From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| This is the
pronunciation key
for
IPA
transcriptions of Persian on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Persian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing
consensus
on the
talk page
first.
| |
Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Persian
The charts below show the way in which the
International Phonetic Alphabet
(IPA) represents
Persian
,
Dari
, and
Tajik language
pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see
Template:IPA
, and
Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation §?Entering IPA characters
.
See
Persian phonology
for a more thorough look at the sounds of Persian.
IPA
|
Consonants
[1]
|
Farsi
|
Dari
|
Tajik
|
Arabic
letter
|
Cyrillic
letter
|
Example
(Arabic script)
|
Example
(Cyrillic)
|
English approximation
|
b
|
?
|
б
|
?????
|
бародар
|
b
eet
[2]
-
b
oy
|
d
|
?
|
д
|
??????
|
д?ст
|
d
en -
D
aniel
|
d?
|
?
|
?
|
????
|
?авон
|
j
azz -
j
oy
|
f
|
?
|
ф
|
????
|
фишор
|
f
ast -
f
estival
|
?
|
?
|
г
|
????
|
гуру?
|
g
ate
[3]
-
g
ooseberry
|
?
,
q
?
[4]
|
?
|
?
[5]
|
?
|
???
|
бо?
|
Either:
- Spanish
fue
g
o (
[?]
),
- Similar to
c
ost
(but deeper in the throat) (
[q]
),
- Similar to
g
ot (but deeper in the throat) (
[?]
)
|
q
|
?
|
?
|
???
|
?алам
|
h
|
?
?
|
?
|
???
|
?афт
|
h
at
|
j
|
?
|
й
|
??
|
ё
|
y
ard
|
k?
|
?
|
к
|
????
|
кишвар
|
c
at
[6]
|
l
|
?
|
л
|
??
|
лаб
|
l
and
|
m
|
?
|
м
|
????
|
модар
|
m
an
[7]
|
n
|
?
|
н
|
???
|
нон
|
n
eck
|
p?
|
???
|
п
|
?????
|
пидор
|
p
en
[6]
|
?
|
?
|
р
|
?????
|
Эрон
|
Flapped
or
rolled R
[8]
|
?
|
r
ing
|
s
|
?
?
?
|
с
|
????
|
сойа
|
s
ock
|
?
|
???
|
ш
|
?????
|
шо?
|
sh
ake
|
t?
|
?
?
|
т
|
??
|
то
|
t
all
[6]
|
t??
|
?
|
ч
|
???
|
ч?б
|
ch
ip
[6]
|
v
|
w
|
v
|
?
|
в
|
????
|
вижа
|
o
v
en
[9]
[10]
|
x
|
?
|
х
|
????
|
хона
|
lo
ch
(
Scottish
)
|
z
|
?
?
?
?
|
з
|
????
|
озод
|
ja
zz
[11]
|
?
|
?
|
ж
|
????
|
жола
|
vi
si
on
[12]
|
?
|
?
?
[13]
|
ъ
|
????
|
маъно
|
As in wa
t
er, be
tt
er, Le
t'
s go! (
Cockney
); bu
tt
on (
GA
and
RP
; see
T-glottalization
)
|
Marginal consonants
|
ŋ
|
??
|
нг
|
???
|
ранг
|
si
ng
[14]
|
Stress
|
?
[15]
|
?????
[?iː???ːn]
|
Эрон
|
a
bout
|
- ^
Persian consonants can be
geminated
(doubled), especially in words from
Arabic
. This is represented in IPA by doubling the consonant:
[sejjed]
.
- ^
Also an
allophone
of
/p/
before
voiced consonants
.
- ^
Also an allophone of
/k/
before
voiced consonants
.
- ^
Also an allophone of /
x
/ before voiced consonants.
- ^
? and ? denoted the original Arabic phonemes in Classical Persian, the
voiced velar fricative
[?]
and the
voiceless uvular stop
[q]
(pronounced in Persian as
voiced uvular stop
[?]
