American naval officer (1794?1858)
Matthew Calbraith Perry
(April 10, 1794 ? March 4, 1858) was an American naval officer who commanded ships in several wars, including the
War of 1812
and the
Mexican?American War
. He played a leading role in the
Perry Expedition
that
ended Japan's isolationism
and the
Convention of Kanagawa
between Japan and the United States in 1854.
Perry was interested in the education of naval officers and assisted in the development of an apprentice system that helped establish the curriculum at the
United States Naval Academy
. With the advent of the
steam engine
, he became a leading advocate of modernizing the U.S. Navy and came to be considered "The Father of the Steam Navy" in the United States.
Lineage
[
edit
]
Matthew Perry was a member of the
Perry family
, a son of Sarah Wallace (
nee
Alexander) (1768?1830) and Navy Captain
Christopher Raymond Perry
(1761?1818). He was born April 10, 1794, in
South Kingstown, Rhode Island
. His siblings included
Oliver Hazard Perry
, Raymond Henry Jones Perry, Sarah Wallace Perry, Anna Marie Perry (mother of
George Washington Rodgers
), James Alexander Perry, Nathaniel Hazard Perry, and Jane Tweedy Perry (who married
William Butler
).
His mother was born in
County Down
, Ireland and was a descendant of an uncle of
William Wallace
,
[2]
: 54
the Scottish knight and landowner.
[3]
[4]
His paternal grandparents were James Freeman Perry, a surgeon, and Mercy Hazard,
[5]
a descendant of Governor
Thomas Prence
, a co-founder of
Eastham, Massachusetts
, who was a political leader in both the
Plymouth
and
Massachusetts Bay colonies
, and governor of
Plymouth
; and a descendant of
Mayflower
passengers, both of whom were signers of the
Mayflower Compact
, Elder
William Brewster
, the
Pilgrim
colonist leader and spiritual elder of the Plymouth Colony, and
George Soule
, through Susannah Barber Perry.
[6]
Naval career
[
edit
]
In 1809, Perry received a
midshipman's
warrant in the Navy and was initially assigned to
USS
Revenge
, under the command of his elder brother. He was then assigned to
USS
President
, where he served as an aide to Commodore
John Rodgers
.
President
was in a victorious engagement over a
British
vessel,
HMS
Little Belt
, shortly before the War of 1812 was officially declared. Perry continued aboard
President
during the War of 1812 and was present at the engagement with
HMS
Belvidera
. Rodgers fired the first shot of the war at
Belvidera
. A later shot resulted in a cannon bursting, killing several men and wounding Rodgers, Perry and others.
[7]
Perry transferred to
USS
United States
, commanded by
Stephen Decatur
, and saw little fighting in the war afterwards, since the ship was trapped in port at
New London, Connecticut
.
Following the signing of the
Treaty of Ghent
which ended the war, Perry served on various vessels in the
Mediterranean Sea
. Perry served under Commodore
William Bainbridge
during the
Second Barbary War
. He then served in African waters aboard
USS
Cyane
during its patrol off
Liberia
from 1819 to 1820. After that cruise, Perry was sent to suppress
piracy
and the
slave trade
in the
West Indies
.
Opening of Key West
[
edit
]
Perry placed in commission and commanded
USS
Shark
, a
schooner
with 12 guns, from 1821 to 1825. He deployed to the West Africa Station to support the American and British joint patrols to
suppress the slave trade
.
[8]
In 1815, the Spanish governor in
Havana
deeded the island of
Key West
to Juan Pablo Salas of
St. Augustine
in
Spanish Florida
. After Florida was transferred to the United States, Salas sold Key West to American businessman John W. Simonton for $2,000 in 1821. Simonton lobbied Washington to establish a naval base on Key West both to take advantage of its strategic location and to bring law and order to the area. On March 25, 1822, Perry sailed
Shark
to Key West and planted the U.S. flag, physically claiming the
Florida Keys
as United States territory. Perry renamed Cayo Hueso "Thompson's Island" for the Secretary of the Navy
Smith Thompson
and the harbor "Port Rodgers" for the president of the
Board of Navy Commissioners
. Neither name stuck however.
