Municipality and city in Norte, Portugal
Municipality in Norte, Portugal
Guimaraes
(
Portuguese pronunciation:
[?im?????j?]
ⓘ
) is a city and municipality located in northern
Portugal
, in the district of
Braga
.
Its historic town centre has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2001, in recognition for being an "exceptionally well-preserved and authentic example of the evolution of a medieval settlement into a modern town" in Europe. The
Nicolinas
are the city's main festivities.
[1]
Guimaraes is also referred as the capital of the
Ave Subregion
(one of the most industrialised subregions in the country), and it’s located in the historical
Minho Province
. The municipality has a population of 152,309 inhabitants according to the most recent data of 2019 in an area of 240.95 square kilometres (93.03 sq mi).
[2]
The current Mayor is Domingos Braganca, of the
Socialist Party
. Guimaraes, along with
Maribor
, Slovenia, was the
European Capital of Culture
in 2012.
The city was settled in the 9th century, at which time it was called
Vimaranes
. This name might have had its origin in the warrior
Vimara Peres
, who chose this area as the main government seat for the
County of Portugal
which he conquered for the
Kingdom of Galicia
. Guimaraes has a significant historical importance due to the role it played in the foundation of Portugal. The city is commonly referred to as the "
birthplace of Portugal
" or "the cradle city" (
Cidade Berco
in Portuguese) because it was in Guimaraes that Portugal's first King,
Afonso Henriques
was born, and also due to the fact that the
Battle of Sao Mamede
? which is considered the seminal event for the foundation of the
Kingdom of Portugal
? was fought in the vicinity of the city.
[3]
It was declared the most beautiful small city in Europe by the
Conde Nast Traveler
magazine in 2022.
[4]
History
[
edit
]
The History of Guimaraes is associated with the foundation and identity of the Portuguese nationality. Guimaraes, as well as other settlements, precedes the foundation of Portugal and because of its role in the foundation of the country it is known as the "cradle of the Portuguese nationality". In 1128, major political and military events that would lead to the independence and the birth of a new nation took place in Guimaraes. For this reason, in one of the old towers of the city's old wall it is written "Aqui nasceu Portugal" (Portugal was born here).
Ancient history
[
edit
]
According to archeological findings in
Citania (Castro)
of
Briteiros
and Sabroso and Penha's archeologic site, the area in which Guimaraes is located has had permanent settlements since the late
Chalcolithic
period.
There is also evidence of Roman occupation, and a stone dedicated to the Roman emperor
Trajan
found in
Caldas das Taipas
suggests that this was already a
spa town
in
Roman times
.
[5]
Foundation
[
edit
]
Following the
Reconquista
policy promoted by the
Kingdom of Galicia
in the 9th century, the
medieval
foundations of the actual city have roots in the 10th century. At this point, the
Countess
Mumadona Dias
, erected a
monastery
in her property of
Vimaranes
, which led to the settlement of people in the area known as "vila baixa" (downtown). At the same time, she ordered the construction of a castle on the hill area which became known as "vila alta" (uptown), to defend the settlement. To connect these to other areas, the
Rua de Santa Maria
was built.
The monastery became the "Real Colegiada" (Royal
Collegiate church
) and throughout time acquired importance due to the privileges and donations given to it by nobles and kings and it became a famous pilgrimage site.
Henry, Count of Portugal
approved the first national
foral
possibly in 1096 (but not confirmed). The foral proves the growing importance of the village of Guimaraes at that time, which was chosen as the capital of the
County of Portugal
.
On 24 June 1128, the "Batalha de Sao Mamede" (
Battle of Sao Mamede
) took place in Guimaraes.
Middle Ages
[
edit
]
During the reign of king
Denis
, as the town was expanding, it was partially surrounded by a
defensive wall
. Meanwhile,
mendicant orders
settled in Guimaraes and helped to mold the shape of the emerging city. Later, during the reign of
John I
, the wall was torn down and the two parts of the city (uptown and downtown) were finally united and the city began to expand outside its old walls.
The construction of
St. Peter's Basilica
began in 1737, and became a minor basilica in 1751, with formal completion of the work between 1883 and 1884.
