Beginning of a year in a lunar calendar
Lunar New Year
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Lunar New Year
is the beginning of a new year based on
lunar calendars
or, informally but more widely,
lunisolar calendars
. Lunar calendars follow the
lunar phase
while lunisolar calendars follow both the lunar phase and the time of the
solar year
. The event is celebrated by numerous cultures in various ways at diverse dates.
The better-known celebrations include new years based on the (lunisolar)
Chinese calendar
and
Tibetan calendar
of
East Asia
;
[1]
[2]
[3]
the (lunisolar)
Buddhist
and
Hindu calendars
of
Southeast
and
South Asia
; and the (lunar)
Islamic calendar
and the (lunisolar)
Jewish calendar
that originated in the
Middle East
. The determination of the first month of a new lunar or lunisolar year varies by culture.
Definition
[
edit
]
The Lunar New Year is an event celebrated by billions of people across the world on the first
new moon
of their calendar. Although often referred to as "Lunar New Year" in English, this is a misnomer, as it refers to both celebrations based on a
lunar calendar
as well as a
lunisolar calendar
. The
Islamic New Year
(also called the Hijri New Year or 1
Muharram
) is determined by the
Islamic calendar
, a purely lunar calendar that ignores the solar cycle that is used to reset lunisolar calendars.
Lunar New Year celebrations in East and Central Asia, such as
Chinese New Year
, are based on a lunisolar calendar. Chinese New Year usually falls on the second new moon after the winter solstice (rarely the third if an
intercalary month
intervenes).
[5]
Some Lunar New Year celebrations, such as in Korea and Vietnam, generally fall on the same day as the Chinese celebration in late January or February, due to being based on the Chinese calendar or a variation of it. However, celebration customs and holiday durations may differ. Lunisolar New Year celebrations of other cultures such as
Burmese
,
Cambodian
,
Lao
,
Sri Lankan
, and
Thai
people are based on the
Buddhist calendar
and occur in mid-April.
Although "Lunar New Year" does not accurately describe Chinese New Year or other lunisolar calendar based traditions, it has been promoted by people from some Asian countries, especially in
Vietnam
and
South Korea
, leading to a rise in its use.
In the
United States of America
, Lunar New Year is strongly associated with
Chinese Americans
and "Chinese New Year" is commonly used as a translation by people of non-Chinese backgrounds.
[8]
Chinese New Year is the official name of the celebration and holiday in some countries such as
Singapore
,
[9]
Brunei
,
[10]
and
Malaysia
.
[11]
However, the celebration has officially been known as "Spring Festival" (春?/春節 ch?njie) in
China
since the founding of the
Republic of China
in 1911 when the previous name, "Yuandan" (The First Day), was assigned to the first day of the Gregorian calendar. Chinese people outside China refer to it as both Lunar New Year as well as Chinese New Year. Since at least the mid-2010s, there has been criticism in the United States regarding the use of the term "Chinese New Year" in an official capacity, particularly by Korean and Vietnamese people. Some American politicians have avoided using the term "Chinese New Year" in preference for "Lunar New Year".
[8]
Celebrations by region
[
edit
]
East Asia
[
edit
]
Most of
East Asia
celebrates the Lunisolar New Year based on the
Chinese calendar
. While commonly referred to as "Lunar New Year" in the
Western world
, it is actually a Lunisolar New Year. Japan, excluding the
Ryukyu Islands
, primarily observes the
Solar New Year
but retains a remnant of the lunisolar celebration known as Little New Year
(
小正月
,
kosh?gatsu
)
, occurring on the 15th day of the first lunar month in the
Japanese calendar
.
[13]
Tibetans
and
Mongols
celebrate the Lunisolar New Year in February or early March, based on the closely related
Tibetan calendar
.
Chinese Mongols
celebrate Tsagaan Sar according to Chinese calendar. Because the
Uyghurs
based their dates on the
Chinese calendar
, and the Mongols and Tibetans adopted the Uyghur calendar, Tibetan and Mongolian New Year can either coincide with the Chinese New Year, or take place around one month later.
[18]
China
[
edit
]
The history of the Chinese New Year festival can be traced back to more than 4000 years ago.
[20]
[21]
Before the new year celebration was formed, ancient Chinese gathered around and celebrated at the end of harvest in autumn. However, the celebration is not
Mid-Autumn Festival
, during which Chinese gathered with family and worship the moon. In the
Classic of Poetry
, a poem written during
Western Zhou
(1045 BC ? 771 BC), by an anonymous farmer, described how people cleaned up millet stack-sites, toasted to guests with
mijiu
, killed lambs and cooked the meat, went to their master's home, toasted to the master, and cheered for long lives together, in the 10th month of an ancient
solar calendar
, which was in autumn.