From 1826 to 1827, Perry acted as fleet captain for Commodore Rodgers. Perry returned to
Charleston, South Carolina
, for shore duty in 1828 and in 1830 took command of a
sloop-of-war
,
USS
Concord
. During this period, while in port in Russian
Kronstadt
, Perry was offered a commission in the
Imperial Russian Navy
, which he declined.
He spent 1833 through 1837 as second officer of the New York Navy Yard (later the
Brooklyn Navy Yard
), gaining promotion to captain at the end of this tour.
Father of the Steam Navy
[
edit
]
Perry had an ardent interest in and saw the need for naval education, supporting an
apprentice
system to train new seamen, and helped establish the curriculum for the United States Naval Academy. He was a vocal proponent of modernizing the Navy. Once promoted to captain, he oversaw construction of the Navy's second steam frigate
USS
Fulton
, which he commanded after its completion. He was called "The Father of the Steam Navy",
[9]
and he organized America's first corps of naval engineers, and conducted the first U.S. naval gunnery school while commanding
Fulton
from 1839 to 1841 off
Sandy Hook
on the coast of
New Jersey
.
Promotion to commodore
[
edit
]
Perry received the title of
commodore
in June 1840, when the
Secretary of the Navy
appointed him commandant of New York Navy Yard.
[10]
The United States Navy did not have ranks higher than captain until 1857, so the title of commodore carried considerable importance. Officially, an officer would revert to his permanent rank after the squadron command assignment had ended, although in practice officers who received the title of commodore retained the title for life, as did Perry.
During his tenure in Brooklyn, he lived in
Quarters A
in
Vinegar Hill
, a building which still stands today.
[11]
In 1843, Perry took command of the
Africa Squadron
, whose duty was to interdict the slave trade under the
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
, and continued in this endeavor through 1844.
Mexican?American War
[
edit
]
In 1845, Commodore
David Conner
's length of service in command of the
Home Squadron
had come to an end. However, the coming of the
Mexican?American War
persuaded the authorities not to change commanders in the face of the war. Perry, who would eventually succeed Conner, was made second-in-command and captained
USS
Mississippi
. Perry captured the Mexican city of
Frontera
, demonstrated against
Tabasco
, being defeated in
San Juan Bautista
by Colonel Juan Bautista Traconis in the
First Battle of Tabasco
, and took part in the capture of
Tampico
on November 14, 1846.
He had to return to
Norfolk, Virginia
, to make repairs and was still there when the
amphibious landings at Veracruz
took place. His return to the U.S. gave his superiors the chance to finally give him orders to succeed Commodore Conner in command of the Home Squadron. Perry returned to the fleet, and his ship supported the siege of Veracruz from the sea. After the fall of Veracruz,
Winfield Scott
moved inland, and Perry moved against the remaining Mexican port cities. Perry assembled the
Mosquito Fleet
and
captured Tuxpan
in April 1847. In June 1847 he
attacked Tabasco
personally, leading a 1,173-man landing force ashore and attacking the city of San Juan Bautista from land,
[12]
defeating the Mexican forces and taking the city.
Perry Expedition: opening of Japan, 1852?1854
[
edit
]
In 1852, Perry was assigned a mission by American President
Millard Fillmore
to force the opening of Japanese ports to American trade, through the use of
gunboat diplomacy
if necessary.
[13]
The growing commerce between the United States and China, the presence of American whalers in waters offshore Japan, and the increasing monopolization of potential
coaling stations
by European powers in Asia were all contributing factors. Shipwrecked foreign sailors were either imprisoned or executed,
[14]
[15]
[16]
and the safe return of such persons was one demand. The Americans were also driven by concepts of
manifest destiny
and the desire to impose the benefits of western civilization and the
Christian religion
on what they perceived as backward Asian nations.
[17]
The Japanese were forewarned by the Dutch of Perry's voyage but were unwilling to change their 250-year-old policy of
national seclusion
.
[17]
There was considerable internal debate in Japan on how best to meet this potential threat to Japan's economic and political sovereignty.
