Hindu festival celebrating Krishna's birth
Krishna Janmashtami
|
---|
|
Also called
|
- Krishnashtami
- Krishna Jayanti
- Gokulashtami
- Yadukulashtami
- Srikrishna Jayanti
|
---|
Observed by
| Hindus
|
---|
Type
| Religious (1?2 days), cultural
|
---|
Celebrations
| Dahi Handi
(next day in the north), kite-flying, drawing footprints of infant Krishna,
fasting, traditional sweet dishes, etc.
|
---|
Observances
| Dance-drama, puja, night vigil, fasting
|
---|
Date
| Shraavana Krishna Ashtami, Bhadra Krishna Ashtami
|
---|
2023 date
| 6?7
September
[1]
|
---|
2024 date
| 26?27 August
[2]
|
---|
Explanatory note
Hindu festival dates
The
Hindu calendar
is lunisolar but most festival dates are specified using the lunar portion of the calendar. A lunar day is uniquely identified by three calendar elements:
m?sa
(lunar month),
pak?a
(lunar fortnight) and
tithi
(lunar day).
Furthermore, when specifying the masa, one of two traditions are applicable, viz.
am?nta
/
p?r?im?nta
. If a festival falls in the waning phase of the moon, these two traditions identify the same lunar day as falling in two different (but successive) masa.
A lunar year is shorter than a solar year by about eleven days. As a result, most Hindu festivals occur on different days in successive years on the Gregorian calendar.
|
|
Krishna Janmashtami
(
Sanskrit
:
???????????????
,
romanized
:
K???ajanm???am?
), also known simply as
Krishnashtami
,
Janmashtami
, or
Gokulashtami
, is an annual
Hindu
festival that celebrates the
birth of Krishna
, the eighth
avatar
of
Vishnu
. In certain Hindu texts, such as the
Gita Govinda
, Krishna has been identified as supreme God and the source of all avatars.
[5]
Krishna's birth is celebrated and observed on the eighth day (
Ashtami
) of the dark fortnight (
Krishna Paksha
) in
Shravana
Masa
(according to the
amanta
tradition) or
Bhadrapada
Masa
(according to the
purnimanta
tradition). This overlaps with August or September of the
Gregorian calendar
.
[5]
It is an important festival, particularly in the
Vaishnavism
tradition of Hinduism.
[6]
The celebratory customs associated with Janmashtami include a celebration festival, reading and recitation of religious texts, dance and enactments of the life of Krishna according to the
Bhagavata Purana
, devotional singing till midnight (the time of Krishna's birth), and fasting (
upavasa
), amongst other things.
[7]
It is widely celebrated across India and abroad.
[5]
[8]
[9]
Etymology
[
edit
]
The meaning of the
Sanskrit
word Janmashtami can be understood by splitting it into the two words, "Janma" and "Ashtami." The word "Janma" means birth
[10]
and the word "Ashtami" means eight; thus, Krishna Janmashtami is the celebration of Krishna's birth on the eighth day of the dark fortnight (
Krishna Paksha
) in the month of Bhadrapada (August?September).
[11]
[12]
History
[
edit
]
Information about Krishna's life is noted in the
Mahabharata
, the
Puranas
, and
Bhagavata Purana
.
Krishna
is the eighth son of
Devaki
(mother) and
Vasudeva
(father).
[5]
Surrounding the time of his birth, persecution was rampant, freedoms were being denied, and King
Kamsa
's life was threatened.
[13]
Krishna was born within a prison in
Mathura
,
India
where his parents were constrained by his uncle,
Kamsa
.
[5]
During Devaki's wedding, Kamsa was warned by a celestial voice that Devaki's eighth son would be the cause of his death.
[5]
In an effort to defy this prophesy, Kamsa imprisoned his sister Devaki and her husband and promptly killed the first six of her newborns after their birth.
[5]
The guards responsible for keeping watch over Devaki's cell fell asleep and the cell doors were miraculously opened at the time of Krishna's birth.
[5]
These events allowed Vasudeva to send Krishna across the
Yamuna
River to his foster parents, Yashoda (mother) and Nanda (father).
[5]
This legend is celebrated on Janmashtami by people keeping fasts, singing devotional songs of love for Krishna, and keeping a vigil into the night.
[14]
Throughout Krishna's childhood and young adult life,
Balarama
, Krishna's half-brother, was a "constant companion" for him. Balarama joined Krishna in the major events that are celebrated in Vraja, Brindavan, Dravarka, and Mathura such as stealing butter, chasing calves, playing in the cow pens, and participating in wrestling matches.
