American comic artist (1926?2011)
Eugene Jules Colan
(
; September 1, 1926 ? June 23, 2011)
[1]
was an
American
comic book artist
best known for his work for
Marvel Comics
, where his signature titles include the
superhero
series
Daredevil
, the cult-hit
satiric
series
Howard the Duck
, and
The Tomb of Dracula
, considered one of comics' classic
horror
series. He co-created the
Falcon
, the first
African-American
superhero in mainstream comics;
[2]
[3]
Carol Danvers
, who would become
Ms. Marvel
and
Captain Marvel
; and the non-costumed,
supernatural
vampire hunter
Blade
.
Colan was inducted into the
Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame
in 2005.
Early life
[
edit
]
Eugene Jules Colan
[4]
was born September 1, 1926, to Harold Colan, an insurance salesman, and Winifred Levy Colan, an antique dealer,
[5]
in
The Bronx
,
[6]
New York City.
[7]
His parents ran an antiques business on the
Upper East Side
.
[4]
His family was
Jewish
, and the family's surname had originally been "
Cohen
".
[8]
Colan began drawing at age three. "The first thing I ever drew was a lion. I must've absolutely copied it or something. But that's what my folks tell me. And from then on, I just drew everything in sight. My grandfather was my favorite subject".
[7]
Among his earliest influences, he said in 2001, were the
Coulton Waugh
adventure
comic strip
Dickie Dare
"in
The New York Sun
. I was influenced by the style, or the story. Mostly the story. I took it very seriously."
[9]
He moved with his family "at about age 4" to
Long Beach
, New York, on
Long Island
.
[9]
Later, he would try to copy artist
Norman Rockwell
's covers to
The Saturday Evening Post
.
[9]
Other major art influences were comics artists
Syd Shores
and
Milton Caniff
.
[7]
Colan attended
George Washington High School
in the
Washington Heights
section of
Manhattan
, and went on to study at the
Art Students League of New York
.
[4]
Career
[
edit
]
Early career
[
edit
]
Colan began working in comics in 1944, doing illustrations for publisher
Fiction House
's
aviation
-
adventure
series
Wings Comics
. "[J]ust a summertime job before I went into the service",
[10]
it gave Colan his first published work, the one-page "Wing Tips"
non-fiction
filler "
P-51B Mustang
" (issue #52, Dec. 1944).
[11]
His first comics story was a seven-page "Clipper Kirk" feature in the following month's issue.
[12]
After attempting to enlist in the
U.S. Marine Corps
during
World War II
but being pulled out by his father "because I was underage", Colan at "18 or 19" enlisted in the
Army Air Corps
.
[7]
Originally scheduled for gunnery school in
Boulder
,
Colorado
, plans changed with the war's sudden end. "I was going to be an aerial gunner. A bomber. But it never materialized", he recalled in 2001.
[9]
After training at an Army camp near
Biloxi, Mississippi
, he joined the U.S. forces in the
Philippines
. There Colan rose to the rank of
corporal
, drew for the
Manila Times
, and won an art contest.
[7]
Upon his return to civilian life in 1946, Colan went to work for
Marvel Comics
' 1940s precursor,
Timely Comics
.
[13]
He recalled in 2000,
I was living with my parents. I worked very hard on a war story, about seven or eight pages long, and I did all the lettering myself, I inked it myself, I even had a wash effect over it. I did everything I could do, and I brought it over to Timely. What you had to do in those days was go to the candy store, pick up a comic book, and look in the back to see where it was published. Most of them were published in Manhattan, they would tell you the address, and you'd simply go down and make an appointment to go down and see the art director.
[7]
Al Sulman, listed in Timely mastheads then as an "editorial associate",
[14]
"gave me my break. I went up there, and he came out and met me in the waiting room, looked at my work, and said, 'Sit here for a minute'. And he brought the work in, and disappeared for about 10 minutes or so ... then came back out and said, 'Come with me'. That's how I met [editor-in-chief]
Stan [Lee]
.
[15]
Just like that, and I had a job.
[7]
Comics historian Michael J. Vassallo identifies that first story as "Adam and Eve ? Crime Incorporated" in
Lawbreakers Always Lose
#1 (
cover date
Spring 1948), on which is written the internal job number 2401. He notes another story, "The Cop They Couldn't Stop" in
All-True Crime
#27 (April 1948), job number 2505, may have been published first, citing the differing cover-date nomenclature ("Spring" v. "April") for the uncertainty.
[16]
Hired as "a staff penciler",
[3]
Colan "started out at about $60 a week. ... Syd Shores was the
art director
".
[17]
Due to Colan's work going uncredited, in the manner of the times, comprehensive credits for this era are difficult if not impossible to ascertain. In 2010, he recalled his first cover art being for an issue of
Captain America Comics
;
[18]
Colan drew the 12-page lead story in issue #72, the cover-artist of which is undetermined.
[19]
He definitively drew the cover of the final issue, the horror comic
Captain America's Weird Tales
#75 (Feb. 1950),
[20]
which did not include the titular superhero on either the cover or inside.
[21]
After virtually all the Timely staff was let go in 1948 during an industry downturn, Colan began freelancing for National Comics, the future
DC Comics
. A stickler for accuracy, he meticulously researched his countless war stories for DC's
All-American Men at War
,
Captain Storm
, and
Our Army at War
, as well as for Marvel's 1950s forerunner
Atlas Comics
, on the series
Battle
,
Battle Action
,
Battle Ground
,
Battlefront
,
G.I. Tales
,
Marines in Battle
,
Navy Combat
and
Navy Tales
. Colan's earliest confirmed credit during this time is
penciling
and
inking
the six-page
crime fiction
story "Dream Of Doom", by an uncredited writer, in Atlas'
Lawbreakers Always Lose
#6 (Feb. 1949).
[22]
By the early 1950s, he was living in
New Rochelle
, New York.
[23]
Around this time he did his first work for
DC Comics
, then the industry leader, on the licensed series
Hopalong Cassidy
, based on the film and TV
Western
hero, drawing it from 1954 to 1957.
[24]
[25]
In the 1960s, he lived in
New Jersey
, where his and Adrienne's children, Erik and Nanci,
[4]
were raised.
[7]
Silver Age
[
edit
]
While freelancing for DC
romance
comics in the 1960s, Colan did his first
superhero
work for Marvel under the pseudonym Adam Austin.