On November 24, 1852, Perry embarked from
Norfolk, Virginia
, for Japan, in command of the
East India Squadron
in pursuit of a Japanese trade treaty. He chose the paddle-wheeled steam frigate
Mississippi
as his
flagship
and made port calls at
Madeira
(December 11?15),
Saint Helena
(January 10?11),
Cape Town
(January 24 ? February 3),
Mauritius
(February 18?28),
Ceylon
(March 10?15),
Singapore
(March 25?29) and
Macao
and
Hong Kong
(April 7?28), where he met with American-born Sinologist
Samuel Wells Williams
, who provided
Chinese language
translations of his official letters, and where he rendezvoused with
Plymouth
. He continued to
Shanghai
(May 4?17), where he met with the Dutch-born American diplomat, Anton L. C. Portman, who translated his official letters into the
Dutch language
, and where he rendezvoused with
Susquehanna
.
Perry then switched his flag to
Susquehanna
and made call at
Naha
on Great Lewchew Island (Ryukyu, now
Okinawa
) from May 17?26. Ignoring the claims of
Satsuma Domain
to the islands, he demanded an audience with the
Ryukyuan King
Sh? Tai
at
Shuri Castle
and secured promises that the
Ryukyu Kingdom
would be open to trade with the United States. Continuing on to the
Ogasawara islands
in mid-June, Perry met with the local inhabitants and purchased a plot of land.
[18]
First visit (1853)
[
edit
]
Perry reached
Uraga
at the entrance to
Edo Bay
in Japan on July 8, 1853. His actions at this crucial juncture were informed by a careful study of Japan's previous contacts with Western ships and what he knew about the Japanese hierarchical culture. As he arrived, Perry ordered his ships to steam past Japanese lines towards the capital of
Edo
and turn their guns towards the town of Uraga.
[19]
Perry refused Japanese demands to leave or to proceed to
Nagasaki
, the only Japanese port open to foreigners.
[19]
Perry attempted to intimidate the Japanese by presenting them a
white flag
and a letter which told them that in case they chose to fight, the Americans would destroy them.
[20]
[21]
He also fired blank shots from his 73 cannon, which he claimed was in celebration of the
American Independence Day
. Perry's ships were equipped with new
Paixhans shell guns
, cannons capable of wreaking great explosive destruction with every shell.
[22]
[23]
He also ordered his ship boats to commence survey operations of the coastline and surrounding waters over the objections of local officials.
Meanwhile,
sh?gun
Tokugawa Ieyoshi
was ill and incapacitated, which resulted in governmental indecision on how to handle the unprecedented threat to the nation's capital. On July 11,
R?j?
Abe Masahiro
bided his time, deciding that simply accepting a letter from the Americans would not constitute a violation of Japanese sovereignty. The decision was conveyed to Uraga, and Perry was asked to move his fleet slightly southwest to the beach at
Kurihama
where he was allowed to land on July 14, 1853.
[24]
After presenting the letter to attending delegates, Perry departed for Hong Kong, promising to return the following year for the Japanese reply.
[25]
Second visit (1854)
[
edit
]
On his way back to Japan, Perry anchored off
Keelung
in Formosa, known today as
Taiwan
, for ten days. Perry and crewmembers landed on Formosa and investigated the potential of mining the coal deposits in that area. He emphasized in his reports that Formosa provided a convenient, mid-way trade location. Perry's reports noted that the island was very defensible and could serve as a base for exploration in a similar way that Cuba had done for the Spanish in the Americas. Occupying Formosa could help the United States counter European monopolization of the major trade routes. The United States government failed to respond to Perry's proposal to claim sovereignty over Formosa.
To command his fleet, Perry chose officers with whom he had served in the Mexican?American War. Commander
Franklin Buchanan
was captain of
Susquehanna,
and
Joel Abbot
(Perry's second in command) was captain of
Macedonian
. Commander Henry A. Adams was chief of staff with the title "Captain of the Fleet". Major
Jacob Zeilin
(future commandant of the United States Marine Corps) was the ranking Marine officer and was stationed on
Mississippi
.
Perry returned on February 13, 1854, after only half a year rather than the full year promised, and with ten ships and 1,600 men. American leadership designed the show of force to "command fear" and "astound the Orientals."