[15]
Observance and celebrations
[
edit
]
Krishna Janmashtami holds significant importance to Hindus around the world, and it is celebrated in diverse forms depending on their regional and cultural customs.
[16]
[6]
Hindus celebrate Janmashtami by fasting, singing, praying together, preparing and sharing special food, night vigils, and visiting Krishna or Vishnu temples. The places of Mathura and
Vrindavan
are visited by pilgrims.
[8]
Some mandirs organize recitation of
Bhagavad Gita
in the days leading up to Janmashtami.
[17]
Many northern Indian communities organize dance-drama events called
Rasa Lila
or
Krishna Lila
.
[14]
The tradition of Rasa Lila is particularly popular in the Mathura region, in northeastern states of India such as Manipur and Assam, and in parts of
Rajasthan
and
Gujarat
. It is acted out by numerous teams of amateur artists, cheered on by their local communities, and these drama-dance plays begin a few days before each Janmashtami.
[18]
[19]
People decorate their houses with flowers and light.
[20]
On this day, people chant "Hare Krishna hare Krishna, Krishna- Krishna Hare Hare". The Janmashtami celebration is followed by
Dahi Handi
, which is celebrated the next day.
[21]
[22]
After Krishna's midnight hour birth, forms of baby Krishna are bathed and clothed, then placed in a cradle. The devotees then break their fast by sharing food and sweets. Women draw tiny footprints outside their house doors and kitchen, walking towards their house, a symbolism for Krishna's journey into their homes.
[14]
Northern India
[
edit
]
Janmashtami is the largest festival in the
Braj
region of north India, in cities such as
Mathura
where Hindu tradition states Krishna was born, and in Vrindavan where he grew up.
[14]
Vaishnava communities
in these cities in
Uttar Pradesh
, as well as others in the state, as well as locations in Rajasthan, Delhi, Haryana,
Uttarakhand
and Himalayan north celebrate Janmashtami. Krishna temples are decorated and lighted up, they attract numerous visitors on the day, while Krishna devotees hold
bhakti
events and keep night vigil.
[23]
The festival typically falls as the monsoons in north India have begun retreating, fields laden with crops and rural communities have time to play. In the northern states, Janmashtami is celebrated with the
Raslila
tradition, which literally means "play (Lila) of delight, essence (Rasa)". This is expressed as solo or group dance and drama events at Janmashtami, wherein Krishna related compositions are sung, music accompanies the performance, while actors and audience share and celebrate the performance by clapping hands to mark the beat.
[24]
The childhood pranks of Krishna and the love affairs of
Radha-Krishna
are particularly popular. According to Christian Roy and other scholars, these Radha-Krishna love stories are Hindu symbolism for the longing and love of the human soul for the divine or
Brahman
.
[25]
[24]
Poetry describing the feats of Krishna became popular in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries within the Braj region, and is written according to a vernacular called "
Braj basha
" (present-day "
Hindi
").
[26]
The Braj basha poems of
Surdas
(collectively known as the
Sursagar
) are popularly recalled, some of which describe the birth and childhood of Krishna.
[7]
Jammu Region
[
edit
]
In
Jammu region
, Janmashtami is popularly known by the name "
Thogre/Thakure da Vrat
"
[27]
(meaning Vrat dedicated to Thakur i.e. Shri Krishna). Observing a
Phalaahari Vrat
for complete one day is the major ritual in the festival. The day is marked by numerous
Phalaahari Dhaams
or
Bhandaras
in the streets of Jammu region's prominent towns.
Janmashtami marks the beginning of the kite-flying season in the Jammu region whereby locals gather and fly decorated kites from their rooftops.
[28]
While on the other hand, girls and women decorate their palms by applying
Teera
, dye of an indigenous plant.
[27]
Another ceremony associated with Janmashtami in Jammu region is "
Deyaa Parna"
in which
Dogras
donate cereal grains in the name of their ancestors &
Kuldevtas
. A holy tree called
jand
is worshipped by women on this day. Special rotis called
draupads
are prepared and offered to cows and deities.
[27]
Kashmir
[
edit
]
Janmashtami is celebrated as
Zaram Satam
(Janam Saptami) by the native
Kashmiri Pandits
of Kashmir. The festival is associated with observing a
vrat
the whole day and visiting the
Thokur Kuth
(Krishna Mandir) at midnight. At night,
puja
is performed in the temples which includes performing
abhishek
(ritual bath) to the
murti
of Krishna, and singing
bhajans
(devotional songs). Food items appropriate for fasting, such as
gaer
or
singhada lapsi
(made from waterchestnut flour), fruits, and dried fruits are consumed on this day.
