American defense policy analyst (born 1953)
Frank J. Gaffney Jr.
(born April 5, 1953) is an American defense policy analyst who founded the
Center for Security Policy
(CSP), serving as its first president, and a former presidential appointee under President
Ronald Reagan
. He has been described as an
anti-Muslim
conspiracy theorist
.
[2]
In the 1970s and 1980s, he worked for the
federal government
in multiple posts, including as
Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense
for Nuclear Forces and Arms Control Policy from 1983 to 1987, and seven months as
Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs
during the
Reagan administration
. He founded the CSP in 1988, serving as its president until 2023 and thereafter as executive chairman.
[3]
In 1987, he was awarded the
Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service
Early life and education
[
edit
]
Gaffney was born in
Pittsburgh
, Pennsylvania in 1953 to Virginia Gaffney (
nee
Reed) and Frank J. Gaffney.
[4]
[5]
His father was a
classical music
aficionado
and long-time partner at the
law firm
of Thorp, Reed & Armstrong, which was founded by his wife's father, Earl Reed; in 2013, it merged with Clark Hill PLC.
[4]
[6]
[7]
Gaffney's grandfather, Joseph Gaffney, was a
city solicitor
in
Philadelphia
.
[4]
In the early 20th century, as a known
Catholic
in Philadelphia, he
faced opposition
from
nativist
Protestant
groups who alleged that Catholics were "gaining control of American institutions while rewriting the nation's history".
[8]
Gaffney attended the
Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service
at
Georgetown University
, where he graduated with a
Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service
in 1975.
[9]
[5]
In 1978, he received an
MA
in International Studies from
Johns Hopkins University
's
Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies
.
[10]
[11]
[12]
Career
[
edit
]
Gaffney began his government career in the 1970s, working as an aide in the office of Democratic Senator
Henry M. Jackson
, under
Richard Perle
. From August 1983 until November 1987, Gaffney held the position of
Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense
for Nuclear Forces and Arms Control Policy in the
Reagan administration
, again serving under Perle.
[13]
In April 1987, Gaffney was nominated to the position of
Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs
.
[12]
He served as the acting Assistant Secretary for seven months. During this time, despite his official post, he was excluded by senior Reagan administration officials from the then-ongoing
arms control
talks with the
Soviet Union
. Gaffney was ultimately forced out of
the Pentagon
;
The Washington Post
reported in November 1987 that, within four days of
Frank Carlucci
's appointment as Secretary of Defense, "Gaffney's belongings were boxed and he was gone".
[14]
[15]
Following his departure from government, he immediately set about criticizing Ronald Reagan's pursuit of an arms control agreement with the USSR.
[14]
Center for Security Policy
[
edit
]
In 1988, Gaffney established the Center for Security Policy (CSP), a
Washington, D.C.
-based
national security
think tank
that has been widely described as engaging in
conspiracy theorizing
by a range of individuals, media outlets and organizations. Its activities are focused on exposing and researching perceived
jihadist
threats to the United States. The Center has been described as "not very highly respected" by
BBC News
and "disreputable" by
Salon
. It has faced strong criticism from people across the political spectrum, but has also had its reports cited by political figures such as US President
Donald Trump
and former Congresswoman
Michele Bachmann
.
[16]
[17]
[18]
In 2010 Gaffney became a trustee of the Center for Security Policy.
[19]
CSP has been described as an "extremist think tank" by the Center for New Community.
[20]
In 2016, the CSP was classified by the
Southern Poverty Law Center
(SPLC) as a "hate group".
[21]
The SPLC describes Gaffney as "one of America’s most notorious
Islamophobes
".
[22]
Gaffney and the CSP have also been described as influential parts of the
counter-jihad
movement.
[23]
[24]
On March 16, 2016, Republican presidential candidate
Ted Cruz
announced he would name Frank Gaffney to be one of his National Security Advisors.
[25]
Cruz said that Gaffney "is a serious thinker who has been focused on fighting jidahists [sic], fighting jihadism across the globe".
[26]
In December 2015, Nation Institute Fellow Eli Clifton characterized as unscientific a CSP-funded poll that Donald Trump had been citing, which purportedly showed widespread support for Sharia law among U.S. Muslims and a need for intervention in that community. It added that, "Between Trump’s calls for a national registry of Muslims and a ban on Muslim immigration, it appears that through coincidence or outright collaboration, Trump is building an immigration and anti-Muslim policy framework that closely mirrors the statements and proposals advocated by" Gaffney and the CSP.
[27]
Discussing what he calls prominent professional participants in Islamophobia, Professor Todd Green wrote mentioned "Frank Gaffney and David Yerushalmi, both of whom head organizations that are responsible for spreading misinformation about Islam and that seek to enact anti-Muslim laws, including the infamous anti-Sharia".
David Yerushalmi
served as legal counsel for the CSP
[28]
and has been accused of spreading misinformation about Islam and encouraging the enactment of anti-Muslim laws, including anti-
Sharia
legislation in the United States.
[29]
Gaffney and the CSP have been noted to have wielded influence on several prominent individuals of the
Trump administration
.