[26]
Taking to the form immediately, he introduced the "
Sub-Mariner
" feature in
Tales to Astonish
,
[27]
and succeeded
Don Heck
on "
Iron Man
" in
Tales of Suspense
.
Sometime after Colan began this pseudonymous stint, Marvel editor
Stan Lee
made overtures to lure him from DC. Colan recalled,
Stan asked me to come over and work with him. I don't remember how, but I do know that we made a connection, and he asked me, "How about coming over?" And so, my answer was ? I think this was at his house; I had some work to deliver late one night; it was in the wintertime, and I went over and delivered it ? and he asked me to come over to Marvel, and I said, "Well, what's the inducement? Why should I leave DC and come over to work with you, unless there's a little something in it for me to do that? I'm not just going to leave them [DC]." He said, "Well, if you're looking for more money, there's no point to it." I said, "What do you mean?" [laughs] He said, "Simply because, sooner or later, they're going to have to fire you, and you'll have to come over here." [laughs] I smiled, and I said, "Stan, I think I have to go." And I shook his hand, and I said, "That's okay, I'll just stay where I am." The next day, I got a phone call from Stan, because I had asked for more money, and he gave it to me. He tried to bluff me, and ... then I came over.
[7]
Under his own name, Colan became one of the premier
Silver Age
Marvel artists, illustrating a host of such major characters as
Captain America
,
Doctor Strange
(both in the late-1960s and the mid-1970s series), and his signature character,
Daredevil
. Operating, like other company artists, on the "
Marvel Method
" ? in which editor-in-chief and primary writer Stan Lee "would just speak to me for a few minutes on the phone, tell me the beginning, the middle and the end [of a story] and not much else, maybe four or five paragraphs, and then he'd tell me to make [a 20-page] story out of it,"
[10]
providing artwork to which Lee would then script dialogue and captions ? Colan forged his own style, different from that of artists
Jack Kirby
and
Steve Ditko
, whom Lee would point to as examples of the Marvel style:
Whatever book he thought was selling, he would have the rest of the staff try to copy the same style of work, but I wouldn't do it. I'd tell him if you want Stevie Ditko then you'll have to get Stevie Ditko. I can't do it, I have to be myself. So he left me alone. ... He knew I meant it and that I couldn't do it and there was no point in trying to force me to do it. Stan recognized something in my work from the very start, whatever that was, that gave [me] my first big break. And I always got along very well with Stan; not everybody can say that but I did ... so he let me do pretty much what I wanted to do ... [T]here was always some little change here and there, but basically he left me alone. ... And I was intimidated by Stan. I didn't want to go into his office, it upset me a little bit, but he was very nice to me. He left me pretty much alone because I was able to deliver pretty much what he was looking for, so we never had any trouble.
[10]
Lee and Colan introduced the
Emissaries of Evil
in
Daredevil Annual
#1 (1967)
[28]
and the
Jester
in
Daredevil
#42 (July 1968).
[29]
Colan's long run on the
Daredevil
series encompassed all but three issues in an otherwise unbroken, 81-issue string from #20-100 (Sept. 1966 - June 1973), plus the initial
Daredevil Annual
(1967). He returned to draw ten issues sprinkled from 1974 to 1979, and an eight-issue run in 1997. Colan admitted relying upon
amphetamines
in order to make deadlines for illustrating the series
Doctor Strange
,
[30]
for which he would personally visit the character's real-life Manhattan neighborhood,
Greenwich Village
, and shoot
Polaroid
photographs to use as location reference.
[31]
Captain Marvel
, a character created to secure the trademark on the name,
[32]
debuted in
Marvel Super-Heroes
#12 (Dec. 1967) by Lee and Colan.
[33]
The original
Guardians of the Galaxy
first appeared in
Marvel Super-Heroes
#18 (Jan. 1969) by writer
Arnold Drake
and Colan.
[34]
In
Captain America
#117 (Sept. 1969), Colan and writer-editor Stan Lee created the
Falcon
,
[35]
the first
African-American
superhero in mainstream comic books.
[2]
[3]
The character came about, Colan recalled in 2008,
... in the late 1960s [when news of the]
Vietnam War
and
civil rights
protests were regular occurrences, and Stan, always wanting to be at the forefront of things, started bringing these headlines into the comics. ... One of the biggest steps we took in this direction came in
Captain America
. I enjoyed drawing people of every kind. I drew as many different types of people as I could into the scenes I illustrated, and I loved drawing black people. I always found their features interesting and so much of their strength, spirit and wisdom written on their faces. I approached Stan, as I remember, with the idea of introducing an African-American hero and he took to it right away. ... I looked at several African-American magazines, and used them as the basis of inspiration for bringing The Falcon to life.
[36]
Concurrent with his move to Marvel, Colan also contributed several stories to
Warren Publishing
's line of black-and-white
horror comics
magazines, beginning with the six-page tale "To Pay the Piper", by writer
Larry Ivie
, in
Eerie
#2 (March 1966). There and in subsequent stories for that magazine and its sister publication,
Creepy
, Colan would ink his own pencil work. His final original Warren story, "First Blood", appeared in
Eerie
#11 (Sept. 1967). The vast majority of these were written by Warren editor
Archie Goodwin
, with whom Colan would later collaborate on Marvel's Iron Man.
[24]
[37]
Dracula and Batman
[
edit
]
Colan in the 1970s illustrated the complete 70-issue run of the acclaimed
[38]
[39]
horror
title
The Tomb of Dracula
[40]
as well as most issues of writer
Steve Gerber
's cult hit
Howard the Duck
.
[41]
Colan, already one of Marvel's most well-established and prominent artists, said he had lobbied for the
Tomb of Dracula
assignment:
When I heard Marvel was putting out a Dracula book, I confronted [editor]
Stan [Lee]
about it and asked him to let me do it. He didn't give me too much trouble but, as it turned out, he took that promise away, saying he had promised it to
Bill Everett
. Well, right then and there I auditioned for it. Stan didn't know what I was up to, but I spent a day at home and worked up a sample, using
Jack Palance
as my inspiration and sent it to Stan. I got a call that very day: 'It's yours.'
[42]
Colan and
Marv Wolfman
created several supporting characters for the
Dracula
series. They introduced
Blade
in
The Tomb of Dracula
#10 (July 1973)
[43]
and
Lilith
in
Giant-Size Chillers
#1 (June 1974).
[44]
Colan became the artist of
Doctor Strange
volume 2 with issue #6 (Feb. 1975) which introduced the
Gaea
character.