Modern history
[
edit
]
Until the 19th century the structure of the city did not suffer many transformations besides the construction of a few more churches,
convents
and palaces. It was by the ending of the 19th century that new urbanistic ideas of hygiene and symmetry that the village, that was promoted to city by the Queen
Maria II
on 23 June 1853 had its greatest changes.
The complete demolition of the city walls was authorized and the creation of many streets and avenues could start at that point. The controlled process of urbanization permitted the conservation of the city's magnificent historical centre.
Guimaraes will host the
2024 European Trampoline Championships
.
[6]
Geography
[
edit
]
Geology
[
edit
]
Granite
rock formations occupy the majority of the municipality but
schist
rocks can also be found in certain zones in the northwest of the municipality. On the southeast, clay can be found in
stream bed
of the Ave, Vizela and Selho rivers.
Orography and hydrography
[
edit
]
The municipality is delimited at north by the "Senhora do Monte" (Senhora hill), at northwest by the hills of Falperra,
Sameiro
, Outeiro and Penedice. To the south by the Penha hill which with height of 613 meters, it is the highest point of the municipality.
Guimaraes is part of the
drainage basin
of
Ave river
which divides the municipality in half. The Ave river has as tributaries the
Vizela
,
Torto
,
Febras
and inside the city, the
Selho
, the
Couros
and the Santa Luzia stream.
Climate
[
edit
]
Guimaraes is located in a valley and surrounded by hills, and because it is some distance from the sea, the winter is normally cold and rainy and the summer is hot and lightly humid. The average annual temperature is 14 °C.
Fauna
[
edit
]
There is not much diversity, especially in the urban areas, but the municipality has some species of cynegetic interest such as: the
red fox
, the
wild boar
, the
turtle dove
, the
thrush
, the
pigeon
and the
red-legged partridge
. In the green areas of the city, the most common species are rodents, especially
squirrels
.
Parishes
[
edit
]
Administratively, the municipality of Guimaraes is divided into 48 civil parishes (
freguesias
), previously having 69, but some of these were extinct and merged in 2013, after a nationwide territorial reorganization.
[7]
Demographics
[
edit
]
- Evolution of the population of the municipality of Guimaraes (1801?2021)
- Evolution of the population in the city centre (1864?2011)
Culture
[
edit
]
Guimaraes is an average size city but with a booming cultural life. Besides its museums, monuments, cultural associations, art galleries and popular festivities, it has since September 2005, an important cultural space, the Vila Flor Cultural Center. This cultural center has two auditoria, exhibition center and a concert-cafe. Guimaraes was the
European Capital of Culture
in 2012, together with
Maribor
in
Slovenia
.
Guimaraes is also home to
association football
club
Vitoria S.C.
who compete in the
Primeira Liga
, the top-flight of
football in Portugal
.
Guimaraes was elected by
The New York Times
one of the 41 places to go in 2011 and called it one of the
Iberian peninsula
's emerging cultural spots.
[8]
Cuisine
[
edit
]
The fact that Guimaraes was founded on the lands of a female convent had a great influence on the region's cuisine, especially its
confectionery
, such as the "Tortas de Guimaraes"
[9]
(Guimaraes' tarts, a half moon flakey pastry wrongfully named a tart) and, mainly, the "
Toucinho do ceu
" (normally, but incorrectly, translated as bacon from heaven, a moist yellow-colored pudding-cake). Besides what is usual in
Minho
, such as "vinho verde" , "
Papas de sarrabulho
" (a pig meat and blood porridge), "
Rojoes
" (stewed pig meat served with potatoes and entrail sausage), etc., the so-called "Bola de carne"
[10]
(Meat cakes) is also made here, consisting of a type of bread (shaped like a
pizza
) served with
toucinho
(bacon),
sardines
or other toppings.
Traditions and festivities
[
edit
]
- Festas Gualterianas
(
Gualteriana
festival) - in honor of
Sao Gualter
(Saint Walter, a minor
franciscan
friar), take place since 1906 in the first weekend of August. The "Cortejo do Linho" (Linen parade) and the "Batalha das Flores" (Battle of the Flowers) are part of the festivities which are ended by the "Marcha Gualteriana" (
Gualteriana
march).