[23]
[24]
Gaffney was himself hosted on
Steve Bannon
's radio show at least thirty-four times during Bannon's time in
Breitbart News
,
[24]
and
Michael Flynn
,
Mike Pompeo
and
Jeff Sessions
have all been described as "devotees" of Gaffney's ideas.
[23]
Following
John Bolton
's appointment as National Security Advisor, Gaffney was criticised as the source of where Bolton's beliefs originated on a number of subjects. This included the
Iran nuclear deal
and many anti-Islamic beliefs.
[30]
[31]
[32]
He stepped down as president of the CSP in January 2023 in favor of Tommy Waller, but remains its executive chairman.
[3]
Fax wars
[
edit
]
In the 1990s, Gaffney became known in Washington, D.C., for "fax wars" he waged, whereby his "small but loyal following" would be encouraged to inundate the offices of members of Congress with faxes.
[33]
In 1995, Gaffney charged that
US Secretary of Energy
Hazel R. O'Leary
was intentionally undermining US nuclear readiness; an analysis of Gaffney's charges against O'Leary published by
William Arkin
observed that Gaffney "specializes in intensely personal attacks" and his Center for Security Policy's liberal use of
faxes
to attack its opponents had made it the "
Domino's Pizza
of the policy business".
[34]
Later, in a 1997 column for
The Washington Times
, Gaffney alleged a
seismic
incident in Russia was a nuclear detonation at that nation's
Novaya Zemlya
test site, indicating Russia was violating the
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
(CTB).
[35]
Subsequent scientific analysis of Novaya Zemlya confirmed the event was a routine
earthquake
.
[36]
Reporting on the allegation, the
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
observed that, following its publication, "fax machines around Washington, D.C., and across the country poured out pages detailing Russian duplicity. They came from Frank Gaffney", going on to note that during the first four months of 1997, Gaffney had "issued more than 25 screeds" against the CTB.
[35]
Other activities
[
edit
]
Gaffney also contributes to the conservative media site
Newsmax
. Gaffney wrote a column for
The Washington Times
from 2012 to 2016,
[37]
and for
Jewish World Review
from 2000 to 2013.
[38]
He was also the host of
Secure Freedom Radio
, a nationally-syndicated
radio program
[39]
and
podcast
which has featured guests such as
Newt Gingrich
,
John R. Bolton
, and white nationalist
Jared Taylor
.
[40]
[41]
The radio program was turned into a television show titled
Securing America TV
on
Real America's Voice
in 2020.
[42]
Gaffney is the vice-chair of the
Committee on the Present Danger
and has been described as part of a "new red scare" of anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States.
[43]
Conspiracy theories
[
edit
]
The
Anti-Defamation League
has said that Gaffney "has promulgated a number of anti-Muslim conspiracy theories over the years" and that he has "undue influence" relative to other like-minded figures.
[44]
Other commentators have suggested that Gaffney's propensity for conspiracy theories began earlier during his career in the Reagan administration, where after being denied a higher position, was convinced that
Soviet
agents within the United States government were blocking him.
[45]
Civilization Jihad
[
edit
]
One of Gaffney's main conspiracy theories is the so-called "Civilization Jihad", a supposed secret Muslim plan to take over America, which came to national prominence by being cited in a debate by 2016 presidential candidate
Ben Carson
.
[46]
According to the
SPLC
, Gaffney's beliefs stem "from a single discredited source ? a 1991 fantasy written by a lone
Muslim Brotherhood
member that was introduced into evidence during the 2008
Holy Land Foundation trial
in Dallas federal court.
[47]
The FBI found the note to be incongruous with documents taken from Muslim Brotherhood, nor was it found to have been discussed during the 1991 conference of the Muslim Brotherhood.
[46]
But to Gaffney, this document was "a
smoking gun
, a mission statement pointing to a massive Islamist conspiracy under our noses".
[47]
The ADL quotes Gaffney as "mentioning that in 1991, a
Muslim Brotherhood
operative produced the "
explanatory memorandum
on the general strategic goal of the group in North America." According to Gaffney, the memo explicitly addresses the progress the Muslim Brotherhood has made in building an
infrastructure in the United States
with the goal of destroying Western civilization from within so that Islam is victorious over other religions".
[48]
[46]
The BRIDGE Initiative at Georgetown found that the memo failed to gain traction in the Arab world, as none of the sensationalist phrasings ever became commonplace in subsequent Arab literature and media.
[46]
In contrast, some politicians and Islamaphobic commentators have used the phrase repeatedly to demonize Muslims.
[49]
[50]
ACU dispute
[
edit
]
In 2011, Gaffney was banned by the
American Conservative Union
from the
Conservative Political Action Conference
(CPAC). ACU chairman
David Keene
released a statement contending that Gaffney "has become personally and tiresomely obsessed with his weird belief that anyone who doesn't agree with him on everything all the time or treat him with the respect and deference he believes is his due, must be either ignorant of the dangers we face or, in extreme case, dupes of the nation's enemies".
[51]
Gaffney has since returned to CPAC to host panels at the conference in 2015 and 2016.