[26]
: 31
After initial resistance, Perry was permitted to land at
Kanagawa
, near the site of present-day
Yokohama
on March 8, and the
Convention of Kanagawa
was signed on March 31. Perry signed as American
plenipotentiary
, and
Hayashi Akira
, also known by his title of
Daigaku-no-kami
, signed for the Japanese side. The celebratory events for the signing ceremony included a
Kabuki
play from the Japanese side and, from the American side, U.S. military band music and blackface minstrelsy.
[26]
: 32?33
Perry departed, mistakenly believing the agreement had been made with
imperial
representatives, not understanding the true position of the
sh?gun
, the de facto ruler of Japan.
[27]
Perry then visited
Hakodate
on the northern island of
Hokkaido
and
Shimoda
, the two ports which the treaty stipulated would be opened to visits by American ships. A handscroll with pictorial record from the Japanese side of US Commodore Matthew Perry's second visit to Japan in 1854 is retained in the
British Museum
in London.
[28]
Return to the United States (1855)
[
edit
]
When Perry returned to the United States,
Congress
voted to grant him a reward of $20,000 (equivalent to $520,000 in 2023) in appreciation of his work in Japan. He used part of this money to prepare and publish a report on the expedition in three volumes, titled
Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan
. He was promoted to
rear admiral
on the retired list (when his health began to fail) as a reward for his service in the Far East.
[29]
Last years
[
edit
]
Living in his adopted home of New York City, Perry's health began to fail as he suffered from
cirrhosis
of the liver from heavy drinking. Perry was known to have been an alcoholic, which compounded the health complications leading to his death.
[30]
He also suffered severe arthritis that left him in frequent pain, and on occasion precluded him from his duties.
[31]
Perry spent his last years preparing for the publication of his account of the Japan expedition, announcing its completion on December 28, 1857. Two days later he was detached from his last post, an assignment to the Naval Efficiency Board. He died awaiting further orders on March 4, 1858, in
New York City
, of
rheumatic fever
that had spread to the heart, compounded by complications of
gout
and
alcoholism
.
[32]
Initially interred in a vault on the grounds of
St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery
, in New York City, Perry's remains were moved to the
Island Cemetery
in
Newport, Rhode Island
, on March 21, 1866, along with those of his daughter, Anna, who died in 1839. In 1873, an elaborate monument was placed by Perry's widow over his grave in Newport.
[33]
Personal life
[
edit
]
Perry was married to Jane Slidell Perry (1797?1864), sister of
United States Senator
John Slidell
(1793?1871),
[34]
in New York on December 24, 1814, and they had ten children:
[35]
[36]
- Jane Slidell Perry (c. 1817?1880)
- Sarah Perry (1818?1905), who married Col. Robert Smith Rodgers (1809?1891)
- Jane Hazard Perry (1819?1881), who married John Hone (1819?1891) and
Frederic de Peyster
(1796?1882)
- Matthew Calbraith Perry (1821?1873), a captain in the United States Navy and veteran of the Mexican War and the Civil War
- Susan Murgatroyde Perry (c. 1824?1825)
[37]
- Oliver Hazard Perry (c. 1825?1870)
- William Frederick Perry (1828?1884), a 2nd Lieutenant,
United States Marine Corps
, 1847?1848
- Caroline Slidell Perry Belmont (1829?1892), who married financier
August Belmont
- Isabella Bolton Perry (1834?1912), who married George T. Tiffany
- Anna Rodgers Perry (c. 1838?1839)
In 1819, Perry joined the
masonic
Holland Lodge No. 8 in
New York City
,
New York
.
[38]
[39]
Legacy
[
edit
]
Perry was a key agent in both the making and recording of Japanese history, as well as in the shaping of Japanese history; 90% of school children in Japan can identify him.
[40]
Woodblock paintings of Matthew Perry closely resemble his actual
appearance, depicting a physically large, clean shaven, jowly man.
[41]
The portraits portray him with blue eyeballs, rather than blue irises.
[41]
Westerners in this period were commonly thought of as "blue-eyed barbarians", however, in Japanese culture, blue eyeballs were also associated with ferocious or threatening figures, such as monsters or renegades.
[41]
It is thought that the intimidation that the Japanese felt at the time could have influenced these portraits. Some portraits of Perry depict him as a
tengu
. However, the portraits of his crewmen are normal.