[45]
A crossover between the two Colan-drawn series occurred in May 1976.
[46]
In 2010,
Comics Bulletin
ranked Colan's run on
The Tomb of Dracula
fifth on its list of the "Top 10 1970s Marvels". His work on
Doctor Strange
was ranked ninth on the same list.
[47]
Colan's collaboration with Steve Gerber on the
Howard the Duck
series saw the title character nominated by the
All-Night Party
, a fictional political party, as their nominee in the
Presidential campaign of 1976
,
[48]
and led to Howard the Duck receiving thousands of write-in votes in the actual election.
[49]
The Gerber-Colan team created
Doctor Bong
in
Howard the Duck
#15 (Aug. 1977).
[50]
Gerber later said to Colan: "There really was almost a telepathic connection there. I would see something in my mind, and that is what you would draw! I've never had that experience with another artist before or since."
[51]
Colan returned to DC in 1981,
[52]
following a professional falling out with Marvel editor-in-chief
Jim Shooter
.
[53]
Colan recalled two decades later that Shooter
... hated me. I was miserable. It was the worst experience ... one of the worst I've ever experienced. I had to leave Marvel because of him. I wouldn't stay, and I ... left everything behind. I left a pension plan, everything. I would have stayed, but Shooter gave me such a rough time. In fact, the vice president [of Marvel] had been down in a meeting with me and Shooter, trying to pacify me and get me to stay. And I just wouldn't do it, cause I could see the writing on the wall, and I knew where Shooter was heading, and I didn't want any more of it.
[54]
He brought his shadowy, moody textures to
Batman
, serving as the character's primary artist from 1981 to 1986, penciling most issues of
Detective Comics
and
Batman
during this time. His debut issue of the character's eponymous series was #340 (Oct. 1981).
[52]
[55]
With writer
Gerry Conway
, Colan revived the
Golden Age
supervillains
Doctor Death
in
Batman
#345 (March 1982)
[56]
and the
Monk
in
Batman
#350 (Aug. 1982)
[57]
and introduced
Killer Croc
in
Detective Comics
#523 (Feb. 1983).
[58]
Killer Croc appears in the 2016 live-action movie
Suicide Squad
, portrayed by
Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje
.
[59]
Another new character,
Nightslayer
, was created by Colan and
Doug Moench
in
Detective Comics
#529 (Aug. 1983).
[60]
In the
insert preview
in
DC Comics Presents
#41 (Jan. 1982), writer
Roy Thomas
and Colan provided
Wonder Woman
with a stylized "WW" emblem on her bodice, replacing the traditional eagle.
[61]
The "WW" emblem, unlike the eagle, could be protected as a
trademark
and therefore had greater merchandising potential.
Wonder Woman
#288 (February 1982) premiered the new costume and an altered cover banner incorporating the "WW" emblem.
[62]
Colan was one of several artists on
Wonder Woman
#300 (Feb. 1983)
[63]
[64]
and stayed on the series until issue #305 wherein he and writer
Dan Mishkin
reintroduced the character
Circe
to the
rogues gallery
of Wonder Woman's adversaries.
[65]
Steve Gerber and Colan reunited at DC to produce
The
Phantom Zone
limited series.
[66]
Helping to create new characters as well, Colan collaborated in the 1980s with
The Tomb of Dracula
writer Marv Wolfman on the 14-issue run of
Night Force
featuring characters introduced in an insert preview in
The New Teen Titans
#21 (July 1982).
[67]
He was one of the contributors to the
DC Challenge
limited series in 1985.
[68]
Additionally, Colan worked with
Cary Bates
on the 12-issue run of
Silverblade
; with
Greg Potter
on the 12-issue run of
Jemm, Son of Saturn
; and drew the first six issues of Doug Moench's 1987 revival of
The
Spectre
.
[24]
Colan's style, characterized by fluid figure drawing and extensive use of shadow, was unusual among Silver Age comic artists,
[69]
and became more pronounced as his career progressed. He usually worked as a
penciller
, with
Frank Giacoia
and
Tom Palmer
as his most frequent
inkers
. Colan broke from the mass-market comic book penciller/inker/
colorist
assembly-line system by creating finished drawings in
graphite
and
watercolor
on such projects as the DC Comics
miniseries
Nathaniel Dusk
(1984) and
Nathaniel Dusk II
(1985?86), and the feature "Ragamuffins" in the
Eclipse Comics
umbrella series
Eclipse
#3, 5, and 8 (1981?83), with frequent collaborator
Don McGregor
.
[24]
Independent-comics work includes the Eclipse
graphic novel
Detectives Inc.: A Terror Of Dying Dreams
(1985), written by McGregor and reprinted in sepia tone as an Eclipse miniseries in 1987, and the miniseries
Predator: Hell & Hot Water
for
Dark Horse Comics
. He contributed to
Archie Comics
in the late 1980s and early 1990s, drawing and occasionally writing a number of stories. His work there included penciling the lighthearted science-fiction series
Jughead
's Time Police
#1-6 (July 1990?May 1991), and the 1990
one-shot
To Riverdale and Back Again
, an adaptation of the
NBC
TV movie
about the Archie characters 20 years later, airing May 6, 1990;
Stan Goldberg
drew the parts featuring the characters in flashback as teens, while Colan drew adult characters, in a less cartoony style, and
Mike Esposito
inking both.
[24]
Back at Marvel, he collaborated again with Marv Wolfman and veteran inker Al Williamson on a new
The Tomb of Dracula
series, and with Don McGregor on a
Black Panther
serial in the
Marvel Comics Presents
anthology, as well as a six-issue adaptation of Clive Barker's "The Harrowers: Raiders of the Abyss."
[24]
Later life and career
[
edit
]
Colan did some insert artwork on
Hellbilly Deluxe
(released August 1998), the first solo album of
Rob Zombie
, credited as Gene "The Mean Machine" Colan.
[70]
Unrealized projects around this time included the
Marvel Music
comic
Elvis
: Mystery Train
, which went on hold, he said in 1996, "when Marvel ran into problems, so everything came to a halt. Right now it's in limbo. Senator
Daniel Patrick Moynihan
's son is writing it ..."
[71]
In 1998, Colan and his
Tomb of Dracula
writing collaborator,
Marv Wolfman
, reteamed on
Dark Horse Comics
three-issue
miniseries
The Curse of Dracula
(July-Sept. 1998).