[22]
The celebration is believed to be one of the prototypes of the Chinese New Year.
[23]
The first dated Chinese new year celebration can be traced back to
Warring States period
(475 BC ? 221 AD). In
Lushi Chunqiu
, an exorcistic ritual called "Big
Nuo
(
大儺
)" was recorded being carried out in the ending day of a year to expel illness in
Qin (state)
.
[24]
[25]
Later, after
Qin unified China
and the
Qin dynasty
was founded, the ritual was continued. It evolved to cleaning up houses thoroughly in the preceding days of Chinese New Year.
[
citation needed
]
The first mentioning of the celebration of the start of a new year was recorded in
Han dynasty
(202 BC ? 220 AD). In the book
Simin Yueling
(
四民月令
), written by Eastern Han's agronomist and writer Cui Shi (
崔寔
), the celebration was recorded by stating "The starting day of the first month, is called 'Zheng Ri'. I bring my wife and children, to worship ancestors and commemorate my father." Later he wrote: "Children, wife, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren all serve pepper wine to their parents, make their toast, and wish their parents good health. It's a thriving view."
[26]
People also went to acquaintances' homes and wished each other a happy new year. In
Book of the Later Han
Volume 27,
?良
, a county officer was recorded going to his prefect's house with a government secretary, toasting to the prefect and praising the prefect's merit.
[27]
Chinese New Year is the grandest ancient traditional festival in China, commonly known as "Guo Nian". This festival means the beginning of spring and the arrival of the new year. The customs of Chinese New Year include sticking Spring Festival couplets, buying New Year's goods, and having family dinner together.
Korea
[
edit
]
The earliest references to Korean New Year are found in 7th-century Chinese historical works, the
Book of Sui
and the
Old Book of Tang
, containing excerpts of celebrations during the New Year in the
Silla Kingdom
for
Korean calendar
, which was influenced by the
Tang dynasty
's
calendar system
.
[28]
[29]
Korea's own record of new year celebration is found in
Samguk yusa
(
Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms
), compiled in the 13th century. Under the rule of 21st King of Silla, new year was celebrated in 488 AD. Then celebration of Korean New Year have continued to
Goryeo
and
Joseon
. By the 13th century, Korean New Year was one of the nine major Korean festivals that included ancestral rites, according to the Korean historical work, the
Goryeosa
.
[28]
[30]
[29]
As opposed to red envelopes, Korean New Year tends to involve white envelopes.
[31]
Taiwan
[
edit
]
While there is little recorded history of when Lunar New Year was first observed in
Taiwan
, it is known that the
indigenous population
had other ceremonies and did not originally celebrate the festival.
[32]
It was likely first celebrated by the
Hakka or Hoklo populations
that migrated from now part of mainland China to the island during the 17th century. Due to Taiwan's population being mostly
Han Chinese
, its Lunar New Year celebration is very similar to that of mainland China, especially in regards to traditions. In addition, some Lunar New Year's customs during the
Ming
and
Qing Dynasties
were preserved in Taiwan, Most of these traditional customs were Chinese traditional customs during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. However, in modern day, there can be more of a focus on visiting
Buddhist
or
Taoist
temples with extended family members. There are also notable variations to the food that is eaten during this time, such as the consumption of
pineapple cakes
and other products derived from pineapples or
daikon
since the latter is a homophone for "good fortune" in
Hokkien
.
[33]
Japan
[
edit
]
In the
Ryukyu Islands
of Japan, including
Okinawa Prefecture
and the
Amami Islands
in
Kagoshima Prefecture
, people traditionally celebrate Lunar New Year on the first day of the
lunar calendar
.
[34]
While not a nationally acknowledged holiday, the celebration holds great importance for the local communities, fostering a sense of cultural identity and connection to their unique heritage.
[35]
South Asia
[
edit
]
These
South Asian
traditional lunisolar celebrations are observed according to the local lunisolar calendars. They are influenced by Indian tradition, which marks the system of lunar months in a solar
sidereal year
. A separate solar new year also exists for those Indian regions which use solar months in a solar sidereal year.
The following are influenced by the
Tibetan calendar
:
India
[
edit
]
Various lunar calendars continue to be used throughout India in traditional and religious life. However, they are different from the Chinese lunisolar calendar used in
East Asia
. The two most common lunar new year celebrations in India are
Diwali
, and Gudi Padwa/Ugadi/Puthandu.
[
citation needed
]
Diwali typically falls in October or November, and Gudi Padwa/Ugadi/Puthandu typically falls in April.
