Variety of Gulf Arabic spoken in Kuwait
Kuwaiti
(
Arabic
:
?????
,
romanized
:
Kuwayt?
,
[kweːti]
) is a
Gulf Arabic
dialect
spoken in
Kuwait
. Kuwaiti Arabic shares many phonetic features unique to Gulf dialects spoken in the
Arabian Peninsula
.
Due to
Kuwait's soap opera industry
, knowledge of Kuwaiti Arabic has spread throughout the Arabic-speaking world and become recognizable even to people in countries such as Tunisia and Jordan.
:
p. 113
History and development
[
edit
]
Kuwaiti Arabic speakers exhibit features not found in
Modern Standard Arabic
(MSA), due in part to natural linguistic change over time, influence from nearby dialects in Iraq and Saudi Arabia, as well as influence from
English
,
Italian
,
Persian
,
Turkish
, as well as
Hindi-Urdu
and
Swahili
.
Three groups make up the Kuwaiti population: the descendants of people from the Arabian Peninsula,
Iraq
, and
Iran
.
Kuwaiti Arabic is rapidly changing due to many factors,
in particular contact with speakers of other languages and other Arabic varieties.
Phonology
[
edit
]
Kuwaiti Arabic has three short vowels
/a
i
u/
and five long vowels
/a:
e:
i:
o:
u:/
. Short
[e]
and
[o]
appear in some words, typically as allophones (such as word-final
/a/
, which raises to
[e]
), though their phonemicity is marginal and many of the words they appear in are loans from other languages.
Consonants in parentheses are marginal, found exclusively in formal, educated speech or from loanwords. Similarly, the glottal stop
[?]
is rare, occurring in borrowings from
Modern Standard Arabic
.
/?/
and
/t?/
are the Kuwaiti Arabic reflexes of Classical Arabic *q (
[q]
in MSA) and *k (
[k]
in MSA), respectively.
/?/
may also be fronted to
/d?/
in the context of front vowels.
12
/v/
appears exclusively in loanwords from English; speakers may have difficulty with this sound and replace it with
[f]
.
Emphatic consonants are pronounced with simultaneous velarization or pharyngealization; like MSA and other Arabic dialects, Kuwaiti Arabic makes phonemic contrasts between emphatic and non-emphatic consonants, though AlBader identifies allophonic emphaticization of
/b
f
l
m
n
r/
, which become
[b?
f?
l?
m?
n?
r?]
when they come before a long
/a:/
or when they are in close proximity to an emphatic consonant or back vowel.
Varieties
[
edit
]
Kuwaiti Arabic is divided into two varieties: Urban and Bedouin; the latter is considered to be more linguistically conservative, while the former, associated largely with sedentary urban speakers, has novel features not shared by surrounding dialects
and is considered to be more prestigious.
The urban dialect originates from the spoken dialect of Arabian Peninsular Arabic speakers who migrated to the area in the 18th century, being strongly influenced by contact with and immigration from the outside world.
The Urban speech is divided into four sub-dialects, while the Bedouin dialect is divided into two.
[17]
The four sedentary dialects are:
- Sharq: Mainly used by
Ajam
, who settled the district. It is a result of a mixture of the various different dialects spoken in Kuwait in the past.
(See also
Sharg
)
[19]
- Jibla (See also
Jibla
)
- Failicha (See also
Failaka Island
)
- Fintaas (See also
Fintaas, Kuwait
)
While the two Bedouin varieties are:
Historians and researchers usually demonstrate differences between the dialects using
/sukkar/
, the Kuwaiti word for "sugar", which has three different pronunciations depending on the speaker's dialect. It is pronounced (
[??k?r]
) in Sharg dialect, Shakar (
[??k?r]
) in Fintaas dialect, and Shakir (
[?ak?r]
) in Jibla dialect.
[17]
[20]
[21]
Status
[
edit
]
Dashti identifies four varieties of Arabic in Kuwait.