[24]
Saying the book required "a much younger and better-looking Dracula" than in their previous series, Colan used "my lawn-boy [as] my model. ... I asked him to do the posing and he did."
[54]
For the same company early the next decade, Colan returned to vampires with the 2001
one-shot
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
: Tales of the Slayers
, an omnibus that included writer Doug Petrie's 16-page "Nikki Goes Down", starring a 1970s vampire slayer seen in one episode of the namesake TV series.
[24]
Colan penciled the final pages of
Blade
vol. 3, #12 (Oct. 2007), the final issue of that series, drawing a flashback scene in which the character dresses in his original outfit from the 1970s series
The Tomb of Dracula
. That same month, for the anniversary issue
Daredevil
vol. 2, #100 (Oct. 2007), Colan penciled pages 18?20 of the 36-page story "Without Fear, Part One"; the issue additionally reprinted the Colan-drawn
Daredevil
#90-91 (Aug.-Sept. 1972).
[24]
In the late 1980s, Colan, in addition to his art, taught at Manhattan's
School of Visual Arts
and
Fashion Institute of Technology
,
[72]
and had showings at the Bess Cutler Gallery in New York City and at the Elm Street Arts Gallery in
Manchester
,
Vermont
.
[73]
He had relocated to nearby
Manchester Center, Vermont
, from New York City in 1990 or 1991, and was living there as of 2001.
[72]
By 2009 at the latest, they had returned to New York City, settling in
Brooklyn
.
[74]
[75]
[76]
On May 11, 2008, his family announced that Colan, who had been hospitalized for liver failure, had suffered a sharp deterioration in his health.
[77]
By December, he had sufficiently recovered to travel to an in-store signing in California.
[78]
He continued to produce original comics work as late as 2009, drawing the 40-page
Captain America
#601 (Sept. 2009), for which he won an
Eisner Award
.
[79]
Personal life
[
edit
]
Gene Colan was married twice: first to Sallee Greenberg, with whom he had children Valerie and Jill before the couple divorced, and Adrienne Brickman, with whom he had children Erik and Nanci.
[4]
[80]
Adrienne Colan died on June 21, 2010.
[81]
Colan died in the Bronx on June 23, 2011, aged 84, following complications of cancer and liver disease.
[4]
He lived in
Brooklyn
at the time of his death.
[1]
[82]
Awards and honors
[
edit
]
Colan's collaboration with Steve Gerber on
Howard the Duck
received the 1977
[83]
and 1978
[84]
Eagle Award
for Favorite Comic Book (Humor) and was nominated for four Eagle Awards in 1978.
[84]
Colan received an
Inkpot Award
in 1978 as well.
[85]
In 2005, Colan was inducted into the comics industry's
Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame
.
[86]
He subsequently won the 2010
Eisner Award
for
Best Single Issue
(together with writer
Ed Brubaker
) for his work on
Captain America
#601 (Sept. 2009).
[79]
The
Cartoon Art Museum
in
San Francisco
presented the retrospective "Colan: Visions of a Man without Fear" from November 15, 2008, to March 15, 2009.
[73]
[87]
Colan was the recipient of the 2008
Sparky Award
, presented December 4, 2008
[88]
and won the
Comic Art Professional Society
's Sergio Award on October 24, 2009.
[89]
Bibliography
[
edit
]
Archie Comics
[
edit
]
Bongo Comics
[
edit
]
Comico
[
edit
]
CrossGen Comics
[
edit
]
- Rob Zombie
's Spookshow International
#1?3 (2003?2004)
Dark Horse Comics
[
edit
]
DC Comics
[
edit
]
- All-American Men of War
#3?4, 6?9, 43, 112?113 (1953?1966)
- Batman
#340, 343?345, 348?351, 373, 383 (1981?1985)
- Batman: Gotham Knights
(
Batman Black and White
) #15 (2001)
- Captain Storm
#4, 13, 16 (1964?1966)
- DC Challenge
#1 (1985)
- DC Comics Presents
#41 (Wonder Woman
preview
) (1982)
- DC Science Fiction Graphic Novel
#2 (
Nightwings
) (1986)
- Detective Comics
#510, 512, 517, 523, 528?538, 540?546, 555?567 (1982?1986)
- Elvira's House of Mystery
#11 (1987)
- Falling in Love
#68, 73, 75, 81, 84, 87 (1964-1966)
- Fury of Firestorm
#19,
Annual
#4 (1984?1986)
- G.I. Combat
#113 (1965)
- Girls' Love Stories
#113, 115, 118, 145, 165, 167, 174 (1965-1972)
- Girls' Romances
#101, 103, 106-109, 111-115, 117-119, 123 (1964-1967)
- Heart Throbs
#87, 89, 91, 97-98, 100, 106-107 (1963-1967)
- Hopalong Cassidy
#86-122 (1954-1957)
- House of Secrets
#63 (1963)
- Jemm, Son of Saturn
#1-12 (limited series) (1984?1985)
- Just Imagine Stan Lee With Jim Lee Creating Wonder Woman
(backup story) (2001)
- Legion of Super-Heroes
vol. 2 #311 (1984)
- Legion of Super-Heroes
vol. 3 #27 (1986)
- Little Shop of Horrors
movie adaptation #1 (1987)
- My Greatest Adventure
#72-75, 77 (1962-1963)
- Mystery in Space
#13, 26 (1953-1955)
- Nathaniel Dusk
#1?4 (1984)
- Nathaniel Dusk II
#1?4 (1985?1986)
- The
New Teen Titans
#21 (Night Force preview) (1982)
- Night Force
#1?14 (1982?1983)
- Our Army at War
#5-19, 144, 162, 169, 173 (1952-1966)
- Our Fighting Forces
#86-87, 95, 100 (1964-1966)
- Phantom Zone
#1?4 (1982)
- Sea Devils
#13 (1963)
- Secret Hearts