In ancient times, the sun's entry into Aries coincided with the equinox. However, due to the earth's
axial precession
, the sidereal year is slightly longer than the tropical year, causing the dates to gradually drift apart. Today, the sun's entry into Aries occurs around 18 April, according to astronomical definitions.
[37]
Some traditional calendars are still marked by the sun's actual movements while others have since been fixed to the Gregorian calendar.
The sun's entry into Aries is known as
me?a sa?kr?nti
in
Sanskrit
, and is observed as
Mesha Sankranti
and
Songkran
in South and South-east Asian cultures.
[38]
Southeast Asia
[
edit
]
The following
Southeast Asian
Lunar New Year celebration is observed according to the local lunisolar calendar and is influenced by Indian Hindu traditions.
The following Southeast Asian Lunar New Year celebration is observed according to the local lunisolar calendar and is influenced by Islamic traditions.
- Satu Suro
(Javanese New Year)
: The Javanese calendar follows a purely lunar calendar of 12 months that retrogresses through the Gregorian and Julian calendar years. As in the Islamic calendar, the day of Javanese New Year may thus fall in any season on the calendar.
Malaysia
[
edit
]
Malaysia is a multi-cultural country. The three dominant ethnic groups in Malaysia are the
Malays
, the
Chinese
, and the
Indians
. Each group has its unique culture and traditional festivals. Public holidays are declared on the three important festivals celebrated by the Malays, Chinese, and Indians, namely
Hari Raya Puasa
, Chinese New Year and
Deepavali
respectively.
[40]
As timing of these three important festivals fluctuates due to their reliance on the lunar calendars, they occasionally occur close to one another?every 33 years to be exact.
[41]
Malaysians has named this phenomenon
Kongsi Raya
(Gongxi Raya), a Malaysian portmanteau, denoting the Chinese New Year and Hari Raya Aidilfitri festivals.
Singapore
[
edit
]
Lunar New Year is officially known as "Chinese New Year" in Singapore. It is celebrated in Singapore primarily by members of the
Chinese diaspora
, the
Peranakans
as well as their descendants, who make up three-quarters of the population. They include those who are
Hokkien
,
Cantonese
and
Teochew
from southeastern China; Hainanese from the island province of
Hainan
;
Hakka
, a migrant group spread out all over China. The Peranakans have been in the region for over 400 years and also have mixed Malay and European ancestry. Each ethnic group has its own set of traditions, as well as creating new ones incorporating elements from other cultures like Malays and Indians.
[42]
Vietnam
[
edit
]
T?t in Vietnam 2022
The earliest celebration of the Lunar New Year in Vietnam is presumed by some to be brought by the Emperor
Tri?u đa
. The Chinese brought with them their own policies, cultures, and traditions. The Lunar New Year was passed to the Vietnamese people and has stayed relatively intact through the centuries, despite uneasy and often hostile relations between the two countries.
[43]
[44]
The main difference between the
Chinese
and
Vietnamese calendars
is that the
Vietnamese zodiac
replaces the Ox and Rabbit in the
Chinese zodiac
with the Buffalo and Cat, respectively.
[
citation needed
]
However, it is noteworthy that the T?t Nguyen đan (Spring Festival) which is celebrated in late January or in the first half of February coincides with the onset of Spring in the regions of northern Vietnam and parts of southern China where the ancient Laos?Thailand kingdom of
Au L?c
and some regions of the
Baiyue
people are located. The celebration marks the beginning of a new planting season, particularly rice. There is also the historical legend of the origin of
banh ch?ng
, which started on the occasion of
T?t
. All early written records of the country have been destroyed through the millennia by numerous invasions from various groups.
Vietnamese New Year can also be traced back to the
Ly dynasty
(1009 AD ? 1226 AD). Vietnamese people often celebrated their T?t holiday by painting tattoos on themselves, drinking rice liquor, eating betel nuts, and making
banh ch?ng
, as well as pickled onions. During the period of Emperor
Le Thanh Tong
(1442 AD ? 1497 AD),
T?t
was considered a significant festival in Vietnam.
[45]
Lucky money is also given on Lunar New Year.
[46]
Middle East and West Asia
[
edit
]
Lunar new year celebrations that originated in the
Middle East
fall on other days:
- The
Lunar Hijri calendar
used by most of
Islam
, is a purely lunar calendar comprising 12
lunar months
: its year is shorter by about ten or eleven days than the
Gregorian calendar
year. Consequently
Islamic New Year
's Day may fall in any season: occasionally there can be two Islamic new years in one Gregorian year (as last happened in 2008). In 2023, the Islamic New Year fell on July 19, 2023; in 2024, it is expected to fall on 7 or 8 July 2024. (The
Solar Hijri calendar
, used in Iran, is a purely solar calendar. Its New Year's Day is always the day of the
northward equinox
.)