Classical Arabic
(CA), the language of the Quran, the liturgical language of
Islam
, the religion of the vast majority of Kuwaitis, and old Arabic literature,
Modern Standard Arabic
(MSA), which is the medium of formal communication and school education. This variety is considered the second language of Kuwaitis as they are only introduced to when they start school. Kuwaiti Arabic (KA), the language of everyday's life and the symbol of the Kuwaiti identity. It is a symbol of prestige in the Kuwaiti society. The last variety is Educated Standard Arabic (ESA), in which the speaker mixes between MSA and KA. This language is used in Radio, TV, and academics' informal discussions. Kuwait is
diglossic
, like the rest of the Arab world, with the Arabic language being seen as the high variety, while Kuwaiti is seen more like a patois or a low-variety colloquial dialect of Arabic.
[22]
[23]
Kuwaiti is the "normal" way of speaking in everyday's life and is acquired naturally at home and not taught at schools (as it is considered a mere dialect of the Arabic language by the public).
After conducting several interviews with speakers of Kuwaiti, Akbar states that for many, speaking Kuwaiti is the most important criterion of being considered Kuwaiti.
[24]
Features and characteristics
[
edit
]
Kuwaiti Arabic is a variant of
Gulf Arabic
, sharing similarities with the dialects of neighboring coastal areas in Eastern Arabia.
[17]
Due to immigration during its early history as well as trade, Kuwaiti was influenced by many languages such as Persian, English, Italian, Urdu, Turkish, and others.
[25]
A characteristic in Kuwait is the use of words and phrases by women exclusively, for example "??? ??????", roughly translated to "Oh Saver [God]", is rarely or never used by men.
[26]
It also differs from other Arabic variants in the way phonological
assimilation
occurs to a multitude of words, but not to all of them. The only case of full assimilation is /d?/ changing to /ð?/ in all words.
Differences between Standard Arabic and Kuwaiti
[
edit
]
Each colloquial variety of Arabic has evolved and developed over time from earlier Arabic dialects. In addition to the phonological differences mentioned above, some of the grammatical differences between the Standard Arabic (MSA) and Kuwaiti Arabic are:
- Kuwaiti uses
SVO
more often (unless the subject is omitted because of the verb's conjugation), while Modern Standard Arabic uses
VSO
most of the time. There may be a relationship between definiteness and pragmatic factors that control the choice of VSO vs. SVO in Kuwaiti and other Arabic varieties.
[27]
- Copulas
are used in Kuwaiti, unlike Arabic. Below is a table of copulas used in Kuwaitis:
Note:
Copulas are used before verbs only, not adjectives. For example: I am drinking, not I
am
drunk. Many linguists define copulas as expressing identity and "is-a" relations. Since the following "copulas" are only use before verbs, they may be classified as aspectual particles.
Verb
|
In Kuwaiti
|
Transliteration
|
am, is
|
????/?????/???????/?????/??????
|
[???
,
[?am]
,
[?a??d]
,
[?a?]
,
[???d]
|
are
|
????/?????/??????????/?????/??????
|
[???
,
[?am]
,
[?a?din]
,
[?a?]
,
[???d]
|
The past tenses are formed by adding ?????
kaːn
before each copula.
- Almost all of
Arabic declensions
are omitted in Kuwaiti.
- Dual grammatical person
is not used, though dual nouns are still used.
- Feminine forms in plural second and third person are not used.
- The definite article, al- (
[al]
), became el- (
[?l]
-) in Kuwaiti.
Lexicon
[
edit
]
Kuwaiti has borrowed many words from other languages due to immigration and trade. Below are few examples with the corresponding Arabic words. As noticed, many words come from Turkish. This is due to the historical influence of
Ottomans
that ruled over neighboring regions.
Note:
A green box indicates that the MSA word is used in Kuwaiti (most of the times interchangeably), while a red box means it is not.