#92, 94, 96-107, 109-114 (1963-1966)
- Secret Origins
#5 (
Crimson Avenger
) (1986)
- Silverblade
#1?12 (1987?1988)
- Spectre
vol. 2 #1?6 (1987)
- Star Spangled War Stories
#17-18, 20, 121, 123, 128 (1954-1966)
- Strange Adventures
#30 (1953)
- Western Comics
#62 (1957)
- Who's Who: The Definitive Directory of the DC Universe
#2, 11, 16?17, 25 (1985?1987)
- Wonder Woman
#288?305 (1982?1983)
- World's Finest Comics
#274 (
Zatanna
); #297, 299 (Superman and Batman) (1981?1984)
- Young Love
#52, 56, 61, 65-66 (1965-1968)
- Young Romance
#128, 131, 133 (1964)
Disney Comics
[
edit
]
Eclipse Comics
[
edit
]
IDW Comics
[
edit
]
- Hero Comics
oneshot (also writer) (2009)
Marvel Comics
[
edit
]
- 2-Gun Western
#4 (1956)
- 2099 Unlimited
#9 (1995)
- 3-D Tales of the West
#1 (1954)
- Adventure into Mystery
#7 (1957)
- Adventures into Terror
#3, 5, 14, 21, 24?25, 28?29 (1951?1954)
- All-True Crime
#46 (1951)
- All-True Crime Cases
#27, 31, 33?34 (1948?1949)
- Amazing Adventures
#3?5 (
Black Widow
); #26 (
Killraven
) (1970?1974)
- Amazing Detective Cases
#9 (1951)
- Amazing Mysteries
#32?33 (1949)
- Astonishing
#12, 20, 29, 56 (1952?1956)
- Astonishing Tales
#7?8 (
Doctor Doom
) (1971)
- The Avengers
#63?65, 206?208, 210?211 (1969?1981)
- Battle
#11, 16-17, 19, 24, 33?35, 38, 41, 43, 47?56, 58-59 (1952?1958)
- Battle Action
#8, 15, 19, 21?22, 24?25, 28?30 (1953?1957)
- Battle Ground
#3, 11?13, 16-20 (1955?1957)
- Battlefield
#5, 11 (1952?1953)
- Battlefront
#21?22, 24?25, 27, 3?-35, 38?40, 42?43, 45?48 (1954?1957)
- Best Love
#36 (1950)
- Bible Tales for Young People
#4 (1954)
- Black Rider
#11 (1950)
- Blade: Crescent City Blues
#1 (1998)
- Blade
vol. 4 #12 (two pages) (2007)
- Bob Marley: Tale of the Tuff Gong
#1?2 (1994?1995)
- Captain America
#116?137, 256, 601,
Annual
#5 (1969?1971, 1981, 2009)
- Captain America’s Weird Tales
#75 (1950)
- Captain Marvel
#1?4 (1968)
- Combat
#5, 11 (1952?1953)
- Combat Kelly
#3 (1952)
- Commando Adventures
#1?2 (1957)
- Complete Mystery
#1 (1948)
- Crime Can't Win
#1 (1950)
- Crimefighters
#1?2 (1948)
- Daredevil
#20?49, 53?82, 84?100, 110, 112, 116, 124, 153?154, 156?157, 363, 366?368, 370, #-1,
Annual
#1 (1966?1979, 1997)
- Daredevil
vol. 2 #20 (2001)
- Doctor Strange
#172?178, 180?183 (1968?1969)
- Doctor Strange
, vol. 2, #6?18, 36?45, 47 (1975?1981)
- Doctor Strange, Sorcerer Supreme
#19 (1990)
- Dracula Lives
#6, 8 (1973?1974)
- Frontier Western
#1?2, 6 (1956)
- G.I. Tales
#5?6 (1957)
- Giant-Size Chillers
#1 (Dracula) (1974)
- Girl Comics
#4 (1950)
- Gunhawk
#16, 18 (1951)
- Gunsmoke Western
#35-39, 42, 72, 76 (1956?1963)
- Harrowers
#1?6 (1993?1994)
- Haunt of Horror
#2 (1974)
- Howard the Duck
#4?20, 24?27, 30?31 (1976?1979)
- Howard the Duck
magazine #1?5, 7?9 (1979?1981)
- Hulk!
#11, 19, 24?27 (1978?1981)
- Ideal
#4 (1948)
- Iron Man
#1, 253,
Annual
#10, 13, 15 (1968, 1989?1994)
- Iron Man and Sub-Mariner
#1 (1968)
- Journey into Mystery
#2, 23, 40, 81-82 (1952-1962)
- Journey into Mystery
vol. 2 #4 (1973)
- Journey Into Unknown Worlds
#2, 6, 17, 19-20, 23, 29, 39 (1950?55)
- Justice
#4?5, 7, 22, 32, 35?36, 46 (1948?54)
- Kid Colt Outlaw
#52, 79, 110, 112, 114 (1955?64)
- Lawbreakers Always Lose
#1?2, 6 (1948?49)
- Love Adventures
#2 (1950)
- Love Romances
#101 (1962)
- Love Tales
#62 (1955)
- Loveland
#1 (1949)
- Lovers
#26 (1949)
- Man Comics
#9, 13, 21, 23 (1951-1953)
- Marines at War
#5-7 (1957)
- Marines in Action
#5-6, 11-12 (1956-1957)
- Marines in Battle
#1, 9-10, 17, 19-25 (1954-1958)
- Marvel Comics Presents
#13?37, 101?108, 112 (1989-1992)
- Marvel Fanfare
#51-52 (1990)
- Marvel Preview
#8, 16, 23 (1976-1980)
- Marvel Romance Redux: But I Thought He Loved Me
#1 (2006)
- Marvel Romance Redux: Guys & Dolls
#1 (2006)
- Marvel Romance Redux: I Should Have Been a Blonde
#1 (2006)
- Marvel Romance Redux: Love Is a Four-Letter Word
#1 (2006)
- Marvel Spotlight
#18-19 (Son of Satan) (1974)
- Marvel Super-Heroes
#12?13 (Captain Marvel), 15 (
Medusa
), 18 (
Guardians of the Galaxy
) (1967-1969)
- Marvel Super Special
#6 (
Jaws 2
movie adaptation); 10 (
Star-Lord
); #14 (
Meteor
movie adaptation) (1978-1979)
- Marvel Tales
#93-94, 96, 101, 105, 107, 118, 120-121, 127, 131, 140 (1949-1955)
- Marvel Team-Up
#87 (1979)
- Men's Adventures
#13-14, 19, 26 (1952-1954)
- Menace
#6 (1953)
- Midnight Sons
Unlimited
#6 (1994)
- Monsters Unleashed
#1 (1973)
- My Love
#3 (1950)
- My Love
vol. 2 #4-6, 8-9, 13, 15-16 (1970-1972)
- My Own Romance
#11, 18, 44 (1950?55)
- Mystery Tales
#1, 3, 18, 35, 43 (1952-1956)
- Mystic
#3, 7, 12, 21, 37, 60 (1951-1957)
- Navy Action
#8, 10-11, 16-18 (1955-1957)
- Navy Combat
#4, 6, 11, 13-18 (1955-1958)
- Navy Tales
#3-4 (1957)
- Not Brand Echh
#4-5, 8-9, 13 (1967-1969)
- Our Love
#1 (1949)
- Our Love Story
#3-6, 8, 10 (1970-1971)
- Outlaw Fighters
#4 (1955)
- Police Action
#1 (1954)
- Quick-Trigger Western
#13, 16 (1956-1957)
- Rangeland Love
#1 (1949)
- Rawhide Kid
#35, 37-38 (1963-1964)
- Richie Rich