- Nicolinas
- are the festivities of the students of Guimaraes, celebrated in honor of
Saint Nicholas
. The festivities start on the 29th of November and finish on the 7th of December. They are composed of different celebrations; the "Pinheiro" celebration being the most widely attended: after the "Ceia Nicolina" (Nicolinas supper), the participants parade the streets of Guimaraes playing the "Toques Nicolinos" tune on drums while, traditionally, o Pinheiro (Pine/Christmas tree) is pulled in carts by bulls.
[11]
Lately, it has been suggested that the "Nicolinas" should be a contender to be
UNESCO
intangible cultural heritage
.
- Santa Luzia festivities
- in honor of
Saint Lucy
they take place annually on 13 December, near to the chapel of Santa Luzia. One of the traditions of these festivities is the selling of traditional cakes made of
rye
flour and sugar, called "Sardao" and "Passarinha" (these names have sexual connotations in Portuguese, associated to male and female genitalia respectively).
[12]
According to the tradition, a boy should offer a "Sardao", which has a
phallic
form, to the girl and if the girl was interested in dating the boy, she should reply by gifting him with a "Passarinha".
- Romaria
Grande de Sao Torcato
(
Sao Torcato
Big pilgrimage) - one of the biggest romarias in Minho, takes place annually in July in the village of
Sao Torcato
.
Museums, cultural spaces and art galleries
[
edit
]
The city of Guimaraes has several cultural spaces of reference at a regional and national level. Among the several museums of the city, the Alberto Sampaio museum is the one that stands out. Founded in 1928, it opened its doors to the public in 1931; it is located in the old site of the
Canon
the Collegiate of Our Lady of Oliveira (
Cabido da Colegiada de Nossa Senhora da Oliveira
in Portuguese). It contains a rich collection of pieces from the 14th, 15th and 16th century, including one rare vest that was used by the king
John I
.
The Martins Sarmento Society (
Sociedade Martins Sarmento
in Portuguese) is one of the country oldest institutions dedicated to the study and preservation of archaeological artifacts. The society owns two museums: the Archaeological Museum of the Martins Sarmento Society, which is known by its
prehistory
and
protohistory
collections and also its
numismatics
and
epigraphy
collections; and the
Castro Culture
Museum which is dedicated to the Castro culture.
There is also: the Primitive Modern Arts Museum, located in the
Domus Municipalis
(the old city hall), which contains a collection of
naive art
; the Museum of the Village of Sao Torcato, which is dedicated to the region and its relationship with the monastery and Saint Torcato (
Sao Torcato
in Portuguese); the Agriculture Museum of Fermentoes, which exhibits collections of the traditional agricultural practices of the region; and the Museum of Sao Sebastiao, inaugurated on 24 March 1984, which contains mainly
sacred art
.
Other cultural venues include:
- Vila Flor Cultural Center (
Centro Cultural Vila Flor
in Portuguese) is the main cultural venue in Guimaraes. It was built in 2005, besides the restored
Vila Flor Palace
and its surrounding area. It has two
auditoriums
, a concert-cafe and an exhibition gallery. The surrounding gardens of the old palace were also redone and in 2006, received an honorable mention in the Public Exterior Spaces category in the National Landscape Architecture Award.
- Sao Mamede ? Guimaraes Arts and Shows Center
- Raul Brandao Municipal Library has its headquarters in the city and also has branches in Pevidem, Caldas das Taipas and Ronfe. It offers its mobile library services to 42 parishes and services the city schools and prison.
- The Art Laboratory (
Laboratorio das Artes
in Portuguese) was founded in 2004 by ESAP students. It is a cultural space for exhibitions, performances, music and art workshops.
- Alfredo Pimenta National Archive, founded in 1931, contains the archives for municipality of Guimaraes and also the Braga district.