), respectively. In the modern
Tehrani accent
(both colloquial and standard dialects), the phonemes of ? and ? are allophones; when
/?/
(spelled either
?
or
?
) occurs at the beginning or the end of a word, after a consonant and at the end of a syllable, it is realized as a
voiced uvular plosive
[?]
. When /
?
/ (also spelled either
?
or
?
) occurs intervocalically, it is realized as a voiced velar fricative
[?]
. The allophone is probably influenced by
Turkic languages
like
Azeri
and
Turkmen
. The sounds remain distinct in Persian dialects of southern Iran and Eastern Persian dialects (
Dari
and
Tajik
).
- ^
a
b
c
d
The unvoiced stops
/p,
t,
t?,
k/
are
aspirated
much like their English counterparts: they become aspirated when they begin a syllable, but aspiration is not
contrastive
.
- ^
Also an allophone of
/n/
before
bilabial consonants
.
- ^
A
trilled
allophone
[
r
]
occurs word-initially (Spanish, Italian, or Russian
r
; it can be in free variation between a trill
[r]
and a flap
[?]
); trill
[
r
]
as a separate phoneme occurs word-medially especially in loanwords of Arabic origin as a result of gemination (doubling) of
[?]
. Only
[?]
occurs before and after consonants; in word-final position it is usually a free variation between a flap or a trill when followed by a consonant or a pause, but flap is more common, only flap before vowel-initial words.
- ^
While
?
is pronounced
[v]
in Iranian Persian, it is pronounced as
[
w
]
in Dari.
- ^
[v]
is also an allophone of
[f]
before
voiced consonants
.
- ^
Also an allophone of
/s/
before
voiced consonants
.
- ^
Also an allophone of
/?/
before
voiced consonants
.
- ^
Moreover spoken before all initial vowel onsets (as in ????? [?iː???ːn] (Iran))
- ^
Velar nasal
[ŋ]
is an allophone of
/n/
before
[g]
,
[k]
,
[?]
,
[?]
, and
[x]
in native vocabulary.
- ^
Stress falls on the last stem syllable of most words. For the various exceptions and other clarifications, see
Persian phonology §?Word accent
.
- ^
a
b
c
The three short or unstable vowels are actually short only in open, non-final syllables. In other environments, their length is equal to the long vowels (
Toosarvandani, Maziar Doustdar (9 November 2004).
"Vowel Length in Modern Farsi"
(PDF)
.
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
.
14
(03): 241?251.
doi
:
10.1017/S1356186304004079
.
).
- ^
a
b
c
In the modern
Persian script
, the "short" vowels
/æ/
,
/e/
,
/o/
are usually not written, like in the
Arabic alphabet
; only the long vowels
/?ː/
,
/iː/
,
/uː/
are represented in the text. That, of course, creates certain ambiguities.
- ^
[e]
is also a word-final allophone of
/æ/
in contemporary Iranian Persian.
- ^
Only word finally, when it forms the
silent he
.
- ^
The Persian
/e/
is different from any English vowel, but the nearest equivalents are the vowel of
b
a
te
(for most English dialects) and the vowel of
b
e
t
; the Persian vowel is usually between the two.
- ^
Only when it forms the
silent vav
.
- ^
The level of roundedness may vary.
Campbell (1995)
writes simply
/?ː/
, but
Majidi & Ternes (1999)
describe it as "underrounded" but write
/?/
anyway. The vowel may be written as
/?/
as well.
[1]
[
dead link
]
[2]
[
dead link
]
- ^
The number and even the existence of diphthongs in Persian are disputed (
Alamolhoda, Seyyed Morleza (2000).
"Phonostatistics and Phonotactics of the Syllable in Modern Persian"
.
Studia Orientalia
.
89
: 14?15.
ISSN
0039-3282
.
).
- ^
/ou/
becomes
[o]
in the colloquial Tehrani dialect but is preserved in other Western dialects and standard Eastern Persian.
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Comparisons
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Introductory guides
| |
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