#1 (
movie adaptation
) (1995)
- Riot
#1 (1954)
- Savage Sword of Conan
#33 (1978)
- Savage Tales
#1 (1971)
- Secret Story Romances
#9 (1954)
- Silver Surfer
#1?3 (
The Watcher
backup stories) (1968)
- Six-Gun Western
#3 (1957)
- Spellbound
#17, 28 (1953-1956)
- Sports Action
#3 (1950)
- Spy Cases
#1 (1950)
- Strange Stories of Suspense
#13 (1957)
- Strange Tales
#7-8, 11, 18, 20, 26, 53, 58-59, 97 (1952-1962); #169?173 (
Brother Voodoo
) (1973-1974)
- Sub-Mariner
#10?11, 40, 43, 46-49 (1969-1972)
- Suspense
#2-4, 9, 17 (1950-1952)
- Tales of Justice
#62 (1956)
- Tales of Suspense
#39 (1963); #73?99 (Iron Man) (1966-1968)
- Tales of the Zombie
#2, 6 (1973?1974)
- Tales to Astonish
(Sub-Mariner) #70?77, 79?82, 84?85, 101 (1965-1968)
- Teen-Age Romance
#85-86 (1962)
- Tex Morgan
#4 (1949)
- Thunderbolts Annual '97
(among others) (1997)
- The Tomb of Dracula
#1?70 (1972-1979)
- The Tomb of Dracula
magazine #3?6 (1979-1980)
- The Tomb of Dracula
vol. 3 #1-4 (1991-1992)
- Tower of Shadows
#3?4, 6 (1970)
- True Life Tales
#1 (1949)
- True Secrets
#38 (1956)
- True Western
#1 (1949)
- Two-Gun Kid
#49 (1959)
- Two-Gun Western
#4?5 (1956)
- Uncanny Tales
#11, 16-17, 45, 49, 52 (1953-1957)
- Unknown Worlds of Science Fiction
#1, 3, 5-6 (1975)
- Venus
#12 (1951)
- War Action
#14 (1953)
- War Adventures
#6-7 (1952)
- War Combat
#3 (1952)
- War Comics
#1, 4, 28, 31, 34-36, 39, 41, 44-49 (1950-1957)
- Western Gunfighters
#20, 25-27 (1956-1957)
- Western Outlaws
#5, 10-11, 17, 20 (1954-1957)
- What If
(
Fantastic Four
) #21 (1980)
- Wild
#4 (1954)
- Wild West
#2 (1948)
- Wild Western
#49 (1956)
- Wolverine
#9, 24 (1989?1990)
- World of Fantasy
#10 (1958)
- World of Mystery
#6 (1957)
- Young Hearts
#2 (1950)
- Young Men on the Battlefield
#14?15, 20 (1952?1953)
Ziff-Davis Publishing
[
edit
]
- Lars of Mars
#10?11 (1951)
References
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
Eugene Colan
at the
Social Security Death Index
via FamilySearch.org. Retrieved on February 22, 2013.
- ^
a
b
Brothers, David (February 18, 2011).
"A Marvel Black History Lesson Pt. 1"
. Marvel Senior Vice President of Publishing Tom Brevoort: "The Falcon was the very first African-American super hero, as opposed to The Black Panther, who preceded him, but wasn't American.".
Marvel Comics
.
Archived
from the original on February 23, 2011.
- ^
a
b
c
Sanderson, Peter
; Gilbert, Laura (2008). "1940s".
Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History
. "The Black Panther may have broken the mold as Marvel's first black superhero, but he was from Africa. The Falcon, however, was the first black American superhero". London, United Kingdom:
Dorling Kindersley
. p. 137.
ISBN
978-0756641238
.
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a
b
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Fox, Margalit (June 25, 2011).
"Gene Colan, Prolific Comic-Book Artist, Dies at 84"
.
The New York Times
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Archived
from the original on March 7, 2014.
- ^
Khoury, Jorge (June 24, 2011).
"Remembering Gene Colan"
.
Comic Book Resources
.
Archived
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- ^
"Renowned Comic Book Artist Gene Colan Dies 84"
. New York, New York:
WNYC
. June 24, 2011. Archived from
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on January 26, 2013.
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a
b
c
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.
Alter Ego
.
3
(6). Raleigh, North Carolina:
TwoMorrows Publishing
. Autumn 2000.
Archived
from the original on December 1, 2010.
- ^
Gravett, Paul (June 29, 2011).
"Gene Colan Obituary: Artist who worked on some of America's greatest comic book heroes and villains"
.
The Guardian
. London, United Kingdom.
Archived
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a
b
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"The Gene Colan Interview"
.
The Comics Journal
(231). Seattle, Washington:
Fantagraphics Books
. March 2001.
Archived
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b
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"Gene Colan"
. (interview), Adelaide Comics and Books. 2003.
Archived
from the original on February 15, 2011.
- ^
Wings Comics
#42, Dec. 1944
.
Grand Comics Database
- ^
Wings Comics
#53 (Jan. 1945)
. Grand Comics Database.
- ^
Sanders, et al. (2008), p 33.
- ^
For example, see
Patsy Walker
#11 (June 1947)
at the Grand Comics Database
- ^
Whose official title, per same issue of
Patsy Walker
as above, was "consulting associate"
- ^
Vassallo, Michael J.
Marvel Masterworks: Atlas Era Strange Tales Vol. 2
, "The History of Atlas Horror/Fantasy Pre-Code 1953" (Marvel Publishing 2009). p. vii (unnumbered).
ISBN
978-0-7851-3489-3
- ^
Gene Colan interview,
Alter Ego
#52 (March 2006), p. 66
- ^
"
Captain America
#601 Cover Art for Sale"
. Gene Colan official site. September 6, 2010. Archived from
the original
on February 18, 2011.