Sports
[
edit
]
Guimaraes has two major sports club,
Vitoria Sport Clube
, whose
football (soccer)
team has been the city's representative in the
Primeira Liga
every year, having already conquered a
Portuguese Cup
in 2012/13 and a
Portuguese Supercup
in 1988, and
Moreirense Futebol Clube
, whose
football (soccer)
team is also in
Primeira Liga
for some years and already won the
Portuguese Second Division
in 2013/14 and the
Portuguese League Cup
in 2016/17.
During Vitoria SC European campaigns, the
Portuguese
team played against teams like
Arsenal FC
,
Atletico Madrid
,
Real Sociedad
,
Eintracht Frankfurt
,
Parma FC
and
Borussia Monchengladbach
.
Vitoria SC also has
basketball
,
volleyball
and
water polo
squads competing in the top divisions of their sports.
Society
[
edit
]
In 2008, the city ranked second in the index of most livable city in Portugal. It is also the 10th least polluted city in the country according to IQAir.
In 2004, 89% of the population had running water; it was forecast that the number would raise to 95% by 2006. In 2001, 63.5% of the population had basic sanitation; it was forecast that the number would raise to 80% by 2008. In 2001, 100% of the population had access to waste management services.
However, several people complain that the city, together with other cities of the Braga district has had an unaesthetic and unorganized growth.
Newspapers
[
edit
]
Guimaraes ranks fourth in the country for available newspapers. The oldest was the "Azemel Vimaranense", founded in 1822; it possibly had its publication halted by the
Vilafrancada
incidents. From 1856, other newspapers start to appear, amongst them "A Tesoura de Guimaraes". Actually the city's newspapers are:
- O Comercio de Guimaraes
- O Conego
- O Conquistador
- Desportivo de Guimaraes
- Entrevillas
- O Expresso do Ave
- Jornal do Adepto
- Lordelo Jornal
- Noticias de Guimaraes
- O Pilar
- O Povo de Guimaraes
- Reflexo ? O Espelho das Taipas
- Sport Jornal dos Desportos
Radios
[
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]
There are two stations headquartered in the town: Radio Fundacao (95.8
FM
) and Radio Santiago (98.0 FM).
Television
[
edit
]
The Guimaraes TV transmission is made online since 24 July 2007; it is the result of a collaboration between the city's assembly and the Guimaraes Cybercenter. Its contents are feature in the Regiao Norte TV channel which is available through cable.
The "canalguimaraes" was another online channel that started operating in March 2010. It is the fruit of the effort put in by an arts association, the "Associacao de Socorros Mutuos Artistica Vimaranense", one of the oldest associations of the city.
Economy
[
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]
Guimaraes is one of the most industrial municipalities in Portugal. Its primary industries are
textiles
, shoe industry and
metalomechanics
.
Transport
[
edit
]
Guimaraes is linked to
Porto
by the
Guimaraes line
. This
railway
line was originally built with narrow gauge track, then modernised and rebuilt to the broad
Iberian gauge
in the first decade of the 21st century. The train service is operated by
Comboios de Portugal
(CP). Locally, Guimaraes is served by TUG (Transportes Urbanos de Guimaraes) which operates 21 bus routes serving the city.
Twin towns ? sister cities
[
edit
]
Guimaraes is
twinned
with:
[13]
- Brive-la-Gaillarde
, France
- Colonia del Sacramento
, Uruguay
- Compiegne
, France
- Dijon
, France
[14]
- Igualada
, Spain
- Kaiserslautern
, Germany
- Ponte de Lima
, Portugal
- Londrina
, Brazil
- Me-Zochi
, Sao Tome and Principe
- Montlucon
, France
[15]
- Ribeira Grande de Santiago
, Cape Verde
- Rio de Janeiro
, Brazil
- Tacoronte
, Spain
Notable people
[
edit
]
Medieval and Early Modern
[
edit
]
Late Modern
[
edit
]
- Antonio Augusto da Silva Cardoso
(1831-1893) a Portuguese painter
- Alberto Sampaio
(1841-1908) a historian, writer, archaeologist and teacher
- Vicente Pinheiro Lobo Machado de Melo e Almada
(1852-1922) a politician, diplomat, congressperson and colonial administrator
- Joao Gomes de Oliveira Guimaraes
(1853-1912) a politician, historian and catholic priest
- Abel Cardoso
(1877-1964) a painter, and son of
Antonio Augusto da Silva Cardoso
- Alfredo Pimenta
(1882?1950) a historian, poet and writer about the
Middle Ages
- Abel Salazar
(1889?1946) a physician, lecturer, researcher, writer and painter
- Emidio Guerreiro
(1899-2005) a teacher, politician and opponent of the
Estado Novo
- Arnaldo Sampaio
(1908-1984) a doctor, receiver of the
Gra-Cruz da Ordem do Merito
medal
- Duarte Freitas do Amaral
(1909?1979) a Portuguese politician, was a Deputy to the
National Assembly of Portugal
- Mario Antonio Caldas de Melo Saraiva
(1910-1998) historian, doctor, politician and writer
- Alberto Martins
(born 1945) a lawyer, politician and congressperson
- Luis Marques Mendes
(born 1957) a Portuguese lawyer and politician
- Elisabete Matos
(born 1964) a Portuguese soprano.