Word
|
Pronunciation
|
Meaning
|
Origin
|
In Original Language
|
In Modern Standard Arabic
|
??????? or ???????
|
[d??.m?]
or
[d???.m?]
|
'button'
|
Turkish
|
du?me
|
???
|
????????
|
[????rd?]
|
'kind-hearted person'
|
Persian
|
?????
|
??????
|
????? and ??????
|
[b?xt]
and
[b?xæt]
|
'luck'
|
Persian
|
???
|
???
|
??????
|
[waj?r]
|
'wire'
|
English
|
wire
|
?????
|
?????
|
[d?b?l]
|
'double'
|
English
|
double
|
????? or ?????
|
?????????
|
[?s??n.s?eːr]
|
'elevator'
|
French
|
ascenseur
|
???????
|
??????
|
[tiːl?]
|
'marble [toy]'
|
Persian
|
????
|
?????? ???????
|
?????
|
[k?t?r]
|
'quarters'
|
English
|
quarter
|
???? or ?????
|
?????
|
[d?eːk?r]
|
'ugly' (often used humorously)
|
English
|
joker
, from the playing card
|
???? (lacks humorous meaning)
|
??????
|
[r?znam?]
|
'calendar'
|
Persian
|
???????
|
?????
|
???????? or ???????
|
[?oːrb?]
or
[?oːr??b?]
|
'soup'
|
Turkish
|
corba
|
??????
|
??????
|
/s?aloːn/
|
'lounge'
|
French
|
salon
|
????
|
??????
|
[t??r?i]
|
'pickle'
|
Turkish
|
tur?u
|
????????
|
??????? or ???????
|
[n?mr?]
or
[n?mr?]
|
'phone number'
|
Persian
|
????
|
???
|
???? or ??????
|
[b?ŋk]
or
[b?ŋg]
|
'bank'
|
English
|
bank
|
???????
|
?????? ?????
|
[j?wa?]
or
[j?wa?]
|
'slow down/be careful'
|
Turkish
|
yava?
|
????????
|
???
|
[t?oːz]
|
'sandstorm'
|
Turkish
|
toz
|
????? ??????/????? ??????
|
???????
|
[t?lfv?zj??n]
or
[t?lv?zj??n]
or
[t?l?f?zj??n]
|
'television'
|
English
|
television
|
?????
|
????????????
|
[k??mbjutar]
|
'computer'
|
English
|
computer
|
?????
|
????????
|
[d?r??j??]
|
'window'
|
Persian
|
?????
|
?????
|
?????
|
[??zbal?]
or
[zubal?]
|
'garbage/trash'
|
Persian
|
?????
|
????? or ?????
|
?????
|
[s?al?aːh]
|
'living room'
|
Spanish
|
sala
|
???? ???????
|
????? (pl. ??????)
|
[???ti
(pl.???waːti
]
|
'shoe(s)'
|
Hindi
|
????
|
???? (pl. ?????)
|
?????
|
[??ti]
|
'flatiron'
|
Turkish
|
utu
|
?????
|
??????????
|
[abaj??r?]
|
'lampshade'
|
French
|
abat-jour
|
???? ?????
|
??? ????????
|
[m??z
twaːl??t]
|
'dresser/makeup table/toilette'
|
Persian
|
??? ?????
|
??????
|
??? (conj. ???? ????)
|
[ak??
(conj.?ak??,
mak??]
|
'there is (there isn't, what is there? [often also "no way!" in exclamation.])'
|
Akkadian
|
-
|
????
|
??????
|
[d?kːk??ːn]
|
'store'
|
Persian
|
????
|
???
|
????????
|
[b?ŋkːah]
|
'fan'
|
Hindi
|
?????
|
?????
|
???????
|
[s??jdːah]
|
'straight/straight ahead'
|
Hindi
|
?????
|
??????
|
????????
|
[?bːx?ah]
|
'female teacher'
|
Turkish
|
abla
|
?????
|
?????
|
[baxː????]
|
'tip (as in tipping at a restaurant)'
|
Turkish
|
bah?i?
|
|
????
|
[k???z?]
or {{IPA|[[???z?]}}
|
'*regional lamb dish made of whole lamb*'
|
Turkish
|
kuzu
|
??
|
[h?m]
|
'also'
|
Persian
|
??
|
?????
|
?????????
|
[cand?shin]
|
'air conditioner'
|
English
|
air conditioner
|
????
|
?????