[48]
[52]
In an April 2016 column in
The Washington Times
titled, "When conspiracy nuts do real damage", Keene again slammed Gaffney, writing, "One hopes that is what they will do and that Mr. Gaffney will, like the folks at
Group Research
,
Mr. Hoover
's aides and most conspiracy nuts of yore will vanish into the fever swamps from which he came".
[45]
The column came two months after Gaffney unexpectedly left
The Washington Times
for
Breitbart News
, where he was a staff columnist and Keene was the opinion editor. Keene, who had slashed the frequency of Gaffney's column from weekly to monthly, commented to
Media Matters
on Gaffney's departure, describing Gaffney's work as "well-researched," and stated, "we're sorry to lose him but we wish him well". Keene also noted that Gaffney had left without giving him any notice, saying, "I guess he's notifying us through you".
[53]
Media responses
[
edit
]
Gaffney has been called a conspiracy theorist by
Dave Weigel
writing in
Reason
magazine;
[54]
Steve Benen
of
MSNBC
;
[55]
Slate
;
[56]
and
The Intercept
,
[57]
[58]
[59]
among others.
The Washington Post
has reported that Gaffney's views were "considered radioactive by the Republican establishment",
[60]
and Eli Clifton noted that Gaffney suffered "from a lack of mainstream acceptance."
[27]
Democrats, and many Republicans, have called Gaffney a "conspiracy theorist".
[61]
Beliefs
[
edit
]
Conspiracy theories Gaffney has promoted include:
- The belief that the logo of the US
Missile Defense Agency
is a coded indicator of "official U.S. submission to Islam" because it "appears ominously to reflect a morphing of the Islamic
crescent and star
with the Obama campaign logo".
[62]
- The belief that former
Iraqi President
Saddam Hussein
was involved in the
1993 World Trade Center bombing
and the
Oklahoma City bombing
.
[63]
[64]
- Gaffney has sought to have Republican Party strategist
Grover Norquist
excluded from CPAC because of his alleged ties to the
Muslim Brotherhood
. In 2011, Gaffney said of Norquist, "We are in a war, and he has been working with the enemy for over a decade."
[65]
Responding to the accusation, the board of directors of the American Conservative Union unanimously condemned Gaffney's charges as "reprehensible" and "unfounded."
[66]
- He has opposed the building of a number of large religious
Muslim
sites in the
United States
, including
Park51
, also referred to as the Ground Zero Mosque.
[67]
- Accusations that
Hillary Clinton
aide
Huma Abedin
is a secret agent of the Muslim Brotherhood.
[68]
After the allegation was repeated by
Michele Bachmann
, US senators
John McCain
,
Scott Brown
, and
Marco Rubio
joined in dismissing it, and
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
John Boehner
said "accusations like this being thrown around are pretty dangerous."
[69]
[70]
- Accusations that
Barack Obama
is a
Muslim
who has secretly orchestrated "the most consequential bait-and-switch since
Adolf Hitler
", that General
David Petraeus
had "submitted to
Sharia
", that Congressman
Keith Ellison
is "likely to leak information to the Muslim Brotherhood", and that deputies in the
Broward County, Florida, sheriff's office
are "directly tied to
Hamas
.
[71]
[72]
- The belief that the
responsibility-to-protect
norm has been supported by the United States government to lay the groundwork for a forthcoming American military invasion of
Israel
.
[73]
- The belief that Muslim enemies of the United States are hidden in plain sight and organizing through mainstream Muslim rights organizations. He said of Muslims, “They essentially, like termites, hollow out the structure of the civil society and other institutions, for the purpose of creating conditions under which the
jihad
will succeed.”
[74]
Works
[
edit
]
Books
[
edit
]
- Gaffney, Frank J.; with colleagues (2005).
War Footing: 10 Steps America Must Take to Prevail in the War for the Free World
. Naval Institute Press.
ISBN
978-1-591-14301-7
.
- Gaffney, Jr., Frank J.; Luft, Gal; Zubrin, Robert; Clark, Wesley K.; Haigwood, Burl; Dolan, Greg (2010). Lerner, Ben; Reaboi, David (eds.).
Homegrown Defense: Biofuels & National Security
. Center for Security Policy Press.
ISBN
978-0-982-29474-1
.
- Team B II (2010).
Shariah: The Threat To America: An Exercise In Competitive Analysis
. Center for Security Policy Press.
ISBN
978-0982294765
.
- The Tiger Team (2015).
The Secure Freedom Strategy: A Plan for Victory Over the Global Jihad Movement
. Center for Security Policy Press.
ISBN
978-1507756133
.
- Gaffney, Jr., Frank J.; Lopez, Clare M. (2016).
See No Sharia: 'Countering Violent Extremism' and the Disarming of America's First Line of Defense
. Center for Security Policy Press.
ISBN
978-1530234332
.
- Gaffney, Frank; Laugesen, Dede (2023).
The Indictment: Prosecuting the Chinese Communist Party & Friends for Crimes against America, China, and the World
. War Room Books.
ISBN
978-1648210044
.
Films
[
edit
]
Gaffney was an executive producer of the documentary
Islam vs. Islamists: Voices From the Muslim Center
.
[75]
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[
edit
]
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