- Pedro Chagas Freitas
(born 1979) writer, journalist and public speaker on leadership issues
- Marisa Ferreira
(born 1983) an artist whose work includes
public art
and
geometric art
- Sofia Escobar
(born 1984) a soprano singer and actress in London's
West End
musicals.
[16]
- Renato Freitas
(born 1991) stage name
Lizzy's Husband
an electronic music artist especially industrial electronica
Sports
[
edit
]
See also
[
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]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"AAELG - Velhos Nicolinos - Festas Nicolinas"
.
www.nicolinos.pt
. Retrieved
24 December
2023
.
- ^
"Areas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e pais"
. Archived from
the original
on 5 November 2018
. Retrieved
5 November
2018
.
- ^
Historia de Portugal - Battle of Sao Mamede
Archived
9 March 2016 at the
Wayback Machine
- ^
"The Most Beautiful Small Towns in Europe"
.
Conde Nast Traveler
. 17 March 2022.
Archived
from the original on 22 September 2023
. Retrieved
18 January
2024
.
- ^
"
"Ara de Trajano" (Caldas das Taipas)"
.
portugalromano.com
. 19 January 2011. Archived from
the original
on 7 October 2015
. Retrieved
5 May
2020
.
- ^
"European Gymnastics"
.
European Gymnastics
. Retrieved
12 March
2024
.
- ^
"Law nr. 11-A/2013, pages 552 56?58"
(PDF)
.
Diario da Republica
(in Portuguese)
. Retrieved
23 July
2014
.
- ^
Wilder, Charly (9 January 2011).
"The 41 Places to Go in 2011"
: "26. Guimaraes, Portugal".
The New York Times
.
- ^
Figueiredo, Lucia.
"Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses"
.
Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses
(in Portuguese)
. Retrieved
10 January
2023
.
- ^
FPGuimaraes (18 October 2021).
"Onde apanhar os famosos bolos de carne ou sardinha em Guimaraes"
.
FreePass Guimaraes
(in European Portuguese)
. Retrieved
10 January
2023
.
- ^
"PINHEIRO"
.
www.cm-guimaraes.pt
(in European Portuguese)
. Retrieved
10 January
2023
.
- ^
Guimaraes, Mais (13 December 2019).
"PASSARINHA POR SARDAO, NA FESTA DE SANTA LUZIA FAZ-SE POR CONTINUAR A TRADICAO"
.
Mais Guimaraes
(in European Portuguese)
. Retrieved
10 January
2023
.
- ^
"Cidades"
.
cm-guimaraes.pt
(in Portuguese). Guimaraes
. Retrieved
29 June
2022
.
- ^
"Geminacao com Dijon formalizada em Guimaraes este sabado, 24 de junho"
.
cm-guimaraes.pt
(in Portuguese). Guimaraes. 23 June 2017
. Retrieved
29 June
2022
.
- ^
"Jumelage"
(PDF)
.
Montlucon Pratique 2019
(in French). Montlucon. p. 31
. Retrieved
29 June
2022
.
- ^
Sofia Escobar, IMDb Database
.
External links
[
edit
]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Guimaraes
.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for
Guimaraes
.
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