern East Anglian [14]
Philadelphia [15]
Scottish [16]
Some Estuary English speakers [17]
Some Standard Southern British speakers [10]
French Picardy [18] al o rs [a?l???] 'so' Corresponding to /?/ in standard French .
German Chemnitz dialect [19] m a chen [?m?χ??] 'to do' Allophone of /?, ?ː/ (which phonetically are central [ ? , ?ː ] ) [20] before and after /ŋ, k?, k, χ, ?/ . Exact backness varies; it is most posterior before /χ, ?/ . [21]
Haida [22] ?w a aay [q????aːj] 'the rock' Allophone of /a/ (sometimes also /aː/ ) after uvular and epiglottal consonants. [23]
Irish Ulster dialect [24] o la [?l???] 'oil' See Irish phonology
Kaingang [25] [???] 'mark' Varies between back [?] and central [ ? ] . [26]
Kashmiri ?? [?z] 'today' Allophone of [ ? ]. Used only in monosyllables. Typical of the Srinagar variety.
Kensiu [27] [h??] 'stream'
Korean [28] 너 / n eo [n??] 'you' See Korean phonology
Lillooet [ example needed ] Retracted counterpart of /?/ .
Mah Meri [29] [ example needed ] Allophone of /?/ ; can be mid central [ ? ] or close-mid back [ ? ] instead. [29]
Nepali ???/ a s a l [?s?l] 'good' See Nepali phonology
Portuguese Greater Lisbon area [30] l e ite [????jt???] 'milk' Allophone of /?/ before /i/ (forming a phonetic diphthong [?j] ). Corresponds to [ e ] in other accents. [30] See Portuguese phonology
Russian Standard Saint Petersburg [31] гол о ва /golova [??????va] 'head' Corresponds to [ ? ] in standard Moscow pronunciation; [31] occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology
Tamil [32] [ example needed ] Nasalized. Phonetic realization of the sequence /am/ , may be [ o ] or [ a ] instead. [32] See Tamil phonology
Xavante [33] [j?m] 'seed' The nasal version [??] also occurs. [33]

Before World War II , the /?/ of Received Pronunciation was phonetically close to a back vowel [?] , which has since shifted forward towards [ ? ] (a near-open central unrounded vowel). Daniel Jones reported his speech (southern British) as having an advanced back vowel [??] between his central /?/ and back /?/ ; however, he also reported that other southern speakers had a lower and even more advanced vowel that approached cardinal [ a ] . [34] In American English varieties, such as in the West, the Midwest, and the urban South, the typical phonetic realization of the phoneme /?/ is an open-mid central [ ? ] . [35] [36] Truly backed variants of /?/ that are phonetically [?] can occur in Inland Northern American English , Newfoundland English, Philadelphia English , some of African-American English , and (old-fashioned) white Southern American English in coastal plain and Piedmont areas. [37] [38] However, the letter ⟨ ? ⟩ is still commonly used to indicate this phoneme, even in the more common varieties with central variants [ ? ] or [ ? ] . That may be because of both tradition and some other dialects retaining the older pronunciation. [39]

Notes [ edit ]

  1. ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height , many linguists use "high" and "low".
  2. ^ Zetterberg, William. "So close and yet so different: Reconstructing the phonological history of three Southern New Caledonian languages | Lund University" . Lund University . Retrieved 9 July 2023 .
  3. ^ "Analisi dialectologica d'uns parlars del Solsones" . prezi.com . Retrieved 2019-11-29 .
  4. ^ "Scriver al bulgnai? cum va" . bulgnais.com (in Emilian). Archived from the original on 2020-10-26 . Retrieved 2020-04-21 .
  5. ^ a b Lass (2002) , p. 115.
  6. ^ Collins & Mees (1990) , p. 95.
  7. ^ Wells (1982) , pp. 614, 621.
  8. ^ Wells (1982) , p. 614.
  9. ^ Wells (1982) , p. 485.
  10. ^ a b Cruttenden (2014) , p. 122.
  11. ^ W. Labov, S. Ash and C. Boberg (1997), A national map of the regional dialects of American English , Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania , retrieved May 27, 2013
  12. ^ Cruttenden (2014) , p. 91.
  13. ^ Thomas (2001) , pp. 27?28, 61?63.
  14. ^ Trudgill (2004) , p. 167.
  15. ^ Thomas (2001) , pp. 27?28, 73?74.
  16. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006) , p. 7.
  17. ^ Altendorf & Watt (2004) , p. 188.
  18. ^ "Picardie : phonetique" . Retrieved 29 January 2015 .
  19. ^ Khan & Weise (2013) , pp. 235, 238.
  20. ^ Khan & Weise (2013) , p. 236.
  21. ^ Khan & Weise (2013) , p. 238.
  22. ^ Lawrence (1977) , pp. 32?33.
  23. ^ Lawrence (1977) , pp. 32?33, 36.
  24. ^ Ni Chasaide (1999) , pp. 114?115.
  25. ^ Jolkesky (2009) , pp. 676?677, 682.
  26. ^ Jolkesky (2009) , pp. 676, 682.
  27. ^ Bishop (1996) , p. 230.
  28. ^ Lee (1999) .
  29. ^ a b Kruspe & Hajek (2009) , p. 245.
  30. ^ a b Cruz-Ferreira (1995) , pp. 91?2.
  31. ^ a b Yanushevskaya & Bun?i? (2015) , p. 225.
  32. ^ a b Keane (2004) , p. 114.
  33. ^ a b Nikulin & Carvalho (2019) , p. 263.
  34. ^ Jones (1972) , pp. 86?88.
  35. ^ Gordon (2004b) , p. 340.
  36. ^ Tillery & Bailey (2004) , p. 333.
  37. ^ Thomas (2001) , pp. 27?28, 112?115, 121, 134, 174.
  38. ^ Gordon (2004a) , pp. 294?296.
  39. ^ Roca & Johnson (1999) , p. 135.