[41]
When Perry returned to the United States after signing the
Convention of Kanagawa
, he brought with him diplomatic gifts, including art, pottery, textiles, musical instruments, and other artifacts now in the collection of the
Smithsonian Institution
.
[42]
Pacific Overtures
is a
musical
set in Japan beginning in 1853 and follows the difficult westernization of Japan, told from the point of view of the Japanese.
A replica of Perry's U.S. flag is on display on board the
USS
Missouri
memorial in
Pearl Harbor
,
Hawaii
, attached to the
bulkhead
just inboard of the
Japanese surrender
signing site on the
starboard
side of the ship. The original flag was brought from the
U.S. Naval Academy Museum
to Japan for the Japan surrender ceremony and was displayed on that occasion at the request of
Douglas MacArthur
, who was a blood-relative of Perry.
Today, the flag is preserved and on display at the Naval Academy Museum in
Annapolis, Maryland
.
[43]
In the museum, the flag is displayed the 'wrong' way round. However, photographs show that at the signing ceremony, this flag was displayed properly, on its starboard side, with the stars in the upper right corner; as are all flags on vessels (known as ensigns). The cloth of this historic flag was so fragile that the conservator at the museum directed that a protective backing be sewn on it, which accounts for its currently being displayed 'port' side round.
[44]
Memorials
[
edit
]
Japan erected a monument to Perry on July 14, 1901, at the spot where the commodore first landed.
[45]
The monument survived
World War II
and is now the centerpiece of a small seaside park called Perry Park at Yokosuka, Japan.
[46]
Within the park there is a small museum dedicated to the events of 1854. Matthew C. Perry Elementary and High School can be found on
Marine Corps Air Station, Iwakuni
.
At his birthplace in Newport, there is a memorial plaque in
Trinity Church, Newport
and a
statue of Perry
in Touro Park. It was designed by
John Quincy Adams Ward
, erected in 1869, and dedicated by his daughter. He was buried in Newport's
Island Cemetery
, near his parents and brother. There are also exhibits and research collections concerning his life at the
Naval War College Museum
and at the
Newport Historical Society
.
Perry Street in
Trenton, New Jersey
is named in his honor.
[47]
The U.S. Navy's
Oliver Hazard Perry
-class frigates
(purchased in the 1970s and 1980s) were named after Perry's brother, Commodore
Oliver Hazard Perry
. The ninth ship of the
Lewis and Clark
class
of dry-cargo-ammunition vessels is named
USNS
Matthew Perry
.
-
Perry's statue in
Touro Park
-
Japanese woodblock print
of Perry, c. 1854. The caption reads "North American" (top line, written from right to left in
Kanji
) and "Perry's portrait" (first line, written from top to bottom).
-
Pictorial representation of Perry (on the right) from the scroll painted by the Japanese artist Hibata ?suke to mark the occasion of the signing of the
Convention of Kanagawa
in 1854. The 15.25m long scroll has been part of the
British Museum
's collection since 2013.
See also
[
edit
]
Citations
[
edit
]
- ^
Smolski, Chester (December 1971).
"Newport: Commodore Matthew Perry Public Sculpture"
.
Rhode Island College
. Rhode Island College
. Retrieved
December 19,
2022
.
- ^
Copes, Jan M. (Fall 1994). "The Perry Family: A Newport Naval Dynasty of the Early Republic".
Newport History: Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society
. 66, Part 2 (227).
Newport, RI
: Newport Historical Society: 49?77.
- ^
Skaggs, David Curtis. "Oliver Hazard Perry: Honor, Courage, and Patriotism in the Early U.S. Navy". US Naval Institute Press, 2006. P. 4
- ^
"BBC ? History ? William Wallace"
. Retrieved
May 14,
2016
.
- ^
Phillipson, Mark.
"PhpGedView User Login ? PhpGedView"
.
www.clayfox.com
. Retrieved
May 14,
2016
.
- ^
Genealogies of the Raymond Families of New England, 1630?1 to 1886: With a Historical Sketch of Some of the Raymonds of Early Times, Their Origin, Etc
. Press of J.J. Little & Company. January 1, 1886.
- ^
Griffis, 1887
p.40
- ^
"USS Shark (Schooner), 1821-46"
.