- ^
Captain America Comics
#72
at the Grand Comics Database
- ^
Brevoort, Tom
"1950s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 46
- ^
Captain America Comics
#75
at the Grand Comics Database
- ^
Lawbreakers Always Lose
#6 (Feb. 1949)
at the Grand Comics Database
- ^
Colan interview,
The Comics Journal
, p.
2
.
Archived
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Wayback Machine
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a
b
c
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Irvine, Alex
; Dolan, Hannah (2010). "1950s".
DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle
. London, United Kingdom:
Dorling Kindersley
. p. 72.
ISBN
978-0-7566-6742-9
.
Following the decision to close the comics division of Fawcett Publications in 1953,
Hopalong Cassidy
came to DC with issue #86 ... by the writers Gardner Fox and Don Cameron and artist Gene Colan.
- ^
Evanier, Mark
(April 14, 2008).
"Why did some artists working for Marvel in the sixties use phony names?"
. P.O.V. Online (column). Archived from
the original
on November 26, 2009
. Retrieved
July 28,
2008
.
- ^
DeFalco, Tom
"1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 109: "Prince Namor replaced Giant-Man as the lead feature in
Tales to Astonish
#70. The Sub-Mariner series was written by Stan Lee and drawn by Gene Colan, who was using the pen name Adam Austin at the time."
- ^
DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 124
- ^
DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 130: "[Stan Lee] and artist Gene Colan introduced Jonathan Powers aka the Jester."
- ^
"The Colan Mystique"
.
Comic Book Artist
(13). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. May 2001.
Archived
from the original on December 27, 2010.
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Colan interview,
The Comics Journal
, p.
3
.
Archived
October 27, 2012, at the
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.
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Markstein, Don (2010).
"Captain Marvel (1967)"
.
Don Markstein's Toonopedia
. Archived from
the original
on May 25, 2024
. Retrieved
August 30,
2010
.
- ^
DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 125: Captain Mar-Vell was a Kree warrior sent to spy on Earth, by Stan Lee and artist Gene Colan.
- ^
DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 134: "The Guardians of the Galaxy were a science-fiction version of the group from the movie
Dirty Dozen
(1967) and were created by writer Arnold Drake and artist Gene Colan."
- ^
Captain America
#117
at the Grand Comics Database
- ^
Colan, Gene. "Introduction,"
Marvel Masterworks: Captain American Volume 4
(Marvel Publishing : New York, 2008), p. 2 of introduction (unnumbered)
- ^
Arndt, Richard J. (July 3, 2005).
"The Warren Magazines"
. (Includes annotated checklist) EnjolrasWorld.com. Archived from
the original
on July 10, 2011.
- ^
As discussed in Wolk, Douglas.
Reading Comics: How Graphic Novels Work, and What they Mean
[
page needed
]
- ^
Markstein, Don.
"Gene Colan"
. Don Markstein's Toonopedia.
Archived
from the original on May 25, 2024
. Retrieved
February 3,
2012
.
In 1972, he helped launch the series that many Marvel fans consider the high point of his tenure there.
Tomb of Dracula
started with that year's April issue. Writer Marv Wolfman ... came on board a few months later, and helped make it one of the most critically-acclaimed horror-themed comic books ever.
- ^
Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 155: "Following the revision of the Comics Code, Stan Lee was eager to do a comics series about the archetypal vampire, novelist Bram Stoker's Dracula. Based on a few ideas from Lee, Roy Thomas plotted the first issue of
The Tomb of Dracula
, which Gerry Conway then scripted. The interior art was penciled by Gene Colan."
- ^
Ginocchio, Mark (September 6, 2017).
"Great Moments From Great Comics #1: Steve Gerber's Howard the Duck"
.
ComicBook.com
. Retrieved
September 6,
2017
.
- ^
Greenberger, Robert
. "Inside the Tome of Dracula",
Marvel Spotlight: Marvel Zombies Return
(2009), p. 27 (unnumbered)
- ^
Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 160: "Early in their collaboration on
The Tomb of Dracula
, writer Marv Wolfman and artist Gene Colan co-created Blade, a black man who stalked and killed vampires with the wooden blades after which he named himself."
- ^
Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 165: "Created by Marv Wolfman and Gene Colan, Lilith took possession of host bodies of women who, like her, despised their fathers."
- ^
Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 168
- ^
Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 175: "The great Marvel artist Gene Colan was doing superb work illustrating both
Doctor Strange
and
The Tomb of Dracula
. So it made sense for
Strange
writer Steve Englehart and
Tomb
author Marv Wolfman to devise a crossover story."
- ^
Sacks, Jason (September 6, 2010).
"Top 10 1970s Marvels"
.
Comics Bulletin
. Archived from
the original
on August 1, 2013
. Retrieved
August 3,
2013
.
- ^
Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 177: "Howard the Duck ended up being nominated as [a] presidential candidate!"
- ^
Daniels, Les
(1991).
Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics
. New York, New York:
Harry N. Abrams
. p. 174.
ISBN
9780810938212
.
Stan Lee ... recalls that the duck received thousands of write-in votes when he ran for President of the United States against Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter in 1976.
- ^
Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 180
- ^
Field, Tom (2005).
Secrets in the Shadows: The Art & Life of Gene Colan
. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 118.
ISBN
978-1893905450
.
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a
b
Catron, Michael
(June 1981). "Colan Quits Marvel - Will Draw Batman for DC".
Amazing Heroes
(1).
Fantagraphics Books
: 26?27.
- ^
"Jim Shooter Interview, Part 1"
.
Comic Book Resources
. October 6, 2000.
Archived
from the original on March 6, 2010.
- ^
a
b
Colan interview,
The Comics Journal
, p.
4
.
Archived
November 22, 2012, at the
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.
- ^
Manning, Matthew K.; Dougall, Alastair (2014). "1980s".
Batman: A Visual History
. London, United Kingdom:
Dorling Kindersley
. p. 139.
ISBN
978-1465424563
.
Writers Gerry Conway and Roy Thomas collaborated with artist Gene Colan for the dramatic return of the Mole, an old Batman villain given a serious upgrade.
- ^
Manning "1980s" in Dougall, p. 141
- ^
Manning "1980s" in Dougall, p. 142
- ^
Manning, Matthew K. "1980s" in Dolan, p. 200: "Killer Croc made his mysterious debut in the pages of
Detective Comics
#523, written by Gerry Conway, with art by Gene Colan ... Croc would soon become a major player in Gotham's underworld."