[29]
Maharashtra
[
edit
]
Janmashtami (popularly known as "Dahi Handii" in
Maharashtra
) is celebrated in cities such as
Mumbai
,
Latur
,
Nagpur
and
Pune
.
[6]
It is a celebration of joy and facilitator of social oneness.
[6]
Dahi Handi
is an enactment of how Krishna, during his childhood, would steal butter.
[30]
This story is the theme of numerous reliefs on Hindu temples across India, as well as literature and dance-drama repertoire, symbolizing the joyful innocence of children, that love and life's play is the manifestation of god.
[31]
[32]
It is common practice for youth groups to celebrate the festival by participating in
Dahi Handi
,
which involves hanging a clay pot, filled with buttermilk, at a significant height.
[6]
Once hung, several youth groups compete to reach the pot by creating a human pyramid and breaking it open.
[6]
[30]
[33]
[34]
The spilled contents are considered as
prasada
(celebratory offering). It is a public spectacle, cheered and welcomed as a community event.
[24]
[35]
Gujarat and Rajasthan
[
edit
]
In
Dwarka
, Gujarat ? where Krishna is believed to have established his kingdom ? people celebrate the festival with a tradition similar to
Dahi Handi
, called
Makhan Handi
(pot with freshly churned butter). Others perform folk dances such and
garba
and
raas
, sing
bhajans
, and visit Krishna temples such as at the
Dwarkadhish Temple
or
Nathdwara
. In the
Kutch district
region, farmers decorate their bullock carts and take out Krishna processions, with group singing and dancing.
[36]
The day is of special importance to followers of the
Pushtimarg
and the
Swaminarayan movement
.
[37]
The works of Gujarati poets,
Narsinh Mehta
(1414?1480 c.e.),
Dayaram
(1777?1852) and Rajasthani poet
Mirabai
(c.1500), are popularly revisited and sung during Janmashtami. Their works are categorized as part of the
bhakti
tradition, or devotional poetry dedicated to Krishna.
[38]
[7]
South India
[
edit
]
In
Kerala
, people celebrate in September, according to the
Malayalam calendar
.
In
Tamil Nadu
, people decorate the floor with kolams (decorative pattern drawn with rice batter). Geetha Govindam and other such devotional songs are sung in praise of Krishna. Little footprints, representing Krishna as an infant, are drawn from the threshold of the house till the pooja (prayer) room, which depicts the arrival of Krishna into the house.
[39]
Reciting from the
Bhagavad Gita
is also a popular practice. The offerings made to Krishna include fruits, betel and butter. Milk-based items, such as sweet
seedai
and
verkadalai urundai
, are prepared.
[40]
The festival is celebrated in the evening as Krishna was born at midnight. Most people observe a strict fast on this day.
[40]
In
Andhra Pradesh
and Telengana, recitation of shlokas and devotional songs are the characteristics of this festival. Another unique feature of this festival is that young boys are dressed up as Krishna and they visit neighbours and friends. The people of Andhra Pradesh observe a fast too. Various kinds of sweets such as
chakodi
,
murukku
, and
seedai
are offered to Krishna on this day.
[40]
Joyful chanting of Krishna's name takes place in quite a few temples of the state. The number of temples dedicated to Krishna are few. The reason being that people have taken to worship him through paintings and not idols.
[
citation needed
]
Popular south Indian temples dedicated to Krishna are
Rajagopalaswamy Temple
in
Mannargudi
in the
Tiruvarur district
, Pandavadhoothar temple in
Kanchipuram
, Sri Krishna temple at
Udupi
, and the Krishna temple at
Guruvayur
are dedicated to the memory of Vishnu's incarnation as Krishna. It is believed that the
murti
(idol) of Krishna installed in Guruvayur is originally from his kingdom in Dwarka ? which is believed to be submerged in the sea.
[41]
Eastern and Northeastern India
[
edit
]
Janmashtami is widely celebrated by Hindu Vaishnava communities of eastern and northeastern India. The widespread tradition of celebrating Krishna in these regions is credited to the efforts and teachings of 15th and 16th century
Sankardeva
and
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
. Sankardeva introduced the musical composition,
Borgeet
, and dance-drama styles ?