- ^
Sewall, John S. (1905).
The Logbook of the Captain's Clerk: Adventures in the China Seas,
p. xxxvi.
- ^
Griffis, William Elliot. (1887).
Matthew Calbraith Perry: A Typical American Naval Officer,
pp. 154
-155.
- ^
"National Register of Historic Places : Quarters A : Commander's Quarters, Matthew C. Perry House"
(PDF)
. Pdfhost.focus.nps.gov
. Retrieved
March 9,
2015
.
- ^
Sewell, p. xxxvi.
- ^
J. W. Hall,
Japan
, p.207.
- ^
Blumberg, Rhoda.
Commodore Perry in the Land of the Shogun
, HarperCollins, New York, c1985, p.18
- ^
Meyer, Milton W.
Japan: A Concise History
, fourth ed., Bothman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., Plymouth, c2009, p.126
- ^
Henshall, Kenneth G.
A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower
, Palgrave MacMillan, New York, c1999, p.66
- ^
a
b
W. G. Beasley,
The Meiji Restoration
, p.88.
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Jonas Ruegg.
Mapping the Forgotten Colony: The Ogasawara Islands and the Tokugawa Pivot to the Pacific
. Cross-Currents. pp. 125?6. Archived from
the original
on November 24, 2018
. Retrieved
May 9,
2020
.
- ^
a
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Beasley, William G. (2002).
The Perry Mission to Japan, 1853?1854 ? Google Books
. Psychology Press.
ISBN
9781903350133
. Retrieved
March 9,
2015
.
- ^
John H. Schroeder (2001).
Matthew Calbraith Perry: antebellum sailor and diplomat
. Naval Institute Press. p. 286.
ISBN
9781557508126
. Retrieved
March 9,
2015
.
The letter threatened that in the event the Japanese elected war rather than negotiation, he could use the white flag to sue for peace, since victory would naturally belong to the Americans
- ^
Takekoshi, Yosabur? (2004).
The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan ? Yosabur? Takekoshi ? Google Books
. Taylor & Francis.
ISBN
9780415323819
. Retrieved
March 9,
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.
- ^
Millis, Walter (1981).
Arms and Men: A Study in American Military History ? Walter Millis ? Google Books
. Rutgers University Press.
ISBN
9780813509310
. Retrieved
March 9,
2015
.
- ^
Walworth, Arthur (January 1, 1982).
Black Ships Off Japan: The Story of Commodore Perry's Expedition ? Arthur Walworth ? Google Books
. Read Books.
ISBN
9781443728508
. Retrieved
March 9,
2015
.
- ^
"Perry Ceremony Today; Japanese and U. S. Officials to Mark 100th Anniversary."
The New York Times
, July 14, 1953
- ^
Sewall, pp. 183?195.
- ^
a
b
Driscoll, Mark W. (2020).
The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection
. Durham:
Duke University Press
.
ISBN
978-1-4780-1121-7
.
- ^
Sewall, pp. 243?264.
- ^
"painting; handscroll | British Museum"
.
The British Museum
. Retrieved
October 29,
2023
.
- ^
Sewall, p. lxxxvii.
- ^
"Commodore Matthew C Perry"
. mymexicanwar.com 2012
. Retrieved
December 15,
2017
.
- ^
"Commodore Perry's Expedition to Japan"
. Ben Griffiths 2005
. Retrieved
September 12,
2009
.
- ^
Morison, Samuel Eliot. (1967).
'Old Bruin' Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry
p. 431.
- ^
"Monument to Commodore M.C. Perry ? View Article ? NYTimes.com"
(PDF)
.
The New York Times
. Retrieved
March 9,
2015
.
- ^
Sears, Louis Martin (1922).
"Slidell and Buchanan"
.
The American Historical Review
.
27
(4): 709?730.
doi
:
10.2307/1837537
.
ISSN
0002-8762
.
JSTOR
1837537
.
- ^
"Matthew Calbraith Perry" by William Elliot Griffis 1887
- ^
The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography
. Vol. IV. James T. White & Company. 1893. pp. 42?43
. Retrieved
December 2,
2020
– via Google Books.