- In
Judaism
, there are as many as four lunar new year observances. Since the
Hebrew calendar
is
lunisolar
, the days always fall in the same season.
- Nisan
is the month of the "barley ripening", or "spring"
Aviv
/Abib, and the
book of Exodus
12:1?2, has God instructing Moses to command the Israelites to fix the new moon, the 1st day, of Nisan at the first, or head moon of the year. The talmud in
Rosh Hashanah (tractate)
2a calls this the
Rosh HaShana
, the new year, for kings and pilgrimages. The climax of this lunar new year is the festival of
Passover
, which begins on 15 Nisan/Abib (Aviv). It is also the first day of secular new years in
Karaite Judaism
and
Samaritanism
.
- 1
Elul
corresponds to the
New Year for Animal Tithes
in the Rabbinic tradition. Elul is the sixth month, a very late summer/early autumn holiday. It is the date on which the Samaritan calendar advances a year, on the theory that 1 Elul commemorates the creation of the Earth.
- 1
Tishrei
, is called
Yom teruah
,
Day of (trumpet) Blasts
in the written
Torah
, and it falls on the first of the "seventh month". It is translated
Feast of Trumpets
in most English bible translations. This
Day of trumpet Blasts
was also called
Rosh Hashanah
, literally "new year", in
Rabbinic Judaism
, on the theory that it is
Yom haDin
, a universal judgment day for all the children of Adam including Jews. Thus the universal, secular new year. It is the date on which the Rabbinic calendar advances a year, on the theory that 1 Tishrei is the day on which the world was born. Rosh Hashanah also inaugurates the ten days known as the High Holy Days/High Holidays or
Days of Awe
, culminating with
Yom Kippur
; which is the holiest day of the year in Rabbinic Judaism. For Samaritans and Karaites, Passover remains the holiest day of the year.
- Tu BiShvat
is the New Year for Trees in Rabbinic Judaism. On this day, every tree ages one year. The age of a tree determines whether it is subject to certain tithes.
[47]
In the modern era, it has become festive holiday with some ecological overtones.
North America
[
edit
]
New York
[
edit
]
New York City
[
edit
]
Lion dance
in
Fuzhou Town, Brooklyn
Multiple groups in
New York City
cooperate to sponsor a week-long Lunar New Year celebration. The festivities include cultural festival,
[48]
music concert,
[49]
fireworks on the
Hudson River
near the Chinese Consulate,
[50]
and special exhibits.
[49]
One of the key celebrations is the Chinese New Year parade
[51]
with floats and fireworks taking place along the streets in
Chinatown, Manhattan
, the largest Lunar New Year parade outside Asia.
[52]
In June 2015, New York City Mayor
Bill de Blasio
declared that the Lunar New Year would be made a
public school
holiday,
[53]
in September 2023,
New York State
made Lunar New Year a mandatory public school holiday.
[54]
Canada
[
edit
]
Hobiyee
, also spelled
Hoobiyee
,
Hobiiyee
and
Hoobiiyee
, is the new year of the
Nisg?a'a
people, celebrated in February or March. It signifies the emergence of the first
crescent moon
and begins the month Buxw-la?s.
[55]
Celebrations of Hobiyee are done by Nisg?a'a wherever they are located, but the largest celebrations are in Nisg?a'a itself and in areas with a large Nisg?a'a presence like
Vancouver
[56]
Recognition by the United Nations
[
edit
]
After a decade of advocating for its inclusion by China and also other countries in Asia, the
United Nations
unanimously passed a resolution at
its headquarters
in December 2023, to recognize Lunar New Year (based on the lunisolar Chinese calendar), as a floating holiday, at the
78th session of the United Nations General Assembly
. This means that starting in 2024, UN bodies are encouraged to avoid holding meetings during that day, marking Lunar New Year as the eighth floating holiday that is observed by UN staff internationally.
[57]
[58]
[59]
[60]
See also
[
edit
]
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[
edit
]
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.
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.
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Bibliography
[
edit
]
- Kizer, Jessica M. (2014), "Lunar New Year",
Asian American Society: An Encyclopedia
, Sage Publications, Inc.
- Zhong, Ai (2019), "A linguistic celebration of Chinese New Year in the Modern World",
China Beyond the Binary: Race, Gender, and the Use of Story
, Cambridge Scholars Publishing
External links
[
edit
]
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