References [ edit ]

  • Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominic (2004). "The dialects in the South of England: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A Handbook of Varieties of English . Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 181?196. ISBN   3-11-017532-0 .
  • Bishop, Nancy (1996). "A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology" (PDF) . Mon?Khmer Studies Journal . 25 : 227?253.
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990). "The phonetics of Cardiff English". In Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.). English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change . Multilingual Matters. pp. 87?103. ISBN   1-85359-032-0 .
  • Cruttenden, Alan (2014). Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.). Routledge. ISBN   9781444183092 .
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995). "European Portuguese" . Journal of the International Phonetic Association . 25 (2): 90?94. doi : 10.1017/S0025100300005223 . S2CID   249414876 .
  • Gordon, Matthew (2004a). "New York, Philadelphia and other Northern Cities". In Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.). A Handbook of Varieties of English . Vol. 1: Phonology. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 294?296. ISBN   3-11-017532-0 .
  • Gordon, Matthew (2004b), "The West and Midwest: Phonology", in Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.), A Handbook of Varieties of English , vol. 1: Phonology, Walter de Gruyter, p. 340, ISBN   3-11-017532-0
  • Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009). "Fonologia e prosodia do Kaingang falado em Cacique Doble" [Phonology and prosody of Kaingang spoken in Cacique Doble]. Anais do SETA (in Portuguese). 3 . Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP: 675?685.
  • Jones, Daniel (1972). An Outline of English Phonetics (9th ed.). Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.
  • Keane, Elinor (2004). "Tamil" . Journal of the International Phonetic Association . 34 (1): 111?116. doi : 10.1017/S0025100304001549 .
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013). "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF) . Journal of the International Phonetic Association . 43 (2): 231?241. doi : 10.1017/S0025100313000145 .
  • Kruspe, Nicole; Hajek, John (2009). "Mah Meri" . Journal of the International Phonetic Association . 39 (2): 241?248. doi : 10.1017/S0025100309003946 .
  • Lass, Roger (2002). "South African English". In Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.). Language in South Africa . Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521791052 .
  • Lawrence, Erma (1977). Haida Dictionary . Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
  • Lee, Hyun Bok (1999). "Korean". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association . Cambridge University Press. pp. 120?122. ISBN   0-521-63751-1 .
  • Ni Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999). "Irish". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association . Cambridge University Press. pp. 111?116. ISBN   0-521-63751-1 .
  • Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999). Course in Phonology . Blackwell Publishing.
  • Scobbie, James M.; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006), Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: An Overview , Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers
  • Thomas, Erik R. (2001). "An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English". Publication of the American Dialect Society . 85 . Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society.
  • Tillery, Jan; Bailey, Guy (2004). "The urban south: Phonology". In Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W. (eds.). A Handbook of Varieties of English . Vol. 1: Phonology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 333. ISBN   3-11-017532-0 .
  • Trudgill, Peter (2004). "The dialect of East Anglia: Phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A Handbook of Varieties of English . Vol. 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 163?177. ISBN   3-11-017532-0 .
  • Wells, J.C. (1982). Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-28541-0 .
  • Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bun?i?, Daniel (2015). "Russian" . Journal of the International Phonetic Association . 45 (2): 221?228. doi : 10.1017/S0025100314000395 .
  • Nikulin, Andrey; Carvalho, Fernando O. de (2019). "Estudos diacronicos de linguas indigenas brasileiras: um panorama" . Macabea - Revista Eletronica do NETLLI (in Brazilian Portuguese). 8 (2). Crato . doi : 10.47295/MREN.V8I2.1910 .

External links [ edit ]

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