- ^
"New York, New York City Municipal Deaths, 1795-1949," database, FamilySearch (
https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:F6MK-VZ5
: June 3, 2020), Susan M. Perry, August 14, 1825; citing Death, Manhattan, New York County, New York, United States, New York Municipal Archives, New York; FHL microfilm 447,545.
- ^
"Famous Freemasons M-Z"
.
www.lodgestpatrick.co.nz
. Retrieved
October 29,
2023
.
- ^
"Today in Masonic History - Matthew Calbraith Perry Passes Away"
.
- ^
"Commodore Perry & the legacy of American imperialism"
.
Japan Today
. October 26, 2011.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Dower, John W.
; Miyagawa, Shigeru (2008).
"Black Ships & Samurai: Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan (1853-1854)"
.
MIT Visualizing Cultures. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
.
- ^
"Hansh? Presented to Commodore Matthew C. Perry | National Bell Festival"
.
www.bells.org
. Retrieved
March 15,
2024
.
- ^
Broom, Jack
"Memories on Board Battleship,"
Seattle Times
, May 21, 1998.
- ^
Tsustsumi, Cheryl Lee.
"Hawaii's Back Yard: Mighty Mo memorial re-creates a powerful history,"
Archived
July 26, 2008, at the
Wayback Machine
Star-Bulletin
(Honolulu). August 26, 2007.
- ^
"Matthew C. Perry Landing Memorial, Kurihama, c. 1949. | Old TokyoOld Tokyo"
. January 28, 2019.
- ^
Sewall, pp. 197?198.
- ^
"Trenton Historical Society, New Jersey"
.
www.trentonhistory.org
. Retrieved
October 29,
2023
.
References
[
edit
]
- Perry, Matthew Calbraith. (1856).
Narrative of the expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, 1856.
New York : D. Appleton and Company. digitized by
University of Hong Kong
Libraries
,
- Perry, Matthew Calbraith, and Roger Pineau.
The Japan expedition, 1852-1854: the personal journal of Commodore Matthew C. Perry
(Smithsonian Institution Press, 1968).
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Arnold, Josh Makoto (2005).
Diplomacy Far Removed: A Reinterpretation of the U.S. Decision to Open Diplomatic Relations with Japan
(Thesis). University of Arizona.
- Blumberg, Rhoda. (1985)
Commodore Perry in the Land of the Shogun
(Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books, 1985)
- Cullen, Louis M. (2003).
A History of Japan, 1582?1941: Internal and External Worlds.
Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press
.
ISBN
0-521-82155-X
(cloth),
ISBN
0-521-52918-2
(paper)
- Griffis, William Elliot
(1887).
Matthew Calbraith Perry: a typical American naval officer
. Cupples and Hurd, Boston. p. 459.
ISBN
1-163-63493-X
.
- Hawks, Francis
. (1856).
Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy.
Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson by order of Congress, 1856; originally published in
Senate Executive Documents
, No. 34 of 33rd Congress, 2nd Session. [reprinted by London:Trafalgar Square, 2005.
ISBN
1-84588-026-9
]
- Kitahara, Michio. "Commodore Perry and the Japanese: a Study in the Dramaturgy of Power."
Symbolic Interaction
9.1 (1986): 53?65.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot
. (1967).
"Old Bruin": Commodore Matthew C. Perry, 1794-1858: The American naval officer who helped found Liberia, Hunted Pirates in the West Indies, Practised Diplomacy With the Sultan of Turkey and the King of the Two Sicilies; Commanded the Gulf Squadron in the Mexican War, Promoted the Steam Navy and the Shell Gun, and Conducted the Naval Expedition Which Opened Japan
(1967)
online free to borrow
a standard scholarly biography]
- Sewall, John S. (1905).
The Logbook of the Captain's Clerk: Adventures in the China Seas.
Bangor, Maine: Chas H. Glass & Co. [reprint by Chicago: R.R. Donnelly & Sons, 1995]
ISBN
0-548-20912-X
- Yellin, Victor Fell. (1996) "Mrs. Belmont, Matthew Perry, and the 'Japanese Minstrels'."
American Music
(1996): 257?275.
online
External links
[
edit
]
Media related to
Matthew Perry (naval officer)
at Wikimedia Commons
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