- ^
"Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje to Play Killer Croc in WB's
Suicide Squad
(Exclusive)"
.
TheWrap
. March 31, 2015.
Archived
from the original on June 25, 2016
. Retrieved
March 31,
2015
.
- ^
Manning "1980s" in Dougall, p. 146: "Doug Moench and artist Gene Colan introduced readers to the Thief of the Night (later called Nightslayer), a shadowy burglar."
- ^
Sanderson, Peter (September?October 1981). "Thomas/Colan Premiere Wonder Woman's New Look".
Comics Feature
(12/13).
New Media Publishing
: 23.
The hotly-debated new Wonder Woman uniform will be bestowed on the Amazon Princess in her first adventure written and drawn by her new creative team: Roy Thomas and Gene Colan ... This story will appear as an insert in
DC Comics Presents
#41.
- ^
Wonder Woman
#288 (February 1982)
at the Grand Comics Database
- ^
Manning "1980s" in Dolan, p. 200: "The Amazing Amazon was joined by a host of DC's greatest heroes to celebrate her 300th issue in a seventy-two-page blockbuster ... Written by Roy and Dann Thomas, and penciled by Gene Colan, Ross Andru, Jan Duursema, Dick Giordano, Keith Pollard, Keith Giffen, and Rich Buckler."
- ^
Mangels, Andy
(December 2013). "Nightmares and Dreamscapes: The Highlights and Horrors of
Wonder Woman
#300".
Back Issue!
(69). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 61?63.
- ^
Manning "1980s" in Dolan, p. 202: "The sorceress Circe stepped out of the pages of Homer's
Odyssey
and into the modern mythology of the DC Universe in
Wonder Woman
#305, courtesy of Dan Mishkin's script and Gene Colan's pencils."
- ^
Manning "1980s" in Dolan, p. 196: "DC once again shone the spotlight on Superman's alien past in this four-issue miniseries by writer Steve Gerber and artist Gene Colan."
- ^
Manning "1980s" in Dolan, p. 197 "
The New Teen Titans
#21 "This issue ... hid another dark secret: a sixteen-page preview comic featuring Marv Wolfman's newest team - Night Force. Chronicling the enterprise of the enigmatic Baron Winters and featuring the art of Gene Colan, Night Force spun out into an ongoing title of gothic mystery and horror the following month."
- ^
Greenberger, Robert (August 2017). "It Sounded Like a Good Idea at the Time: A Look at the
DC Challenge!
".
Back Issue!
(98). Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing: 36.
- ^
Daniels, p. 132
- ^
"Rob Zombie"
. Richard De La Font Agency, Inc. n.d.
Archived
from the original on November 22, 2001.
I grew up worshipping the artists at Marvel Comics, and Gene was my favorite.
- ^
"Gene Colan"
. (Interview) Westfield Comics. July 1996.
Archived
from the original on November 21, 2008
. Retrieved
January 25,
2013
.
- ^
a
b
Colan interview,
The Comics Journal
, p.
5
.
Archived
October 5, 2012, at the
Wayback Machine
.
- ^
a
b
"Colan: Visions of a Man Without Fear"
.
Cartoon Art Museum
. September 20, 2008. Archived from
the original
on January 26, 2013
. Retrieved
January 25,
2013
.
- ^
Clark, Noelene (June 24, 2011).
"Gene Colan, comic-book artist, dead at 84"
.
Los Angeles Times
. Archived from
the original
on November 16, 2012
. Retrieved
January 25,
2013
.
Comic-book artist Gene Colan in his studio in his home in Brooklyn, New York, in 2009.
(Photo caption) Archive requires highlighting of black text on black background to make visible.
- ^
"Gene Colan Enterprises LLC"
. LookupBook.com. Archived from
the original
on February 16, 2013
. Retrieved
January 25,
2013
.
- ^
"Send Gene Colan Your Cards and Letters!"
.
The Hero Initiative
. August 11, 2009.
Archived
from the original on January 26, 2013
. Retrieved
January 25,
2013
.
- ^
"Comic Book Legend Gene Colan Hospitalized for Liver Failure"
.
Comic Book Resources
. May 11, 2008.
Archived
from the original on May 12, 2008.
- ^
Evanier, Mark
(December 2, 2008).
"Gene Gene"
. POV Online. Archived from
the original
on October 14, 2012.
- ^
a
b
"2010 Eisner Awards (for works published in 2009)"
.
San Diego Comic-Con International
. December 2, 2012.
Archived
from the original on January 16, 2013
. Retrieved
January 25,
2013
.
- ^
"[M]y first wife and I would go out on dates with" fellow Timely Comics artist
Rudy Lapick
and his girlfriend":
Alter Ego
, p. 70
- ^
Evanier, Mark (June 21, 2010).
"Adrienne Colan, R.I.P."
POV Online. Archived from
the original
on October 14, 2012.
- ^
"Gene Colan Dead at the Age of 84"
.
Comic Book Resources
. June 24, 2011.
Archived
from the original on December 10, 2011
. Retrieved
June 24,
2011
.
(Archived link requires scrolldown.)
- ^
"Eagle Awards Previous Winners 1977"
.
Eagle Awards
. 2013. Archived from
the original
on October 23, 2013
. Retrieved
November 3,
2013
.
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a
b
"Eagle Awards Previous Winners 1978"
. Eagle Awards. 2013. Archived from
the original
on October 23, 2013
. Retrieved
November 3,
2013
.
- ^
"Inkpot Award Winners"
. Comic Book Awards Almanac. Archived from
the original
on July 9, 2012
. Retrieved
March 7,
2014
.
- ^
"Spirit of Will Eisner Lives on at 2005 Eisner Awards"
. Archived from
the original
on December 21, 2005.
- ^
"Colan: Visions of a Man without Fear Retrospective"
. ComicArtFans.com. November 15, 2008.
Archived
from the original on July 23, 2011.
- ^
"Gene Colan awarded Sparky Award"
. Comic Book Resources. December 11, 2008.
Archived
from the original on February 22, 2014.
- ^
Evanier, Mark (October 26, 2009).
"Genealogy"
. POV Online.
Archived
from the original on October 14, 2012.
Further reading
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edit
]
External links
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edit
]
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Miscellaneous
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New Direction
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Members
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Supporting
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Antagonists
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Storylines
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In other media
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Related
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1974
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1975
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1976
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1977
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1978
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1979
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International
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National
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Artists
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Other
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