[28]
|
[fingar]
|
'to kick something with one's toes'
|
English
|
finger
|
????
|
????
|
[?uːt]
|
'to kick (a ball, or in martial arts, etc.)'
|
English
|
shoot
|
????
|
????
|
[x?z]
|
'stare'
|
Turkish
|
gozu
|
???
|
??
|
[??z]
|
'to meander'
|
English
|
gaze
[29]
|
????
|
Old-fashioned or obsolete words
[
edit
]
some words were replaced by native Arabic words over time. A few examples of such words include:
[30]
[31]
- ??? (ring), A Persian word that means colour.
- ????? (??t?n) "female nurse", from Turkish word meaning "noble woman", now replaced with ???? (sister), from English.
- ???? (binsil), from English
Pencil
.
- ?????? (karf?ya), from Hindi.
Dr. Ya'goob al-Ghaneem points at the increasing numbers of Arab expatriate and exposure to media in different Arabics as the reasons behind this change. Fatima Mahasin hypothesises that the words being replaced are not of English, French or Italian origins, and tend originate from "less-prestigious" languages.
[32]
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Kuwaiti Arabic
at
Ethnologue
(26th ed., 2023)
- ^
Qafisheh, Hamdi A. 1999. NTC's Gulf Arabic-English Dictionary. (USA: McGraw-Hill Contemporary), p. XV
- ^
a
b
c
"???? ??????: "?????? ????????" "??????" ?? ???????.. ??? ???? ??????? ??????"
. 2015-01-20. Archived from
the original
on 2015-01-20
. Retrieved
2016-10-01
.
- ^
"??? ??? ??????"
.
- ^
http://www.kuwaitmag.com/index.jsp?inc=5&id=1031&pid=219&version=9
[
permanent dead link
]
- ^
":: Lahjah :: ??????"
.
www.lahjah.com
. Retrieved
2016-10-01
.
- ^
Akbar, Rahima (April 2007).
"1.3 The Sociolinguistic Situation in Kuwait"
(PDF)
.
Students' and Teachers' attitudes towards Kuwaiti/English code-switching
(Ph.D.). Cardiff University
. Retrieved
7 July
2016
.
- ^
Mahsain, Fatima (April 2007).
"1.2.4.2 Literacy"
(PDF)
.
Motivations Behind Code-switching Among Kuwaiti Bilingual Schools" Students
(Ph.D.). University of Manchester
. Retrieved
7 July
2016
.
- ^
Akbar, Rahima (April 2007).
"2.2.2 Language as a Symbol of Group Identity"
(PDF)
.
Students' and Teachers' attitudes towards Kuwaiti/English code-switching
(Ph.D.). Cardiff University
. Retrieved
7 July
2016
.
- ^
Mahsain, Fatima (April 2007).
"1.2.4.1 Language"
(PDF)
.
Motivations Behind Code-switching Among Kuwaiti Bilingual Schools" Students
(Ph.D.). University of Manchester
. Retrieved
7 July
2016
.
- ^
Lahjah Kuwaiti-Arabic dictionary
- ^
The Syntax of Spoken Arabic, Kristen Brustad
- ^
Dashti, Abdulmuhsin (2015). "The Role and Status of the English Language in Kuwait". English Today. pp. 28-33. doi:10.1017/S026607841500022X
- ^
"???? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????"
.
???????? ???????????
. Retrieved
2016-07-08
.
- ^
"???? : ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????.. ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? - ??????? ??????? ??????? - 19/04/2018"
.
- ^
al-Ghaneem, Ya'goob.
????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ? ???? ????? ? ???? ?????
.
- ^
Mahsain, Fatima (April 2007).
"1.2.4.1 Language"
(PDF)
.
Motivations Behind Code-switching Among Kuwaiti Bilingual Schools" Students
(Ph.D.). University of Manchester
. Retrieved
7 July
2016
.
Bibliography
[
edit
]
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Ayyad, Hadeel (2011).
Phonological Development of Typically Developing Kuwaiti Arabic-Speaking Preschoolers
(Thesis). University of British Columbia.
|
---|
Official languages
| |
---|
Native
lects
| |
---|
Expatriate languages
| |
---|
Other
| Pre-Kuwait
| |
---|
Education
| |
---|
lingua francas
| |
---|
|
---|