Ankia Naat
[42]
and
Sattriya
- that is now popular in West Bengal and Assam. In Manipur state, a traditional dance -
Raas Leela
- inspired by the theme of love and devotion between Krishna, Radha and the gopis, is enacted using the Manipuri dance style.
[43]
[46]
The contextual roots of these dance drama arts are found in the ancient Hindu text
Natya Shastra
, but with influences from the culture fusion between India and southeast Asia.
On Janmashtami, parents dress up their children as Krishna or the gopis. Temples and community centers are decorated with regional flowers and leaves, while groups recite or listen to the tenth chapter of the
Bhagavata Purana
, and the
Bhagavata Gita
.
[24]
Janmashtami is a major festival celebrated with fasts, vigil, recitation of scriptures and Krishna prayers in Manipur.
[50]
Dancers performing
Raslila
are a notable annual tradition during Janmashtami in Mathura and Vrindavan.
[51]
Children play the
Likol Sannaba
game in the Meetei Vaishnava community.
[52]
The
Shree Govindajee Temple
and the ISKCON temples particularly mark the Janmashtami festival.
[53]
Janmashtami is celebrated in Assam at homes, in community centers called
Namghars
(Assamese: ?????). According to the tradition, the devotees sing the
Nam
, perform pujas and sharing food and
Prasada
.
[53]
Odisha and West Bengal
[
edit
]
In the eastern state of
Odisha
, specifically the region around
Puri
and in
Nabadwip
, West Bengal, the festival is also referred to as
Sri Krishna Jayanti
or simply
Sri Jayanti
.
[54]
[55]
People celebrate Janmashtami by fasting and worship until midnight. The
Bhagavata Purana
is recited from the 10th chapter, a section dedicated to the life of
Krishna
. The next day is called "Nanda Ucchhaba" or the joyous celebration of Krishna's foster parents
Nanda
and
Yashoda
. Devotees keep
fasting
during the entire day of Janmashtami. They bring water from
Ganga
to bathe Radha Madhaba during their abhisheka ceremony. A grand abhisheka is performed at midnight for the small Radha Madha. In Odisha, the Jagannath Temple in Puri, best known for its grand
Ratha Yatra
celebrations, perform a
Ratha Yatra
during Janmashtami.
[56]
Outside India
[
edit
]
Nepal
[
edit
]
About eighty percent of the population of
Nepal
identify themselves as Hindus and celebrate Krishna Janmashtami. They observe Janmashtami by fasting until midnight. It is a national holiday in Nepal.
[57]
The devotees recite the
Bhagavad Gita
and sing religious songs called bhajans and kirtans. The temples of Krishna are decorated. Shops, posters and houses carry Krishna motifs.
[58]
Bangladesh
[
edit
]
Janmashtami is a
national holiday in Bangladesh
.
[59]
On Janmashtami, a procession starts from
Dhakeshwari Temple
in
Dhaka
, the National Temple of Bangladesh, and then proceeds through the streets of
Old Dhaka
. The procession dates back to 1902, but was stopped in 1948. The procession was resumed in 1989.
[60]
Fiji
[
edit
]
At least a quarter of the population in
Fiji
practices Hinduism, and this holiday has been celebrated in Fiji since the first Indian indentured laborers landed there. Janmashtami in Fiji is known as "Krishna Ashtami". Most Hindus in Fiji have ancestors that originated from
Uttar Pradesh
, Bihar, and
Tamil Nadu
, making this an especially important festival for them. Fiji's Janmashtami celebrations are unique in that they last for eight days, leading up to the eighth day, the day Krishna was born. During these eight days, Hindus gather at homes and at temples with their 'mandalis,' or devotional groups at evenings and night, and recite the
Bhagavat Purana
, sing devotional songs for Krishna, and distribute Prasadam.
[61]
Pakistan
[
edit
]
Janmashtami is celebrated by
Pakistani Hindus
in the
Shri Swaminarayan Mandir
in
Karachi
with the singing of
bhajans
and delivering of sermons on Krishna.
[62]
It is an optional holiday in Pakistan.
Others
[
edit
]
In
Arizona
, United States, Governor
Janet Napolitano
was the first American leader to greet a message on Janmashtami, while acknowledging ISKCON.
[63]
The festival is also celebrated widely by Hindus in the
Caribbean
countries of
Guyana
,
Trinidad and Tobago
,
Jamaica
and
Suriname
. Many Hindus in these countries originate from Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar; descendants of indentured immigrants from Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal, and Orissa.
See also
[
edit
]
References
[
edit
]
Citations
[
edit
]
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